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Jang Y, Moon JH, Jeon BK, Park HJ, Lee HJ, Lee DY. Comprehensive Evaluation System for Post-Metabolic Activity of Potential Thyroid-Disrupting Chemicals. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1351-1360. [PMID: 37415082 PMCID: PMC10619556 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2301.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that disturb hormonal homeostasis by binding to receptors. EDCs are metabolized through hepatic enzymes, causing altered transcriptional activities of hormone receptors, and thus necessitating the exploration of the potential endocrine-disrupting activities of EDC-derived metabolites. Accordingly, we have developed an integrative workflow for evaluating the post-metabolic activity of potential hazardous compounds. The system facilitates the identification of metabolites that exert hormonal disruption through the integrative application of an MS/MS similarity network and predictive biotransformation based on known hepatic enzymatic reactions. As proof-of-concept, the transcriptional activities of 13 chemicals were evaluated by applying the in vitro metabolic module (S9 fraction). Identified among the tested chemicals were three thyroid hormone receptor (THR) agonistic compounds that showed increased transcriptional activities after phase I+II reactions (T3, 309.1 ± 17.3%; DITPA, 30.7 ± 1.8%; GC-1, 160.6 ± 8.6% to the corresponding parents). The metabolic profiles of these three compounds showed common biotransformation patterns, particularly in the phase II reactions (glucuronide conjugation, sulfation, GSH conjugation, and amino acid conjugation). Data-dependent exploration based on molecular network analysis of T3 profiles revealed that lipids and lipid-like molecules were the most enriched biotransformants. The subsequent subnetwork analysis proposed 14 additional features, including T4 in addition to 9 metabolized compounds that were annotated by prediction system based on possible hepatic enzymatic reaction. The other 10 THR agonistic negative compounds showed unique biotransformation patterns according to structural commonality, which corresponded to previous in vivo studies. Our evaluation system demonstrated highly predictive and accurate performance in determining the potential thyroid-disrupting activity of EDC-derived metabolites and for proposing novel biotransformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurim Jang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jeon
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Storms N, Medina Torres C, Franck T, Sole Guitart A, de la Rebière G, Serteyn D. Presence of Myeloperoxidase in Lamellar Tissue of Horses Induced by an Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemic Clamp. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:846835. [PMID: 35359667 PMCID: PMC8962398 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.846835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminitis is a pathology of the equine digit leading to a failure of the dermo-epidermal interface. Neutrophil activation is recognized as a major factor in SIRS-associated laminitis. Less is known about the role of neutrophil activation in laminitis associated with metabolic disorders. The aim of this descriptive study was to observe whether myeloperoxidase is increased in the laminae during early stage laminitis in three horses subjected to a prolonged euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (pEHC). After 48 h of pEHC-treatment, horses were subjected to euthanasia. Two healthy horses are used as control. Histological sections of lamellar tissue from all horses were immunohistochemically stained for myeloperoxidase and counterstained with hematoxylin-eosin. Histopathological changes that characterize insulin-induced laminitis and increased presence of myeloperoxidase, especially in the dermal lamellae, were increased in histologic sections of pEHC-treated horses. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase release may contribute to the pathophysiology of endocrinopathic laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazare Storms
- Department of Equine Surgery, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Carlos Medina Torres
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Thierry Franck
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Sole Guitart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Didier Serteyn
- Department of Equine Surgery, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Didier Serteyn
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Abstract
This review is intended as a comprehensive survey of iodinated metabolites possessing carbon–iodine covalent bond, which have been obtained from living organisms. Generally thought to be minor components produced by many different organisms these interesting compounds now number more than 110. Many from isolated and identified iodine-containing metabolites showed high biological activities. Recent research, especially in the marine area, indicates this number will increase in the future. Sources of iodinated metabolites include microorganisms, algae, marine invertebrates, and some animals. Their origin and possible biological significance have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 12065, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Amano I, Takatsuru Y, Toya S, Haijima A, Iwasaki T, Grasberger H, Refetoff S, Koibuchi N. Aberrant Cerebellar Development in Mice Lacking Dual Oxidase Maturation Factors. Thyroid 2016; 26:741-52. [PMID: 26914863 PMCID: PMC4860669 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a key role in the developing brain, including the cerebellum. TH deficiency induces organizational changes of the cerebellum, causing cerebellar ataxia. However, the mechanisms causing these abnormalities are poorly understood. Various animal models have been used to study the mechanism. Lacking dual oxidase (DUOX) and its maturation factor (DUOXA) are major inducers of congenital hypothyroidism. Thus, this study examined the organizational changes of the cerebellum using knockout mice of the Duoxa gene (Duoxa-/-). METHODS The morphological, behavioral, and electrophysiological changes were analyzed in wild type (Wt) and Duoxa-deficient (Duoxa-/-) mice from postnatal day (P) 10 to P30. To detect the changes in the expression levels of presynaptic proteins, Western blot analysis was performed. RESULTS The proliferation and migration of granule cells was delayed after P15 in Duoxa-/- mice. However, these changes disappeared by P25. Although the cerebellar structure of Duoxa-/- mice was not significantly different from that of Wt mice at P25, motor coordination was impaired. It was also found that the amplitude of paired-pulse facilitation at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses decreased in Duoxa-/- mice, particularly at P15. There were no differences between expression levels of presynaptic proteins regulating neurotransmitter release at P25. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the anatomical catch-up growth of the cerebellum did not normalize its function because of the disturbance of neuronal circuits by the combined effect of hypothyroidism and functional disruption of the DUOX/DUOXA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Syutaro Toya
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Asahi Haijima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Iwasaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Helmut Grasberger
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Ponthier J, Franck T, Parrilla-Hernandez S, Niesten A, de la Rebiere G, Serteyn D, Deleuze S. Concentration, activity and biochemical characterization of myeloperoxidase in fresh and post-thaw equine semen and their implication on freezability. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:285-91. [PMID: 24479950 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a pro-oxidant enzyme associated with decreased motility in thawed equine semen. This study aimed to describe MPO concentration, activity and subunits in raw and thawed semen and to correlate these data with motilities in raw and thawed semen. Semen samples from five stallions were collected four times. Motilities were assessed in raw and thawed semen. MPO assays were performed in raw seminal plasma, raw sperm-rich pellet and thawed semen. Total and active MPO concentrations were, respectively, assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection. MPO subunits present in semen were characterized by Western blot. Purified active MPO was added in saline solution and freezing extender to control its activity during freezing procedure. Differences between medians were determined using Kruskal-Wallis test, and correlations were determined using Spearman's test for nonparametric data. Active MPO concentration was low in seminal plasma and thawed semen, but high in pellet (p = 0.0058), as the opposite relation was observed for total MPO concentration (p < 0.0001). In seminal plasma and post-thaw semen, inactive 86-kDa MPO precursor was mainly observed. Purified MPO activity was decreased in the extender (p = 0.0286). MPO activity in pellet was highly correlated with thawed progressive motility (r = -0.5576, p = 0.0086). Inactive MPO precursor and unknown low molecular weight inactive MPO precursor subunits explain low MPO activity in semen. Major MPO activity was observed in pellet, and post-thaw loss of activity is partially explained by MPO inactivation in extender. Thawed semen motility was negatively correlated with MPO activity in pellet, becoming a potential freezability predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ponthier
- Equine Clinic, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, ULg University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; LINALUX-MLS, Centre Européen du Cheval, Vielsalm, Belgium
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Ponthier J, Teague SR, Franck TY, de la Rebière G, Serteyn DD, Brinsko SP, Love CC, Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Deleuze SC. Effect of non-sperm cells removal with single-layer colloidal centrifugation on myeloperoxidase concentration in post-thaw equine semen. Theriogenology 2013; 80:1082-7. [PMID: 24054552 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a pro-oxidant enzyme contained in and released by neutrophils during degranulation or after lysis. Post-thaw semen contains MPO and its concentration is associated with decreased sperm motility. Recently, MPO concentration in post-thaw semen was shown to be associated with the presence of non-sperm cells (NSC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single-layer colloidal centrifugation before cryopreservation on NSC and MPO concentrations in equine semen. The experimental design consisted of freezing semen with or without previous centrifugation through two concentrations of single-layer colloid media. Non-sperm cells and MPO concentrations were assessed in pellet and upper layer at each step of the procedure and MPO was detected in cells by immunocytochemistry. Single-layer colloid centrifugation decreased NSC and MPO concentrations in post-thaw semen. The MPO concentration was correlated with concentration of NSC in the upper layer of the supernatant. In post-thaw semen, with or without previous single-layer colloid centrifugation, MPO concentration was correlated with concentration of NSC. Overall, neutrophils were rarely observed and NSC were mainly epithelial cells or cellular debris, as demonstrated by MPO immunocytochemistry. At all steps of the semen processing and cryopreservation, MPO immunostaining was clearly identified only on NSC. In conclusion, our study shows that NSC present in fresh semen release MPO during freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Ponthier
- Equine Clinic, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, ULg, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Dodgson SE, Day R, Fyfe JC. Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter in Tenterfield terriers. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1350-7. [PMID: 23113744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cluster of cases of congenital hypothyroidism with goiter (CHG) in Tenterfield Terriers was identified and hypothesized to be dyshormonogenesis of genetic etiology with autosomal recessive inheritance. OBJECTIVES To describe the phenotype, thyroid histopathology, biochemistry, mode of inheritance, and causal mutation of CHG in Tenterfield Terriers. ANIMALS Thyroid tissue from 1 CHG-affected Tenterfield Terriers, 2 affected Toy Fox Terriers, and 7 normal control dogs. Genomic DNA from blood or buccal brushings of 114 additional Tenterfield Terriers. METHODS Biochemical and genetic segregation analysis of functional gene candidates in a Tenterfield Terrier kindred. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) iodide oxidation activity was measured, and TPO protein and SDS-resistant thyroglobulin aggregation were assessed on western blots. TPO cDNA was amplified from thyroid RNA and sequenced. Exons and flanking splice sites were amplified from genomic DNA and sequenced. Variant TPO allele segregation was assessed by restriction enzyme digestion of PCR products. RESULTS Thyroid from an affected pup had lesions consistent with dyshormonogenesis. TPO activity was absent, but normal sized immunocrossreactive TPO protein was present. Affected dog cDNA and genomic sequences revealed a homozygous TPO missense mutation in exon 9 (R593W) that was heterozygous in all obligate carriers and in 31% of other clinically normal Tenterfield Terriers. CONCLUSIONS The mutation underlying CHG in Tenterfield Terriers was identified, and a convenient carrier test made available for screening Tenterfield Terriers used for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dodgson
- Laboratory of Comparative Medical Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Bhave G, Cummings CF, Vanacore RM, Kumagai-Cresse C, Ero-Tolliver IA, Rafi M, Kang JS, Pedchenko V, Fessler LI, Fessler JH, Hudson BG. Peroxidasin forms sulfilimine chemical bonds using hypohalous acids in tissue genesis. Nat Chem Biol 2012; 8:784-90. [PMID: 22842973 PMCID: PMC4128002 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Collagen IV comprises the predominant protein network of basement membranes, a specialized extracellular matrix, which underlie epithelia and endothelia. These networks assemble through oligomerization and covalent crosslinking to endow mechanical strength and shape cell behavior through interactions with cell-surface receptors. A recently discovered sulfilimine (S=N) bond between a methionine sulfur and hydroxylysine nitrogen reinforces the collagen IV network. We demonstrate that peroxidasin, an enzyme found in basement membranes, catalyzes formation of the sulfilimine bond. Drosophila peroxidasin mutants have disorganized collagen IV networks and torn visceral muscle basement membranes, pointing to a critical role for the enzyme in tissue biogenesis. Peroxidasin generates hypohalous acids as reaction intermediates, suggesting a paradoxically anabolic role for these usually destructive oxidants. This work highlights sulfilimine bond formation as what is to our knowledge the first known physiologic function for peroxidasin, a role for hypohalous oxidants in tissue biogenesis, and a possible role for peroxidasin in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Bhave
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Ponthier J, Desvals M, Franck T, de la Rebière G, Spalart M, Palmer E, Serteyn D, Deleuze S. Myeloperoxidase in Equine Semen: Concentration and Localization during Freezing Processing. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ponthier J, Franck T, Detilleux J, Mottart E, Serteyn D, Deleuze S. Association between myeloperoxidase concentration in equine frozen semen and post-thawing parameters. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 45:811-6. [PMID: 19364394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvement of techniques, semen of 20% of stallions remains unfreezable. Recent studies focused on the impact of reactive oxygen species and oxidant enzymes on semen characteristics. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a pro-oxidant enzyme contained in and released by neutrophils during degranulation or after cell lysis. It is responsible for the formation of hypochlorous acid, a strong oxidant agent, which could damage spermatozoa. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between MPO concentration and characteristics of frozen semen from stallions. Thirty-five straws from different stallions were analysed. Post-thawing spermatozoal concentration, and progressive and total motility were determined by Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis. Freezability was determined according to post-thawing progressive motility (above or below 15%). Percentage of alive spermatozoa and abnormal forms was determined after Eosin-Nigrosin and Diff-Quick(®) staining, respectively. Post-thawing MPO concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our study shows that frozen thawed semen contains large amounts of free MPO. We also observed that post-thawing MPO ELISA assay can be used as an indicator of equine semen freezability. High MPO concentration samples showed lower total and progressive motility. A higher proportion of abnormal head shape associated with acrosome reaction was observed in our late examinations of the high concentration MPO group. Our results show that MPO adversely affects total and progressive motility of equine semen. A negative correlation between normal motile forms and MPO concentration was also observed. The effect of MPO on dead or abnormal forms remains to be precised.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ponthier
- Equine Clinic, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, ULg University of Liége, Liége, Belgium
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Roy G, Mugesh G. Selenium Analogues of Antithyroid Drugs – Recent Developments. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:414-39. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ihalin R, Nuutila J, Loimaranta V, Lenander M, Tenovuo J, Lilius EM. Susceptibility of Fusobacterium nucleatum to killing by peroxidase-iodide-hydrogen peroxide combination in buffer solution and in human whole saliva. Anaerobe 2007; 9:23-30. [PMID: 16887684 DOI: 10.1016/s1075-9964(03)00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2002] [Revised: 09/20/2002] [Accepted: 12/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Some Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been associated with the infection of tooth supporting tissues, i.e. periodontitis. Of these bacteria, Fusobacterium nucleatum is sensitive to lactoperoxidase/myeloperoxidase-iodide-hydrogen peroxide system in vitro, but salivary concentrations of thiocyanate abolishes the bactericidality. These bacteria are located in periodontal pockets, on oral mucosa and in saliva. Although F. nucleatum most probably does not belong to the group of main periodontal pathogens, it sustains its proportion in the periodontal flora when gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. In this study, the sensitivity of F. nucleatum to different horseradish peroxidase-iodide-hydrogen peroxide combinations was tested both in buffer and in sterilized human whole saliva. Horseradish peroxidase was chosen because it does not bind thiocyanate at pH > or = 6. After 1h incubation at 37 degrees C, the cell viability was estimated by plate count and with flow cytometer using LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit (Molecular Probes, USA). In saliva, the horseradish peroxidase (50 microg/mL)-iodide (2.5 mM)-hydrogen peroxide (2.5 mM) combination decreased the amount of viable bacteria to 37% compared to 85% in the control without any of the components when measured with flow cytometer. Replacement of buffer by saliva decreased the bactericidality of the peroxidase system. However, in buffer less iodide and hydrogen peroxide was needed to produce significant decrease in the number of viable bacteria when measured by plate count than with flow cytometer. Our study shows that horseradish peroxidase-iodide-hydrogen peroxide combination is able to kill F. nucleatum cells in saliva. Horseradish peroxidase-iodide-hydrogen peroxide combination may be useful to diminish the degree of re-colonization of periodontitis-associated bacteria after periodontal therapy and to inhibit the transmission of these bacteria via saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Ihalin
- Institute of Dentistry, Turku Immunology Centre and TuBS, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, Fin-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Ruf J, Carayon P. Structural and functional aspects of thyroid peroxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 445:269-77. [PMID: 16098474 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroperoxidase (TPO) is the enzyme involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. Although many studies have been carried out on TPO since it was first identified as being the thyroid microsomal antigen involved in autoimmune thyroid disease, previous authors have focused more on the immunological than on the biochemical aspects of TPO during the last few years. Here, we review the latest contributions in the field of TPO research and provide a large reference list of original publications. Given this promising background, scientists and clinicians will certainly continue in the future to investigate the mechanisms whereby TPO contributes to hormone synthesis and constitutes an important autoantigen involved in autoimmune thyroid disease, and the circumstances under which the normal physiological function of this enzyme takes on a pathological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ruf
- INSERM Unit U555, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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Abstract
Neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) are highly specialized for their primary function, the phagocytosis and destruction of microorganisms. When coated with opsonins (generally complement and/or antibody), microorganisms bind to specific receptors on the surface of the phagocyte and invagination of the cell membrane occurs with the incorporation of the microorganism into an intracellular phagosome. There follows a burst of oxygen consumption, and much, if not all, of the extra oxygen consumed is converted to highly reactive oxygen species. In addition, the cytoplasmic granules discharge their contents into the phagosome, and death of the ingested microorganism soon follows. Among the antimicrobial systems formed in the phagosome is one consisting of myeloperoxidase (MPO), released into the phagosome during the degranulation process, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), formed by the respiratory burst and a halide, particularly chloride. The initial product of the MPO-H2O2-chloride system is hypochlorous acid, and subsequent formation of chlorine, chloramines, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, and ozone has been proposed. These same toxic agents can be released to the outside of the cell, where they may attack normal tissue and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. This review will consider the potential sources of H2O2 for the MPO-H2O2-halide system; the toxic products of the MPO system; the evidence for MPO involvement in the microbicidal activity of neutrophils; the involvement of MPO-independent antimicrobial systems; and the role of the MPO system in tissue injury. It is concluded that the MPO system plays an important role in the microbicidal activity of phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seymour J Klebanoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7185, USA.
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Reszka KJ, Britigan LH, Rasmussen GT, Wagner BA, Burns CP, Britigan BE. Acetaminophen stimulates the peroxidative metabolism of anthracyclines. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 427:16-29. [PMID: 15178484 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen, a common analgesic and antipyretic drug, is frequently administered to individuals undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy. Here, the effect of acetaminophen on the metabolism of daunorubicin and doxorubicin by isolated enzymes lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase, and by myeloperoxidase-containing human leukemia HL-60 cells was investigated using spectrophotometric and EPR techniques. We report that at pharmacological concentrations acetaminophen strongly stimulates oxidation of the anthracyclines by lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase systems, which results in irreversibly altered (colorless) products. The initial rate and efficacy of daunorubicin oxidation depends on pH. While at pH approximately 7 the oxidation is rapid and extensive, almost no oxidation occurs at pH approximately 5. In the absence of daunorubicin, oxidation of acetaminophen by lactoperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide is only weakly dependent on pH, however, at pH 7.4 it strongly depends on [daunorubicin]. Ascorbate and reduced glutathione strongly inhibited oxidation of anthracyclines by lactoperoxidase and HL-60 systems. Using EPR, a daunorubicin-derived radical was detected in a daunorubicin/acetaminophen/peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide system as a narrow single line (0.175 mT) with g = 2.0047. When daunorubicin was omitted, only an acetaminophen-melanin EPR signal was detected (g = 2.0043, line width approximately 0.5 mT). Similar results were obtained with doxorubicin. We suggest that the stimulation by acetaminophen is primarily due to its preferential oxidation by peroxidases to the corresponding phenoxyl radical, which subsequently reacts with daunorubicin (doxorubicin). Because biological properties of oxidatively transformed anthracyclines will certainly be different from those of their parent compounds, the possible acetaminophen-enhanced degradation of the anthracyclines in vivo is likely to interfere with anticancer and/or cardiotoxic activities of these agents.
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Abstract
Some compounds having thionamide structure inhibit thyroid functions. Such antithyroid thionamides include mercaptomethylimidazole (methimazole), thiourea and propylthiouracil, of which mercaptomethylimidazole is widely used to treat hyperthyroidism. Undesirable side effects develop from these drugs due to extrathyroidal actions. Antithyroid thionamides inhibit lactoperoxidase which contributes to the antibacterial activities of a number of mammalian exocrine gland secretions that protect a variety of mucosal surfaces. These drugs stimulate both gastric acid and pepsinogen secretions, thereby augmenting the severity of gastric ulcers and preventing wound healing. Increased gastric acid secretion is partially due to the H2 receptor activation, and also through the stimulation of the parietal cell by intracellular generation of H2O2 following inactivation of the gastric peroxidase-catalase system. Severe abnormalities may develop in blood cells and the immune system after thionamide therapy. It causes agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, and purpura along with immune suppression. Olfactory and auditory systems are also affected by these drugs. Thionamide affects the sense of smell and taste and also causes loss of hearing. It binds to the Bowman's glands in the olfactory mucosa and causes extensive lesion in the olfactory mucosa. Thionamides also affect gene expression and modulate the functions of some cell types. A brief account of the chemistry and metabolism of antithyroid thionamides, along with their biological actions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta 700 032, India
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Bush VJ, Hallaway BJ, Ebert TA, Wilson DM, O'Kane DJ. Chemiluminescence screening assays for erythrocytes and leukocytes in urine. Methods Enzymol 2000; 305:402-10. [PMID: 10812615 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)05502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V J Bush
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Mechanism of thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Enzymatic oxidative coupling of 3,5-diiodo-l-tyrosine derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Ma YA, Sih CJ, Harms A. Enzymatic Mechanism of Thyroxine Biosynthesis. Identification of the “Lost Three-Carbon Fragment”. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja992052y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- You-An Ma
- School of Pharmacy, 425 North Charter Street and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Biotechnology Center 425 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1515
| | - Charles J. Sih
- School of Pharmacy, 425 North Charter Street and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Biotechnology Center 425 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1515
| | - Amy Harms
- School of Pharmacy, 425 North Charter Street and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Biotechnology Center 425 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1515
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21
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Deby-Dupont G, Deby C, Lamy M. Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase: Effector of Host Defense and Host Damage. YEARBOOK OF INTENSIVE CARE AND EMERGENCY MEDICINE 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-72038-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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22
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Hosoya T, Yoshimura H, Naito N, Suzuki N, Sato K, Takamatsu J. Isolation of thyroid peroxidase from patients with Graves' disease and comparison with animal peroxidases. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:351-65. [PMID: 8187932 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. Human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was isolated from 280-640 g of pooled thyroid tissue resected from patients with Graves' disease. 2. Isolation was performed by an improved and simplified method. 3. The Reinheit Zahl (A412/A280) of the final preparations was in the range of 0.16-0.32. 4. The spectroscopic and enzymatic properties of Graves' TPO were compared with those of porcine TPO and bovine LPO, revealing closer resemblance to the former. 5. Graves' TPO may provide a useful substitute for normal TPO, which is very difficult to isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hosoya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
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