1
|
Iino N, Matsunaga T, Harada T, Igarashi S, Koyama I, Komoda T. Comparative characterization of pulmonary surfactant aggregates and alkaline phosphatase isozymes in human lung carcinoma tissue. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 328:355-63. [PMID: 17216198 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes are surfactant-associated proteins (SPs). Since several different AP isozymes have been detected in the pneumocytes of lung cancer patients, we attempted to identify the relationship between pulmonary surfactant aggregate subtypes and AP isozymes. Pulmonary surfactant aggregates were isolated from carcinoma and non-carcinoma tissues of patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Upon analysis, ultraheavy, heavy, and light surfactant aggregates were detected in the non-carcinoma tissues, but no ultraheavy surfactant aggregates were found in the carcinoma tissues. Surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) was detected as two bands (a 27-kDa band and a 54-kDa band) in the ultraheavy, heavy, and light surfactant aggregates found in the non-carcinoma tissues. Although both SP-A bands were detected in the heavy and light surfactant aggregates from adenocarcinoma tissues, the 54-kDa band was not detected in squamous cell carcinoma tissues. Liver AP (LAP) was detected in the heavy and light surfactant aggregates from both non-carcinoma and squamous carcinoma tissues, but not in heavy surfactant aggregates from adenocarcinoma tissues. A larger amount of bone type AP (BAP) was found in light surfactant aggregate fractions from squamous cell carcinomas than those from adenocarcinoma tissues or non-carcinoma tissues from patients with either type of cancer. LAP, BAP, and SP-A were identified immunohistochemically in type II pneumocytes from non-carcinoma tissues and adenocarcinoma cells, but no distinct SP-A staining was observed in squamous cell carcinoma tissues. The present study has thus revealed several differences in pulmonary surfactant aggregates and AP isozymes between adenocarcinoma tissue and squamous cell carcinoma tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Iino
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miyazaki T, Matsunaga T, Miyazaki S, Hokari S, Komoda T. Changes in receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB, and its ligand, osteoprotegerin, bone-type alkaline phosphatase, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in ovariectomized rats. J Cell Biochem 2005; 93:503-12. [PMID: 15372622 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We investigated time-course changes in the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), bone-type alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Samples of sera and coccyges were used for analysis of the enzyme activities and expression levels of proteins and mRNAs, and an immunohistochemical analysis was also performed. Serum BAP activity increased to 158.6% of the pre-operation value at 1 week after OVX, and then decreased to 38.7% at 8 weeks after OVX. On the other hand, the serum TRAP activity increased to 130.9% of the pre-operation level at 1 week after OVX, and was maintained at a high level, compared with the pre-operation level. The patterns of BAP and TRAP activity in the coccyges specimens were similar to those seen in the sera. The expression profiles of TRAP, RANK, and RANKL proteins in the coccyx specimens were similar to the pattern of serum TRAP activity, while the profiles of the BAP and OPG proteins were similar to the pattern of serum BAP activity in OVX rats. The changes in the mRNA expression levels of the osteogenic proteins were similar to those for protein expression. These biochemical changes in OVX rats were confirmed by immunohistochemical studies. Our results suggest that not only osteoclastogenesis accelerated but also osteoblastogenesis transiently increased during the early phase of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical School, 38 Morohongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Koyama I, Matsunaga T, Harada T, Kikuno A, Hokari S, Komoda T. Ambroxol reduces LPS toxicity mediated by induction of alkaline phosphatases in rat lung. Clin Biochem 2004; 37:688-93. [PMID: 15302612 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatases (APs) have been suggested to detoxify lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by dephosphorylation. Ambroxol, a bronchial expectorant, is known to accelerate the secretion of pulmonary surfactant particles including AP molecules as a pharmacological action. In the present study, some beneficial effects of ambroxol on LPS toxicity in the rat lung were investigated. In an experiment using the rat lung organ culture, AP activities were enhanced in a time-dependent manner by incubation with 25 microM of ambroxol in both the tissue and the medium. Western blot analysis indicated that AP activity was elevated by the treatment with ambroxol, due to the induction of surfactant proteins (SPs) and AP molecules. In the in vivo experiment, the serum LPS content was markedly increased after LPS administration to rats by intratracheal instillation of 20 mg/kg. However, when the rats were pretreated with oral ambroxol (1.0 mg/kg) at 1 h before LPS challenge, the area under the concentration--time curve (AUC) of serum LPS was significantly decreased. These results suggest that ambroxol inhibits the translocation of LPS from the lung into the circulation as well as its detoxification effect via the elevation of AP activity. Bromhexine, another expectorant, is less effective than ambroxol as an LPS detoxificant. Maintenance of high AP activity level in the lung suggests APs to have physiological significant effects against the inflammatory events induced by LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Koyama
- Department of Medical Technology, Junior College, Saitama Medical School, Moroyama, Iruma, Saitama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harada T, Koyama I, Kasahara T, Alpers DH, Komoda T. Heat shock induces intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase in rat IEC-18 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284:G255-62. [PMID: 12388181 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00244.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a previously unknown regulation for intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase (IAP) as a heat shock protein (HSP). Heat shock to rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC)-18 at 43 degrees C induced the expression of IAP-I and HSP72 mRNAs time dependently (<60 min) but did not induce expression of IAP-II, tissue nonspecific-type alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), or HSP90 as determined by the RT-PCR method. To confirm the identity of the IAP-I gene, we sequenced the amplification product of IAP-I and found the gene to have 99% homology with the sequence of the IAP-I gene in rat intestine. Under the subculture conditions used, no IAP protein was detected in IEC-18 cells, but it became detectable as a 62-kDa band on a Western blot after heat shock. IAP-I was also induced by sodium arsenite, which generates reactive oxygen species and is an inducer of members of the HSP family. Glutathione suppressed activating protein-1 and cAMP response element-binding protein activation caused by heat shock but did not suppress the expression of IAP-I. These results suggest that cellular stress induces the elevation of IAP-I mRNA and protein synthesis. IAP-I may play an important role as a dephosphorylating enzyme under stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Harada
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical School, Iruma-gun, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsumura M, Ueno Y, Kinouchi T, Koyama I, Komoda T. Atypical alkaline phosphatase isozymes in serum and urine of patients with renal failure. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 312:169-78. [PMID: 11580923 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) originating from different organs are frequently detected in the serum and urine of patients with renal failure. METHODS We investigated the characteristics of ALPs in the serum and urine of 108 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and of 106 healthy control subjects. RESULTS In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three atypical ALP bands in serum of patients were designated as atypical-s1, -s2 and -s3, respectively. In contrast, five atypical bands (u1, u2, u3, u4 and u5) were detected in the urine of patients. The atypical ALPs were electrophoretically isolated and assayed to determine their biochemical properties, i.e., neuraminidase sensitivity, heat stability, reactivity to anti-intestinal or anti-tissue nonspecific ALP antibodies, molecular sizes and sugar chain heterogeneities. From these results, we found that atypical-s1 and -s2 were the intestinal-type ALP, while s3 was the tissue-unspecific type ALP. Atypical-u1, -u2 and -u3 were high-molecular type ALPs, which we suggested as the ones that originated from the intestine. Atypical-u4, a tissue-unspecific type ALP, was detected with considerable frequency in the urine of patients. In patients with CRF, the appearance of these atypical ALPs was accompanied by a deterioration of the creatinine clearance. CONCLUSIONS The appearance of atypical ALPs in the serum and urine of patients with CRF may be a useful marker for renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tsumura
- R&D Center BML Inc. 1361-1, Matoba, Saitama 350-1101, Kawagoe, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koyama I, Yakushijin M, Goseki M, Iimura T, Sato T, Sonoda M, Hokari S, Komoda T. Partial breakdown of glycated alkaline phosphatases mediated by reactive oxygen species. Clin Chim Acta 1998; 275:27-41. [PMID: 9706841 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(98)00069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The lower levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity found in patients with diabetes mellitus apparently originate from the selective disappearance or decrease in bone AP activity in the circulation. Hence, we investigated in vitro the effect of glycation on the activities of five AP isozymes. Aseptic incubation with 25 mmol/L of D-glucose and APs rapidly reduced bone and placental AP activities before those of liver, kidney and intestinal enzymes. The resulting bone and placental AP molecules were clearly glycated, according to the result of aminophenylboronic acid affinity chromatography. Furthermore, Western blotting analysis revealed that the placental AP molecule was fragmented, and its partial cleavage took place at Ala154 on the AP molecule. Since glycation of serum proteins causes the generation of reactive oxygen species, the effects of reactive oxygen species on placental AP activity were assayed, and the results indicated that hydroxyl radicals might be a major factor for the specific inactivation of AP activities. The reduction in AP activity by incubation with glucose in vitro was reversed by the further addition of catalase. Furthermore, ferrous ion with hydrogen peroxide, which generates hydroxyl radicals, had an inhibitory effect on AP activities. These findings suggest that the reduced AP activity in diabetic patients might result from partial cleavage of the bone AP molecule by reactive oxygen species induced by glycation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Koyama
- Department of Medical Technology, Junior College, Saitama Medical School, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fujimori-Arai Y, Koyama I, Hirano K, Komoda T. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase isoforms in rabbit tissues differ in glycosylation patterns. Clin Biochem 1997; 30:545-51. [PMID: 9399023 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(97)00099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In patients with advanced liver cirrhosis or chronic nephritis, an intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP)-like enzyme is ectopically expressed in the liver or kidney. In this study, we used rabbit organs as a human pathological model, because the rabbit liver or kidney expresses an IAP-like enzyme as the predominant isozyme, unlike humans. METHODS IAP and the IAP-like enzyme were purified from rabbit intestine and kidney, respectively, by immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antihuman IAP antibody. Some properties of the IAP and IAP-like enzyme expressed in rabbit organs are compared. RESULTS Some of their catalytic and physicochemical properties differed. In particular, the net charge, molecular mass, and hydrophobicity of IAP from rabbit intestine was slightly different from the IAP-like enzyme from rabbit kidney. There was a difference in the sugar chain structure between the two enzymes according to the results of lectin affinity chromatography, and part of the peptide maps differed slightly. However, there was no difference in the peptide maps after treatment with endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase F. CONCLUSIONS The primary structures of IAP and the IAP-like enzyme are basically similar, except for the glycosylation process of the respective AP isozymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Fujimori-Arai
- 1st Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical School, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nosjean O, Koyama I, Goseki M, Roux B, Komoda T. Human tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatases: sugar-moiety-induced enzymic and antigenic modulations and genetic aspects. Biochem J 1997; 321 ( Pt 2):297-303. [PMID: 9020858 PMCID: PMC1218068 DOI: 10.1042/bj3210297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the possible role(s) of glycans in human tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity, the iso-enzymes were purified and treated with various exo- and endo-glycosidases. Catalytic activity, oligomerization, conformation and immunoreactivity of the modified TNAPs were evaluated. All TNAPs proved to be N-glycosylated, and only the liver isoform (LAP) is not O-glycosylated. Usually, the kidney (KAP) and bone (BAP) isoenzymes are similar and cannot be clearly discriminated. Differences between the immunoreactivity of KAP/BAP and LAP with a BAP antibody were mainly attributed to the N-glycosylated moieties of the TNAPs. In addition, elimination of O-glycosylations moderately affects the TNAP reactivity. Interestingly, N-glycosylation is absolutely essential for TNAP activity, but not for that of the placental or intestinal enzymes. According to the deduced amino acid sequence of TNAP cDNA, Asn-213 is a possible N-glycosylation site, and our present findings suggest that this sugar chain plays a key role in enzyme regulation. With regard to the oligomeric state of alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoforms, the dimer/tetramer equilibrium is dependent on the deglycosylation of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol(GPI)-free APs, but not GPI-linked APs. This equilibrium does not affect the AP conformation as observed with CD. With regard to TNAPs, no data were available on the gene expression or nature of the 5'-non-translated leader exon of human KAP, as opposed to BAP and LAP genes. cDNA sequencing revealed that cortex/medulla KAP is genetically related to BAP, and medulla KAP to LAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Nosjean
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Biologique, URA-CNRS 1535, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hoshino T, Kumasaka K, Kawano K, Yamagishi F, Koyama I, Fujimori-Arai Y, Nakajima T, Komoda T. Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity associated with severe Wilson's disease. Is the breakdown of alkaline phosphatase molecules caused by reactive oxygen species? Clin Chim Acta 1995; 238:91-100. [PMID: 7554299 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06073-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hoshino
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koyama I, Fujimori-Arai Y, Hirota N, Sakai T, Sakagishi Y, Komoda T. Liver-like alkaline phosphatase in the tissue-unspecific type enzyme found in rabbit organs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1080:165-72. [PMID: 1932093 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90145-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit liver and kidney tissues are known to produce an intestinal-like alkaline phosphatase (IAP-like enzyme) as a dominant isozyme, with a minor isozyme of tissue-unspecific type (UAP), unlike humans and other mammalians. We investigated immunohistochemically and biochemically these unique isozymes in the rabbit liver and bone, and compared them with the human isozyme. In rabbit liver, UAP was found to be localized only in the apical part of the membrane of cells lining the bile duct, whereas IAP-like enzyme was found in the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes. Rabbit liver UAP was separated from IAP-like enzyme by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Rabbit bone tissue contained only one UAP isozyme. The two UAPs were biochemically and physicochemically compared with human liver AP. Both UAPs reacted with an anti-human liver AP monoclonal antibody, not with an anti-human bone AP monoclonal antibody, indicating that both enzymes have the same antigenicity as human liver AP. Rabbit liver and bone UAPs had similar N-linked sugar-chain heterogeneities to the respective human enzymes. In addition, rabbit bone AP also had an O-linked sugar chain, as did human bone AP, unlike rabbit and human liver APs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Koyama
- Department of Medical Technology, Junior College, Saitama Medical School, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|