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Arya M, Ghosh A, Tyagi K, Tyagi I, Bisht SS, Kumar V. Characterization of Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Badri Breed of Bos indicus (Bovidae: Bovinae): Selection Pressure and Comparative Analysis. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10691-y. [PMID: 38407767 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
High-altitude mammals are often subject to specific environmental obstacles, which exert selective pressure on their physiological and morphological traits, hence driving their evolutionary processes. It is anticipated that these circumstances will lead to the adaptive evolution of protein-coding genes (PCGs) in the mitochondrial genome, which play a crucial role in the oxidative phosphorylation system. In this study, we have generated the complete mitochondrial genome of the Badri breed of Bos indicus inhabiting a high-altitude environment to test the signatures of adaptive evolution on PCGs and their phylogenetic relationships. The complete mitogenome of the Badri breed is 16,339 bp and most tRNAs showed typical clover-leaf secondary structure with a few exceptions, like trnS1 and trnS2 without DHU arm and trnK without DHU loop. Comparative analysis of PCGs indicated that cox1 is the most conserved, while atp6 is the most variable gene. Moreover, the ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates indicated the purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1) in the protein-coding genes that shape the diversity in mitogenome of Bos indicus. Furthermore, Branch-site model (BSM) suggested that cox1, cox2, nad3, nad4L, and nad6 underwent stronger purifying selection (ω < 1) than other PCGs in 15 breeds of 4 species, including Badri. BSM also detected 10 positive sites in PCGs and one in 13 PCGs concatenated dataset. Additional analyses in Datamonkey indicated 11 positive sites and 23 purifying sites in the concatenated dataset, a relaxation of selection strength in nad3, and no evidence of episodic diversifying selection in any PCGs. Phylogeny revealed the sister relationship of the Badri with other breeds of Bos indicus as well as Bos frontalis (Gayal-2). The mitogenome of the Badri breed is an important genomic resource for conservation genetics of this species and also contributes to the understanding of the adaptive evolution of mitochondrial protein coding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Arya
- Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Abhishek Ghosh
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Inderjeet Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Satpal Singh Bisht
- Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
- Vice Chancellor, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakahand, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Gutiérrez EG, Ortega J, Savoie A, Baeza JA. The mitochondrial genome of the mountain wooly tapir, Tapirus pinchaque and a formal test of the effect of altitude on the adaptive evolution of mitochondrial protein coding genes in odd-toed ungulates. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:527. [PMID: 37674108 PMCID: PMC10481570 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The harsh conditions of high-altitude environments are known to drive the evolution of physiological and morphological traits in endothermic animals. These conditions are expected to result in the adaptive evolution of protein coding genes encoded in mitochondrial genomes that are vital for the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In this study, we formally tested for signatures of adaptive evolution on mitochondrial protein coding genes in Tapirus pinchaque and other odd-toed ungulates inhabiting high-elevation environments. RESULTS The AT-rich mitochondrial genome of T. pinchaque is 16,750 bp long. A phylomitogenomic analysis supports the monophyly of the genus Tapirus and families in the Perissodactyla. The ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions demonstrated that all mitochondrial genes undergo purifying selection in T. pinchaque and other odd ungulates living at high elevations. Over this negative background selection, Branch Models suggested that cox3 and nad6 might be undergoing stronger purifying selection than other mitochondrial protein coding genes. Furthermore, Site Models suggested that one and four sites in nad2 and nad5, respectively, could be experiencing positive selection. However, these results were supported by Likelihood Ratio Tests but not Bayesian Empirical Bayes posterior probabilities. Additional analyses (in DataMonkey) indicated a relaxation of selection strength in nad6, evidence of episodic diversifying selection in cob, and revealed episodic positive/diversifying selection signatures for two sites in nad1, and one site each in nad2 and nad4. CONCLUSION The mitochondrial genome of T. pinchaque is an important genomic resource for conservation of this species and this study contributes to the understanding of adaptive evolution of mitochondrial protein coding genes in odd-toed ungulates inhabiting high-altitude environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar G Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Bioconservación y Manejo, Posgrado en Ciencias Químicobiológicas, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ortega
- Laboratorio de Bioconservación y Manejo, Posgrado en Ciencias Químicobiológicas, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Avery Savoie
- Department of Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - J Antonio Baeza
- Department of Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
- Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL, 34949, USA.
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
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A homotetrameric hemoglobin expressed in alveolar epithelial cells increases blood oxygenation in high-altitude plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). Cell Rep 2022; 41:111446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Li J, An Z, Wei L, Xu B, Wang Z, Gao C, Wei L, Qi D, Shi P, Zhang T, Wei D. A New Homotetramer Hemoglobin in the Pulmonary Surfactant of Plateau Zokors (Myospalax Baileyi). Front Genet 2022; 13:824049. [PMID: 35368669 PMCID: PMC8967358 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.824049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) is a native species to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, inhabiting hypoxia and hypercapnia sealed subterranean burrows that pose several unique physiological challenges. In this study, we observed a novel heme-containing protein in the pulmonary surfactant (PS) of plateau zokor, identified the encoding gene of the protein, predicted its origination and structure, verified its expression in alveolar epithelial cells, and determined the protein’s affinity to oxygen and its effect on the oxygen-dissolving capability in the PS of plateau zokors. The protein is an unusual homotetramer hemoglobin consisting of four γ-like subunits, and the subunit is encoded by a paralog gene of γ, that is γ-like. The divergence time of γ-like from γ is estimated by the molecular clock to be about 2.45 Mya. The generation of γ-like in plateau zokors might well relate to long-time stress of the high land hypoxia. Unlike γ, the γ-like has a hypoxia response element (HRE) and a lung tissue-specific enhancer in its upstream region, and it is expressed specifically in lung tissues and up-regulated by hypoxia. The protein is named as γ4-like which is expressed specifically in Alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells and secreted into the alveolar cavities through the osmiophilic multilamellar body (LBs). The γ4-like has a higher affinity to oxygen, and that increases significantly oxygen-dissolving capability in the PS of plateau zokors by its oxygenation function, which might be beneficial for the plateau zokors to obtain oxygen from the severe hypoxia environments by facilitating oxygen diffusion from alveoli to blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhifang An
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Linna Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Conghui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Lian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Delin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Dengbang Wei, ; Tongzuo Zhang, ; Peng Shi,
| | - Tongzuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Dengbang Wei, ; Tongzuo Zhang, ; Peng Shi,
| | - Dengbang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Dengbang Wei, ; Tongzuo Zhang, ; Peng Shi,
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Li F, Qiao Z, Duan Q, Nevo E. Adaptation of mammals to hypoxia. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:311-318. [PMID: 34977482 PMCID: PMC8690989 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen plays a pivotal role in the metabolism and activities of mammals. However, oxygen is restricted in some environments-subterranean burrow systems or habitats at high altitude or deep in the ocean-and this could exert hypoxic stresses such as oxidative damage on organisms living in these environments. In order to cope with these stresses, organisms have evolved specific strategies to adapt to hypoxia, including changes in physiology, gene expression regulation, and genetic mutations. Here, we review how mammals have adapted to the three high-altitude plateaus of the world, the limited oxygen dissolved in deep water habitats, and underground tunnels, with the aim of better understanding the adaptation of mammals to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- College of Life Sciences and TechnologyMudanjiang Normal UniversityMudanjiangChina
| | - Zhenglei Qiao
- College of Life Sciences and TechnologyMudanjiang Normal UniversityMudanjiangChina
| | - Qijiao Duan
- College of Natural Resources and EnvironmentSouth China Agriculture UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of EvolutionUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
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Pamenter ME, Hall JE, Tanabe Y, Simonson TS. Cross-Species Insights Into Genomic Adaptations to Hypoxia. Front Genet 2020; 11:743. [PMID: 32849780 PMCID: PMC7387696 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over millions of years, vertebrate species populated vast environments spanning the globe. Among the most challenging habitats encountered were those with limited availability of oxygen, yet many animal and human populations inhabit and perform life cycle functions and/or daily activities in varying degrees of hypoxia today. Of particular interest are species that inhabit high-altitude niches, which experience chronic hypobaric hypoxia throughout their lives. Physiological and molecular aspects of adaptation to hypoxia have long been the focus of high-altitude populations and, within the past decade, genomic information has become increasingly accessible. These data provide an opportunity to search for common genetic signatures of selection across uniquely informative populations and thereby augment our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptations to hypoxia. In this review, we synthesize the available genomic findings across hypoxia-tolerant species to provide a comprehensive view of putatively hypoxia-adaptive genes and pathways. In many cases, adaptive signatures across species converge on the same genetic pathways or on genes themselves [i.e., the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway). However, specific variants thought to underlie function are distinct between species and populations, and, in most cases, the precise functional role of these genomic differences remains unknown. Efforts to standardize these findings and explore relationships between genotype and phenotype will provide important clues into the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of physiological adaptations to environmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Pamenter
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James E. Hall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yuuka Tanabe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Sun H, Ye K, Liu D, Pan D, Gu S, Wang Z. Evolution of Hemoglobin Genes in a Subterranean Rodent Species ( Lasiopodomys mandarinus). BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E106. [PMID: 32443792 PMCID: PMC7284791 DOI: 10.3390/biology9050106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Mandarin vole (Lasiopodomys mandarinus), a typical subterranean rodent, has undergone hematological adaptations to tolerate the hypoxic/hypercapnic underground environment. Hemoglobin (Hb) genes encode respiratory proteins functioning principally in oxygen binding and transport to various tissues and organs. To investigate the evolution of α- and β-hemoglobin (Hb) in subterranean rodent species, we sequenced Hb genes of the Mandarin vole and the related aboveground Brandt's vole (L. brandtii). Sequencing showed that in both voles, α-globin was encoded by a cluster of five functional genes in the following linkage order: HBZ, HBA-T1, HBQ-T1, HBA-T2, and HBQ-T2; among these, HBQ-T2 is a pseudogene in both voles. The β-globin gene cluster in both voles also included five functional genes in the following linkage order: HBE, HBE/HBG, HBG, HBB-T1, and HBB-T2. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Mandarin vole underwent convergent evolution with its related aboveground species (Brandt's vole) but not with other subterranean rodent species. Selection pressure analyses revealed that α- and β-globin genes are under strong purifying selection (ω < 1), and branch-site analyses identified positive selection sites on HBAT-T1 and HBB-T1 in different subterranean rodent species. This suggests that the adaptive evolution of these genes enhanced the ability of Hb to store and transport oxygen in subterranean rodent species. Our findings highlight the critical roles of Hb genes in the evolution of hypoxia tolerance in subterranean rodent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- School of Physical Education (Main campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (K.Y.); (D.L.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Kaihong Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (K.Y.); (D.L.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Denghui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (K.Y.); (D.L.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Dan Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (K.Y.); (D.L.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Shiming Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (K.Y.); (D.L.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (K.Y.); (D.L.); (D.P.); (S.G.)
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Weber RE, Jarvis JUM, Fago A, Bennett NC. O 2 binding and CO 2 sensitivity in haemoglobins of subterranean African mole rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3939-3948. [PMID: 28851819 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhabiting deep and sealed subterranean burrows, mole rats exhibit a remarkable suite of specializations, including eusociality (living in colonies with single breeding queens), extraordinary longevity, cancer immunity and poikilothermy, and extreme tolerance of hypoxia and hypercapnia. With little information available on adjustments in haemoglobin (Hb) function that may mitigate the impact of exogenous and endogenous constraints on the uptake and internal transport of O2, we measured haematological characteristics, as well as Hb-O2 binding affinity and sensitivity to pH (Bohr effect), CO2, temperature and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG, the major allosteric modulator of Hb-O2 affinity in red blood cells) in four social and two solitary species of African mole rats (family Bathyergidae) originating from different biomes and soil types across Central and Southern Africa. We found no consistent patterns in haematocrit (Hct) and blood and red cell DPG and Hb concentrations or in intrinsic Hb-O2 affinity and its sensitivity to pH and DPG that correlate with burrowing, sociality and soil type. However, the results reveal low specific (pH independent) effects of CO2 on Hb-O2 affinity compared with humans that predictably safeguard pulmonary loading under hypoxic and hypercapnic burrow conditions. The O2 binding characteristics are discussed in relation to available information on the primary structure of Hbs from adult and developmental stages of mammals subjected to hypoxia and hypercapnia and the molecular mechanisms underlying functional variation in rodent Hbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy E Weber
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 3, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Angela Fago
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 3, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Zoology and Entomology Department, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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Storz JF. Gene Duplication and Evolutionary Innovations in Hemoglobin-Oxygen Transport. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:223-32. [PMID: 27053736 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00060.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate evolution, duplicated hemoglobin (Hb) genes diverged with respect to functional properties as well as the developmental timing of expression. For example, the subfamilies of genes that encode the different subunit chains of Hb are ontogenetically regulated such that functionally distinct Hb isoforms are expressed during different developmental stages. In some vertebrate taxa, functional differentiation between co-expressed Hb isoforms may also contribute to physiologically important divisions of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Storz JF. Hemoglobin-oxygen affinity in high-altitude vertebrates: is there evidence for an adaptive trend? J Exp Biol 2016; 219:3190-3203. [PMID: 27802149 PMCID: PMC5091379 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.127134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In air-breathing vertebrates at high altitude, fine-tuned adjustments in hemoglobin (Hb)-O2 affinity provide an energetically efficient means of mitigating the effects of arterial hypoxemia. However, it is not always clear whether an increased or decreased Hb-O2 affinity should be expected to improve tissue O2 delivery under different degrees of hypoxia, due to the inherent trade-off between arterial O2 loading and peripheral O2 unloading. Theoretical results indicate that the optimal Hb-O2 affinity varies as a non-linear function of environmental O2 availability, and the threshold elevation at which an increased Hb-O2 affinity becomes advantageous depends on the magnitude of diffusion limitation (the extent to which O2 equilibration at the blood-gas interface is limited by the kinetics of O2 exchange). This body of theory provides a framework for interpreting the possible adaptive significance of evolved changes in Hb-O2 affinity in vertebrates that have colonized high-altitude environments. To evaluate the evidence for an empirical generalization and to test theoretical predictions, I synthesized comparative data in a phylogenetic framework to assess the strength of the relationship between Hb-O2 affinity and native elevation in mammals and birds. Evidence for a general trend in mammals is equivocal, but there is a remarkably strong positive relationship between Hb-O2 affinity and native elevation in birds. Evolved changes in Hb function in high-altitude birds provide one of the most compelling examples of convergent biochemical adaptation in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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12
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Gou X, Wang Z, Li N, Qiu F, Xu Z, Yan D, Yang S, Jia J, Kong X, Wei Z, Lu S, Lian L, Wu C, Wang X, Li G, Ma T, Jiang Q, Zhao X, Yang J, Liu B, Wei D, Li H, Yang J, Yan Y, Zhao G, Dong X, Li M, Deng W, Leng J, Wei C, Wang C, Mao H, Zhang H, Ding G, Li Y. Whole-genome sequencing of six dog breeds from continuous altitudes reveals adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. Genome Res 2014; 24:1308-15. [PMID: 24721644 PMCID: PMC4120084 DOI: 10.1101/gr.171876.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic environment imposes severe selective pressure on species living at high altitude. To understand the genetic bases of adaptation to high altitude in dogs, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 60 dogs including five breeds living at continuous altitudes along the Tibetan Plateau from 800 to 5100 m as well as one European breed. More than 150× sequencing coverage for each breed provides us with a comprehensive assessment of the genetic polymorphisms of the dogs, including Tibetan Mastiffs. Comparison of the breeds from different altitudes reveals strong signals of population differentiation at the locus of hypoxia-related genes including endothelial Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain protein 1 (EPAS1) and beta hemoglobin cluster. Notably, four novel nonsynonymous mutations specific to high-altitude dogs are identified at EPAS1, one of which occurred at a quite conserved site in the PAS domain. The association testing between EPAS1 genotypes and blood-related phenotypes on additional high-altitude dogs reveals that the homozygous mutation is associated with decreased blood flow resistance, which may help to improve hemorheologic fitness. Interestingly, EPAS1 was also identified as a selective target in Tibetan highlanders, though no amino acid changes were found. Thus, our results not only indicate parallel evolution of humans and dogs in adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia, but also provide a new opportunity to study the role of EPAS1 in the adaptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; College of Animal Science and Technology/State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology/State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China; EG Information Technology Enterprise (EGI), Encode Genomics Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Ze Xu
- EG Information Technology Enterprise (EGI), Encode Genomics Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Dawei Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shuli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyan Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zehui Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shaoxiong Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Linsheng Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology/State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guozhi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Teng Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jiaqiang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- EG Information Technology Enterprise (EGI), Encode Genomics Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Dongkai Wei
- EG Information Technology Enterprise (EGI), Encode Genomics Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfa Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yulin Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guiying Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xinxing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Mingli Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Weidong Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Leng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chaochun Wei
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Huaming Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology/State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Guohui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yixue Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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13
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Xie L, Zhang X, Qi D, Guo X, Pang B, Du Y, Zou X, Guo S, Zhao X. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) at high altitude on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Nitric Oxide 2014; 38:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Bulgarella M, Peters JL, Kopuchian C, Valqui T, Wilson RE, McCracken KG. Multilocus coalescent analysis of haemoglobin differentiation between low- and high-altitude populations of crested ducks (Lophonetta specularioides). Mol Ecol 2011; 21:350-68. [PMID: 22151704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a key factor determining survival, and haemoglobins are targets of selection in species native to high-altitude regions. We studied population genetic structure and evaluated evidence for local adaptation in the crested duck (Lophonetta specularioides). Differentiation, gene flow and time since divergence between highland and lowland populations were assessed for three haemoglobin genes (α(A) , α(D) , β(A) ) and compared to seven reference loci (six autosomal introns and mtDNA). Four derived amino acid replacements were found in the globin genes that had elevated Φ(ST) values between the Andean highlands and Patagonian lowlands. A single β(A) -globin polymorphism at a site known to influence O(2) affinity was fixed for different alleles in the two populations, whereas three α(A) - and α(D) -globin polymorphisms exhibited high heterozygosity in the highlands but not in the lowlands. Coalescent analyses supported restricted gene flow for haemoglobin alleles and mitochondrial DNA but nonzero gene flow for the introns. Simulating genetic data under a drift-migration model of selective neutrality, the β(A) -globin fell outside the 95% confidence limit of simulated data, suggesting that directional selection is maintaining different variants in the contrasting elevational environments, thereby restricting migration of β(A) -globin alleles. The α(A) - and α(D) -globins, by contrast, did not differ from the simulated values, suggesting that variants in these genes are either selectively neutral, or that the effects of selection could not be differentiated from background levels of population structure and linkage disequilibrium. This study illustrates the combined effects of selection and population history on inferring levels of population divergence for a species distributed across an altitudinal gradient in which selection for hypoxia resistance has likely played an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bulgarella
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
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15
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Storz JF, Runck AM, Moriyama H, Weber RE, Fago A. Genetic differences in hemoglobin function between highland and lowland deer mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:2565-74. [PMID: 20639417 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.042598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In high-altitude vertebrates, adaptive changes in blood-O(2) affinity may be mediated by modifications of hemoglobin (Hb) structure that affect intrinsic O(2) affinity and/or responsiveness to allosteric effectors that modulate Hb-O(2) affinity. This mode of genotypic specialization is considered typical of mammalian species that are high-altitude natives. Here we investigated genetically based differences in Hb-O(2) affinity between highland and lowland populations of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), a generalist species that has the broadest altitudinal distribution of any North American mammal. The results of a combined genetic and proteomic analysis revealed that deer mice harbor a high level of Hb isoform diversity that is attributable to allelic polymorphism at two tandemly duplicated alpha-globin genes and two tandemly duplicated beta-globin genes. This high level of isoHb diversity translates into a correspondingly high level of interindividual variation in Hb functional properties. O(2) equilibrium experiments revealed that the Hbs of highland mice exhibit slightly higher intrinsic O(2) affinities and significantly lower Cl(-) sensitivities relative to the Hbs of lowland mice. The experiments also revealed distinct biochemical properties of deer mouse Hb related to the anion-dependent allosteric regulation of O(2) affinity. In conjunction with previous findings, our results demonstrate that modifications of Hb structure that alter allosteric anion sensitivity play an important role in the adaptive fine-tuning of blood-O(2) affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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16
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McCracken K, Barger C, Bulgarella M, Johnson K, Kuhner M, Moore A, Peters J, Trucco J, Valqui T, Winker K, Wilson R. Signatures of High‐Altitude Adaptation in the Major Hemoglobin of Five Species of Andean Dabbling Ducks. Am Nat 2009; 174:631-50. [DOI: 10.1086/606020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Storz JF, Hoffmann FG, Opazo JC, Moriyama H. Adaptive functional divergence among triplicated alpha-globin genes in rodents. Genetics 2008; 178:1623-38. [PMID: 18245844 PMCID: PMC2278084 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.080903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional divergence of duplicated genes is thought to play an important role in the evolution of new developmental and physiological pathways, but the role of positive selection in driving this process remains controversial. The objective of this study was to test whether amino acid differences among triplicated alpha-globin paralogs of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) are attributable to a relaxation of purifying selection or to a history of positive selection that has adapted the gene products to new or modified physiological tasks. In each rodent species, the two paralogs at the 5'-end of the alpha-globin gene cluster (HBA-T1 and HBA-T2) are evolving in concert and are therefore identical or nearly identical in sequence. However, in each case, the HBA-T1 and HBA-T2 paralogs are distinguished from the third paralog at the 3'-end of the gene cluster (HBA-T3) by multiple amino acid substitutions. An analysis of genomic sequence data from several rodent species revealed that the HBA-T3 genes of Rattus and Peromyscus originated via independent, lineage-specific duplication events. In the independently derived HBA-T3 genes of both species, a likelihood analysis based on a codon-substitution model revealed that accelerated rates of amino acid substitution are attributable to positive directional selection, not to a relaxation of purifying selection. As a result of functional divergence among the triplicated alpha-globin genes in Rattus and Peromyscus, the red blood cells of both rodent species contain a mixture of functionally distinct alpha-chain hemoglobin isoforms that are predicted to have different oxygen-binding affinities. In P. maniculatus, a species that is able to sustain physiological function under conditions of chronic hypoxia at high altitude, the coexpression of distinct hemoglobin isoforms with graded oxygen affinities is expected to broaden the permissible range of arterial oxygen tensions for pulmonary/tissue oxygen transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
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18
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Storz JF, Moriyama H. Mechanisms of hemoglobin adaptation to high altitude hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 2008; 9:148-57. [PMID: 18578646 PMCID: PMC3140315 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2007.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from a number of vertebrate taxa suggests that modifications of hemoglobin (Hb) function may often play a key role in mediating an adaptive response to high altitude hypoxia. The respiratory functions of Hb are a product of the protein's intrinsic O(2)-binding affinity and its interactions with allosteric effectors such as protons, chloride ions, CO(2), and organic phosphates. Here we review several case studies involving high altitude vertebrates where it has been possible to identify specific mechanisms of Hb adaptation to hypoxia. In addition to comparative studies of Hbs from diverse animal species, functional studies of human Hb mutants also suggest that there is ample scope for evolutionary adjustments in Hb-O(2) affinity through alterations of the equilibrium constants of O(2) binding to deoxy- and oxyHb or through changes in the allosteric equilibrium constants for the transition between the deoxy- and oxyHb quaternary structures. It may be the case that certain evolutionary paths are followed more often than others simply because they are subject to less stringent pleiotropic constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F. Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
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19
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Weber RE. High-altitude adaptations in vertebrate hemoglobins. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2007; 158:132-42. [PMID: 17561448 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates at high altitude are subjected to hypoxic conditions that challenge aerobic metabolism. O(2) transport from the respiratory surfaces to tissues requires matching between the O(2) loading and unloading tensions and the O(2)-affinity of blood, which is an integrated function of hemoglobin's intrinsic O(2)-affinity and its allosteric interaction with cellular effectors (organic phosphates, protons and chloride). Whereas short-term altitudinal adaptations predominantly involve adjustments in allosteric interactions, long-term, genetically-coded adaptations typically involve changes in the structure of the haemoglobin molecules. The latter commonly comprise substitutions of amino acid residues at the effector binding sites, the heme-protein contacts, or at intersubunit contacts that stabilize either the low-affinity ('Tense') or the high-affinity ('Relaxed') structures of the molecules. Molecular heterogeneity (multiple isoHbs with differentiated oxygenation properties) can further broaden the range of physico-chemical conditions where Hb functions under altitudinal hypoxia. This treatise reviews the molecular and cellular mechanisms that adapt haemoglobin-oxygen affinities in mammals, birds and ectothermic vertebrates at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy E Weber
- Zoophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Building 1131, University of Aarhus, DK 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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20
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Storz JF, Sabatino SJ, Hoffmann FG, Gering EJ, Moriyama H, Ferrand N, Monteiro B, Nachman MW. The molecular basis of high-altitude adaptation in deer mice. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e45. [PMID: 17397259 PMCID: PMC1839143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating genetic mechanisms of adaptation is a goal of central importance in evolutionary biology, yet few empirical studies have succeeded in documenting causal links between molecular variation and organismal fitness in natural populations. Here we report a population genetic analysis of a two-locus alpha-globin polymorphism that underlies physiological adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in natural populations of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. This system provides a rare opportunity to examine the molecular underpinnings of fitness-related variation in protein function that can be related to a well-defined selection pressure. We surveyed DNA sequence variation in the duplicated alpha-globin genes of P. maniculatus from high- and low-altitude localities (i) to identify the specific mutations that may be responsible for the divergent fine-tuning of hemoglobin function and (ii) to test whether the genes exhibit the expected signature of diversifying selection between populations that inhabit different elevational zones. Results demonstrate that functionally distinct protein alleles are maintained as a long-term balanced polymorphism and that adaptive modifications of hemoglobin function are produced by the independent or joint effects of five amino acid mutations that modulate oxygen-binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
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21
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Wang DP, Li HG, Li YJ, Guo SC, Yang J, Qi DL, Jin C, Zhao XQ. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α cDNA cloning and its mRNA and protein tissue specific expression in domestic yak (Bos grunniens) from Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:310-9. [PMID: 16876112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to hypoxia is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of an oxygen-regulated alpha-subunit and a constitutively expressed beta-subunit. How animals living on Qinghai-Tibetan plateau adapt to the extreme hypoxia environment is known indistinctly. In this study, the Qinghai yak, which has been living at 3000-5000 m altitude for at least two millions of years, was selected as the model of high hypoxia-tolerant adaptation species. The HIF-1alpha ORFs (open reading frames) encoding for two isoforms of HIF-1alpha have been cloned from the brain of the domestic yak. Its expression of HIF-1alpha was analyzed at both mRNA and protein levels in various tissues. Both its HIF-1alpha mRNA and protein are tissue specific expression. Its HIF-1alpha protein's high expression in the brain, lung, and kidney showed us that HIF-1alpha protein may play an important role in the adaptation to hypoxia environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Wang
- Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, PR China
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22
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Ishizaki T, Koizumi T, Ruan Z, Wang Z, Chen Q, Sakai A. Nitric oxide inhibitor altitude-dependently elevates pulmonary arterial pressure in high-altitude adapted yaks. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 146:225-30. [PMID: 15766910 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of N(w)-nitro-L-arginine (NLA) on yak pulmonary vascular tone in a climatic (hypobaric/hyperbaric adjusted) chamber. Five young male yaks that had been born and reared at an altitude greater than 3800 m a.s.l. were used. After measuring control values, 20 mg/kg of NLA was administered via the jugular vein to each animal, and pulmonary hemodynamics and blood gases were repeatedly measured at simulated altitudes of 0, 2260 and 4500 m. The mean PaO2 decreased in an altitude-dependent manner, whereas there was no change in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) or mean cardiac output (mCO). NLA significantly increased mPAP, and mean pulmonary vascular resistance (mPVR), and decreased CO at each tested altitude, and greater increases in mPAP and mPVR by NLA were observed at the higher elevations. We conclude that augmented endogenous NO production, especially at higher altitudes, accounts for the low pulmonary vascular tone observed in high-altitude adapted yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ishizaki
- Department of Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Matsuoka-Cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
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23
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Di Vito A, Schwantes A, Schwantes M. Functional properties of the three hemoglobin phenotypes of Nelore cattle. Genet Mol Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572002000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Di Vito
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil
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24
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25
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Pelster B, Burggren WW. Disruption of hemoglobin oxygen transport does not impact oxygen-dependent physiological processes in developing embryos of zebra fish (Danio rerio). Circ Res 1996; 79:358-62. [PMID: 8756015 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.79.2.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic hemoglobin circulated by the developing heart in the early vertebrate embryo is widely assumed (without substantiation) to perform the same vital role of O2 carriage that it does in fetuses and adults. In order to challenge this assumption, we measured highly O2-dependent physiological variables like O2 consumption, cardiac performance, and initial swim bladder filling in the presence and absence of functional hemoglobin in the embryos and early larvae of the zebra fish, Danio ( = Brachydanio) rerio. Functional ablation of hemoglobin by carbon monoxide or phenylhydrazine did not reduce whole-animal O2 consumption, which was approximately 85 to 90 mumol.g-1.h-1. Similarly, no differences in heart variables like ventricular pressure development or heart rate, which increased from 135 to 175 bpm between stages 36h and 96h (indicating developmental stages 36 and 96 hours after fertilization, respectively), were observed in these experiments. Initial opening of the swim bladder was not influenced in the presence of CO-occupied hemoglobin but was significantly impaired when the embryonic hemoglobin was chemically modified by incubation with phenylhydrazine. That aerobic processes continue without hemoglobin O2 transport indicates the adequacy in the embryo of simple O2 diffusion alone even in developmental stages with extensive convective blood circulation generated by the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pelster
- Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Clementi ME, Condò SG, Castagnola M, Giardina B. Hemoglobin function under extreme life conditions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:309-17. [PMID: 7519981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Considering the variety of species that depend on hemoglobin for oxygen transport, these molecules must execute their primary function under extreme environmental conditions. Hence, a thermodynamic analysis of oxygen binding with hemoglobins from different species reveals a series of adaptive mechanisms which are based on the thermodynamic connection between the binding of heterotropic effectors and the reaction with oxygen. The examples reported, from fishes to human fetus, illustrate how evolution can alter the structural basis of the heterotropic interactions to optimize the oxygenation-deoxygenation cycle in dependence of the physiological needs of the particular organisms. Moreover they show that a thermodynamic analysis of the reaction with oxygen overcomes the meaning of a detailed structural and functional characterization going deeper into the physiology of the specific organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Clementi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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27
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Rücknagel KP, Braunitzer G, Wiesner H. Hemoglobins of reptiles. The primary structures of the alpha I- and beta I-chains of common iguana (Iguana iguana) hemoglobin. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1988; 369:1143-50. [PMID: 3242545 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1988.369.2.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary structures of alpha I- and beta I-chains from the hemoglobins of the Common Iguana (Iguana iguana) are presented. The globin chains were separated on CM-cellulose in 8 M urea buffer. The amino-acid sequences were established by automatic Edman degradation of the native chains, the tryptic peptides and a peptide obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage. The sequences are compared with human hemoglobin. Amino-acid replacements at positions critical for structure and function of the hemoglobin are discussed. The requirements for binding of ATP and also of DPG as allosteric effectors at the beta-chains seem to be fulfilled. Comparison of the alpha-chains with those of the Viper (Vipera aspis) shows 66 amino-acid substitutions. This number is in the same order of magnitude as the ones found by comparison with alpha-chains of crocodiles and mammals as well as with alpha A-chains of a turtle and birds. This result points towards a period of independent evolution of the reptile lines leading to the Common Iguana on one hand and to the Viper on the other. This time span is comparable to the one separating mammals from reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Rücknagel
- Max-Planck Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Proteinchemie, Martinsried bei München
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