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Ge YD, Guo YT, Jiang LL, Wang HH, Hou SL, Su FZ. Enzymatic Characterization and Coenzyme Specificity Conversion of a Novel Dimeric Malate Dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis. Protein J 2023; 42:14-23. [PMID: 36534341 PMCID: PMC9761052 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malate is an important material to various industrials and clinical applications. Bacillus subtilis is a widely used biocatalyst tool for chemical production. However, the specific enzymatic properties of malate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis (BsMDH) remain largely unknown. In the present study, BsMDH was cloned, recombinantly expressed and purified to test its enzymatic properties. The molecular weight of single unit of BsMDH was 34,869.7 Da. Matrix-Assisted Laser-Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and gel filtration analysis indicated that the recombinant BsMDH could form dimers. The kcat/Km values of oxaloacetate and NADH were higher than those of malate and NAD+, respectively, indicating a better catalysis in the direction of malate synthesis than the reverse. Furthermore, six BsMDH mutants were constructed with the substitution of amino acids at the coenzyme binding site. Among them, BsMDH-T7 showed a greatly higher affinity and catalysis efficiency to NADPH than NADH with the degree of alteration of 2039, suggesting the shift of the coenzyme dependence from NADH to NADPH. In addition, BsMDH-T7 showed a relatively lower Km value, but a higher kcat and kcat/Km than NADPH-dependent MDHs from Thermus flavus and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Overall, these results indicated that BsMDH and BsMDH-T7 mutant might be promising enzymes for malate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Tian Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Lu Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Lin Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Zhi Su
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
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Hadži-Tašković Šukalović V, Vuletić M, Marković K, Vučinić Z. Cell wall-associated malate dehydrogenase activity from maize roots. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:465-70. [PMID: 21889053 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isolated cell walls from maize (Zea mays L.) roots exhibited ionically and covalently bound NAD-specific malate dehydrogenase activity. The enzyme catalyses a rapid reduction of oxaloacetate and much slower oxidation of malate. The kinetic and regulatory properties of the cell wall enzyme solubilized with 1M NaCl were different from those published for soluble, mitochondrial or plasma membrane malate dehydrogenase with respect to their ATP, Pi, and pH dependence. Isoelectric focusing of ionically-bound proteins and specific staining for malate dehydrogenase revealed characteristic isoforms present in cell wall isolate, different from those present in plasma membranes and crude homogenate. Much greater activity of cell wall-associated malate dehydrogenase was detected in the intensively growing lateral roots compared to primary root with decreased growth rates. Presence of Zn(2+) and Cu(2+) in the assay medium inhibited the activity of the wall-associated malate dehydrogenase. Exposure of maize plants to excess concentrations of Zn(2+) and Cu(2+) in the hydroponic solution inhibited lateral root growth, decreased malate dehydrogenase activity and changed isoform profiles. The results presented show that cell wall malate dehydrogenase is truly a wall-bound enzyme, and not an artefact of cytoplasmic contamination, involved in the developmental processes, and detoxification of heavy metals.
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Yang X, Cai L, Peng Y, Li H, Chen RF, Shen RF. Effects of Al(III) and nano-Al13 species on malate dehydrogenase activity. SENSORS 2011; 11:5740-53. [PMID: 22163924 PMCID: PMC3231464 DOI: 10.3390/s110605740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different aluminum species on malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity were investigated by monitoring amperometric i-t curves for the oxidation of NADH at low overpotential using a functionalized multi-wall nanotube (MWNT) modified glass carbon electrode (GCE). The results showed that Al(III) and Al13 can activate the enzymatic activity of MDH, and the activation reaches maximum levels as the Al(III) and Al13 concentration increase. Our study also found that the effects of Al(III) and Al13 on the activity of MDH depended on the pH value and aluminum speciation. Electrochemical and circular dichroism spectra methods were applied to study the effects of nano-sized aluminum compounds on biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Ling Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Yu Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Huihui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Rong Fu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; E-Mail: (R.F.S.)
| | - Ren Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; E-Mail: (R.F.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-25-86881563; Fax: +86-25-86881000
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Martínez-Camacho JL, la Vara LGD, Hamabata A, Mora-Escobedo R, Calderón-Salinas V. A pH-stating mechanism in isolated wheat (Triticum aestivum) aleurone layers involves malic acid transport. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:1289-1298. [PMID: 15658800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acidification of the starchy endosperm by the aleurone layer following germination has been established; however, the physiological and metabolic responses of this tissue to external pH have been incompletely investigated. In this investigation, isolated wheat (Triticum aestivum) aleurone layers were incubated in different solutions at initial pH values of 3, 4 and 6 in the absence of phytohormones. After 24 h of incubation, the initial pH of all malate and succinate buffers shifted towards a value close to 4.2. These results suggest the existence of a pH-stating mechanism, instead of the simple acidification process reported previously. The rise of initial pH 3 by aleurone layers was accompanied by a high net uptake of external malic- or succinic acid. In contrast, incubation in glycyl-glycine buffer (a supposedly non-permeating cation at pH 3) partially prevented that pH rise in a pH-3 solution. The 14C-malate taken up from media at pH 3 was mostly broken down to CO2, indicating that an effective metabolic control of the intracellular malate level was operating. At pH 6, an uptake of 14C-malate and 14CO2 production occurred as well, but at slower rates than at pH 3. When buffer concentration was increased, at initial pH values of 3 or 6, a higher uptake or secretion of malic acid, respectively, was carried out by the aleurone layers. The pH of these buffers varied less than that of dilute ones, but always showed a tendency toward a pH near 4. These results suggest that a balance between secretion and uptake of malic acid, accompanied by the corresponding biosynthesis or degradation, is the basis of this pH-stating mechanism.
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Pastore D, Di Pede S, Passarella S. Isolated durum wheat and potato cell mitochondria oxidize externally added NADH mostly via the malate/oxaloacetate shuttle with a rate that depends on the carrier-mediated transport. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:2029-39. [PMID: 14671011 PMCID: PMC300754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.028548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2003] [Revised: 07/15/2003] [Accepted: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether and how mitochondria from durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum), isolated from etiolated shoots and a cell suspension culture, respectively, oxidize externally added NADH via the mitochondrial shuttles; in particular, we compared the shuttles and the external NADH dehydrogenase (NADH DHExt) with respect to their capacity to oxidize external NADH. We found that external NADH and NADPH can be oxidized via two separate DHExt, whereas under conditions in which the activities of NAD(P)H DHExt are largely prevented, NADH (but not NADPH) is oxidized in the presence of external malate (MAL) and MAL dehydrogenase, in a manner sensitive to several non-penetrant compounds according to the occurrence of the MAL/oxaloacetate (OAA) shuttle. In durum wheat mitochondria and potato cell mitochondria, the rate of NADH oxidation was limited by the rate of a novel carrier, the MAL/OAA antiporter, which is different from other carriers thought to transport OAA across the mitochondrial membrane. No NAD(P)H oxidation occurred arising from the MAL/Aspartate and the alpha-glycerophosphate/dihydroxyacetonphosphate shuttles. We determined the kinetic parameters of the enzymes and the antiporter involved in NADH oxidation, and, on the basis of a kinetic analysis, we showed that, at low physiological NADH concentrations, oxidation via the MAL/OAA shuttle occurred with a higher efficiency than that due to the NADH DHExt (about 100- and 10-fold at 1 microm NADH in durum wheat mitochondria and in potato cell mitochondria, respectively). The NADH DHExt contribution to NADH oxidation increased with increasing NADH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Pastore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Vegetali e dell'Ambiente, Facoltà di Agraria, Università del Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
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Electrochemical and Raman spectroscopic studies of the effect of lanthanide ions on the activity of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Succinate-driven reverse electron transport in the respiratory chain of plant mitochondria. The effects of rotenone and adenylates in relation to malate and oxaloacetate metabolism. Biochem J 1991; 274 ( Pt 1):249-55. [PMID: 2001241 PMCID: PMC1149945 DOI: 10.1042/bj2740249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of rotenone on the succinate-driven reduction of matrix nicotinamide nucleotides were investigated in Percoll-purified mitochondria from potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. Depending on the presence of ADP or ATP, rotenone caused an increase or a decrease in the level of reduction of the matrix nicotinamide nucleotides. The increase in the reduction induced by rotenone in the presence of ADP was linked to the oxidation of the malate resulting from the oxidation of succinate. Depending on the experimental conditions, malic enzyme (at pH 6.6 or in the presence of added CoA) or malate dehydrogenase (at pH 7.9) were involved in this oxidation. At pH 7.9, the oxaloacetate produced progressively inhibited the succinate dehydrogenase. In the presence of ATP the production of oxaloacetate was stopped, and succinate dehydrogenase was protected from inhibition by oxaloacetate. However, previously accumulated oxaloacetate transitorily decreased the level of the reduction of the NAD+ driven by succinate, by causing the reversal of the malate dehydrogenase reaction. Under these conditions (i.e. presence of ATP), rotenone strongly inhibited the reduction of NAD+ by succinate-driven reverse electron flow. No evidence for an active reverse electron transport through a rotenone-insensitive path could be obtained. The inhibitory effect of rotenone was masked if malate had previously accumulated, owing to the malate-oxidizing enzymes which reduced part or all of the matrix NAD+.
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Chretien D, Bourgeron T, Rötig A, Munnich A, Rustin P. The measurement of the rotenone-sensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase activity in mitochondria isolated from minute amount of human skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:26-33. [PMID: 2256918 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria isolated from minute amounts (100-500 mg) of human skeletal muscle displayed a very high rotenone-resistant NADH cytochrome c reductase activity. Moreover, compared to succinate cytochrome c reductase activity, a low rate of rotenone-sensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase activity was measured when using standard procedures to disrupt mitochondrial membranes. Only a drastic osmotic shock in distillated water as a mean to disrupt mitochondrial membrane was found to strongly increase the actual rate of the rotenone-sensitive activity. This was accompanied by a decrease in the rotenone-insensitive activity. Using such a simple procedure, the NADH cytochrome c reductase was found 70-80% inhibited by rotenone and roughly equivalent to 70-85% of the activity of the succinate cytochrome c reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chretien
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicap Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U. 12, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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