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Alnakib Y, Alsaady A. Influence of Ceramic and Substrate Types on the Microleakage of Aged Porcelain Laminate Veneers. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2021; 13:67-76. [PMID: 33732028 PMCID: PMC7959209 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s280280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effects of the type of ceramic, and the influence of the type of cervical substrate on the microleakage of aged Porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs). Materials and Methods A total of 48 sound human maxillary premolars were divided randomly into two groups (n=24), Group A: lithium disilicate PLVs; Group B: zirconia reinforced lithium silicate PLVs. The groups were further subdivided into four subgroups (n=12): (A1, B1): finishing line placed in Class V composite filling; (A2, B2): finishing line placed in sound enamel. In subgroups A1 and B1 standardized Class V cavities were prepared and restored with nanocomposite. Standardized PLVs tooth preparation was done for the specimens in all subgroups. Cementation of PLVs was done with a light cured resin cement and specimens were stored in distilled water for 2 weeks. Mechanical load cycling (45,000 cycle, 49 N at 2.5 Hz) and thermocycling procedure (500 cycles, 5–55°C) were done. A microleakage test was done with dye penetration (2% methylene blue) and the microleakage percentage was recorded and calculated using a stereomicroscope and ImageJ program. Results Means of microleakage percentage of the subgroups were: A1 (6.6075%), A2 (4.6058%), B1 (7.3158%), and B2 (6.105%), Two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of ceramic type and cervical composite substrate. According to samples t-test, subgroup A2 was significantly lower than A1 and B2, while subgroup B2 was significantly lower than B1. A P-value≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Conclusion The type of ceramic and the type of substrate both affects PLV microleakage. Lithium disilicate PLVs had significantly lower microleakage compared to zirconia reinforced lithium silicate PLVs. Teeth with cervical composite substrate had a significantly higher microleakage compared to teeth with enamel substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Alnakib
- Department of conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Ammar Alsaady
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Bemmann M, Schulz-Kornas E, Hammel JU, Hipp A, Moosmann J, Herrel A, Rack A, Radespiel U, Zimmermann E, Kaiser TM, Kupczik K. Movement analysis of primate molar teeth under load using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. J Struct Biol 2020; 213:107658. [PMID: 33207268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian teeth have to sustain repetitive and high chewing loads without failure. Key to this capability is the periodontal ligament (PDL), a connective tissue containing a collagenous fibre network which connects the tooth roots to the alveolar bone socket and which allows the teeth to move when loaded. It has been suggested that rodent molars under load experience a screw-like downward motion but it remains unclear whether this movement also occurs in primates. Here we use synchroton micro-computed tomography paired with an axial loading setup to investigate the form-function relationship between tooth movement and the morphology of the PDL space in a non-human primate, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). The loading behavior of both mandibular and maxillary molars showed a three-dimensional movement with translational and rotational components, which pushes the tooth into the alveolar socket. Moreover, we found a non-uniform PDL thickness distribution and a gradual increase in volumetric proportion of the periodontal vasculature from cervical to apical. Our results suggest that the PDL morphology may optimize the three-dimensional tooth movement to avoid high stresses under loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bemmann
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Cariology, Endodontics and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ellen Schulz-Kornas
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Cariology, Endodontics and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center of Natural History (CeNak), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg U Hammel
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Alexander Hipp
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Julian Moosmann
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département Adaptations du Vivant, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexander Rack
- ESRF The European Synchrotron, 71 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas M Kaiser
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Likitmongkolsakul U, Smithmaitrie P, Samruajbenjakun B, Aksornmuang J. Development and Validation of 3D Finite Element Models for Prediction of Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Int J Dent 2018; 2018:4927503. [PMID: 30245719 PMCID: PMC6136563 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4927503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop and validate three-dimensional (3D) finite element modeling for prediction of orthodontic tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two orthodontic patients were enrolled in this study. Computed tomography (CT) was captured 2 times. The first time was at T0 immediately before canine retraction. The second time was at T4 precisely at 4 months after canine retraction. Alginate impressions were taken at 1 month intervals (T0-T4) and scanned using a digital scanner. CT data and scanned models were used to construct 3D models. The two measured parameters were clinical tooth movement and calculated stress at three points on the canine root. The calculated stress was determined by the finite element method (FEM). The clinical tooth movement was measured from the differences in the measurement points on the superimposed model. Data from the first patient were used to analyze the tooth movement pattern and develop a mathematical formula for the second patient. Calculated orthodontic tooth movement of the second patient was compared to the clinical outcome. RESULTS Differences between the calculated tooth movement and clinical tooth movement ranged from 0.003 to 0.085 mm or 0.36 to 8.96%. The calculated tooth movement and clinical tooth movement at all reference points of all time periods appeared at a similar level. Differences between the calculated and clinical tooth movements were less than 0.1 mm. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional FEM simulation of orthodontic tooth movement was achieved by combining data from the CT and digital model. The outcome of the tooth movement obtained from FEM was found to be similar to the actual clinical tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udomsak Likitmongkolsakul
- Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Pruittikorn Smithmaitrie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Bancha Samruajbenjakun
- Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Juthatip Aksornmuang
- Prosthodontic Section, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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Radiographic, Histologic, and Biomechanical Evaluation of Combined Application of Platelet-rich Fibrin with Blood Clot in Regenerative Endodontics. J Endod 2017; 43:2034-2040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Soares CJ, Pizi ECG, Fonseca RB, Martins LRM. Influence of root embedment material and periodontal ligament simulation on fracture resistance tests. Braz Oral Res 2005; 19:11-6. [PMID: 16229350 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242005000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the embedment material and periodontal ligament simulation on fracture resistance of bovine teeth. Eighty bovine incisor teeth were randomized into 8 groups (n = 10), embedded in acrylic or polystyrene resin using 4 types of periodontal ligament simulation: 1 - absence of the ligament; 2 - polyether impression material; 3 - polysulfide impression material; 4 - polyurethane elastomeric material. The specimens were stored at 37°C and 100% humidity for 24 hours. Specimens were submitted to tangential load on the palatal surface at 0.5 mm/minute crosshead speed until fracture. The fracture modes were analyzed as follows: 1 - coronal fracture; 2 - cemento-enamel junction fracture; 3 - partial root fracture; 4 - total root fracture. Statistical analyses by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were applied (p < 0.05). The results showed that root embedment method and periodontal ligament simulation have a significant effect on fracture resistance. Artificial periodontal ligament modified the fracture modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos José Soares
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia
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Provatidis CG. Parametric finite element analysis and closed-form solutions in orthodontics. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2002; 5:101-12. [PMID: 12186720 DOI: 10.1080/10255840290032126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal and clinical relevance of this work was the development of closed formulas that are correct and simple enough for a fast decision making by the orthodontist in the daily praxis. This paper performs a parametric three-dimensional finite element linear analysis on a maxillary central incisor with a root of paraboloidal shape, which is subjected to typical orthodontic force-systems. Parameters of most importance, such as the tooth mobility in translation and in pure moment rotation including orthodontic centers, as well as the stresses inside the periodontal ligament are calculated for a large variety of over four hundred different couples of root lengths and root diameters around a nominal value. Regression analysis is afterwards performed and establishes closed-form solutions, which are also explained in terms of analytical strain energy and hydrostatic stress considerations within the periodontal ligament characterised by a small compressibility. The obtained expressions include both the root length as well as the root diameter.
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Asundi A, Kishen A. Advanced digital photoelastic investigations on the tooth-bone interface. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2001; 6:224-230. [PMID: 11375733 DOI: 10.1117/1.1344587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/1999] [Revised: 05/19/2000] [Accepted: 12/04/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of the tooth-bone interface on the nature of stress distribution in the tooth and its supporting alveolar bone for various occlusal loads using an advanced digital photoelastic technique. A digital image processing system coupled with a circular polariscope was used for the stress analysis. The phase shift technique and a phase unwrapping algorithm was utilized for fringe processing. This aids in obtaining qualitative and quantitative information on the nature of stress distribution within the dento-osseous structures. The experiments revealed bending stresses within dento-osseous structures. However, the compressive stress magnitude was larger than the tensile stress. Zero stress regions were also identified within the dento-osseous structures. The results suggest that the geometry of the dento-osseous structures and the structural gradients at the tooth-bone interface play a significant role in the distribution of stresses without stress concentrations. Further, the application of an advanced image-processing system with the circular polariscope showed notable advantages and could be applied in other biomechanical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asundi
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Singapore.
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Jones ML, Hickman J, Middleton J, Knox J, Volp C. A validated finite element method study of orthodontic tooth movement in the human subject. J Orthod 2001; 28:29-38. [PMID: 11254801 DOI: 10.1093/ortho/28.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a 3D computer model of the movement of a maxillary incisor tooth when subjected to an orthodontic load. A novel method was to be developed to directly and accurately measure orthodontic tooth movement in a group of human volunteers. This was to be used to validate the finite element-based computer model. The design took the form of a prospective experiment at a laboratory at the University of Wales in 1996/7. A laser apparatus was used to sample tooth movement every 0.01 seconds over a 1-minute cycle for 10 healthy volunteers, whilst a constant 0.39 N load was applied. This process was repeated on eight separate occasions and the most consistent five readings taken for each subject. Data were used to calculate the physical properties of the periodontal ligament (PDL). The data gleaned by this method were used to validate the 3D FEM model. This was formed of 15,000 four-noded tetrahedral elements. Tooth displacements ranged from 0.012 to 0.133 mm. An appropriate elastic modulus of 1 N/mm(2) and Poisson's Ratio of 0.45 was derived for the PDL. Strain analysis, using the model, suggested that a maximum PDL strain of 4.77 x 10(-3) was recorded at the alveolar crest, while the largest apical strain recorded was 1.55 x 10(-3). The maximum strains recorded in the surrounding alveolar bone were 35 times less than for the PDL. A novel method for direct measurement of PDL physical properties in the human subject has been developed. The validated FEM model lends further evidence that the PDL is the main mediator of orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Jones
- Department of Dental Health & Development and Biomechanics Unit, Department of Basic Dental Science, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF64 3NY, UK.
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Provatidis CG. A comparative FEM-study of tooth mobility using isotropic and anisotropic models of the periodontal ligament. Finite Element Method. Med Eng Phys 2000; 22:359-70. [PMID: 11121769 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4533(00)00055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement is usually characterized by two centres: the centre of resistance and the centre of rotation. A literature survey shows that both centres vary to a significant extent in both clinical and computational experiments. This paper reports on studies upon five different hypothetical mechanical representations of the periodontal ligament (PDL) which plays the most significant role in tooth mobility. The first model considers the PDL as an isotropic and linear-elastic continuum without fibres; it also discusses some preliminary visco-elastic aspects. The next three models assume a nonlinear and anisotropic material composed of fibres only that are arranged in three different orientations, two hypothetical that have appeared previously in the literature and one more consistent with actual morphological data. The fifth model considers the PDL as an orthotropic material consisting of both a continuum and of fibres. Results were obtained by applying the Finite Element Method (FEM) on a maxillary central incisor. It was found that the isotropic linear-elastic PDL leads to occlusal positions of both centres in comparison with those obtained through the well-known Burstone's theoretical formula, while histological anisotropic fibres locate them apically and eccentrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Provatidis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Avenue, Zografos Campus, 15773 Athens, Greece
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Svanberg
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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12
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Kerstein RB. A comparison of traditional occlusal equilibration and immediate complete anterior guidance development. Cranio 1993; 11:126-39; discussion 140. [PMID: 8495505 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.1993.11677954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Traditional occlusal equilibration has been advocated by numerous authors as a treatment modality for chronic myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. However, treatment predictability and reliable clinical success has not been reported by all authors. Some report no correlation between occlusal contacts and chronic myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. Recent publications and manuscripts have described a new occlusal adjustment technique which is aimed at reducing lengthy pretreatment disclusion time in mandibular excursions. This reduction in disclusion time physiologically and rapidly reduces contractile muscle activity in the masseter and temporalis muscles, which leads to the resolution of numerous chronic myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) symptoms. This new occlusal adjustment process is known as Immediate Complete Anterior Guidance Development (ICAGD). The purpose of this article is to describe the important differences in focus, sequence, and theory between traditional occlusal equilibration and ICAGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Kerstein
- Department of Restorative Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Steedle JR, Proffit WR. The pattern and control of eruptive tooth movements. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS 1985; 87:56-66. [PMID: 3881035 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9416(85)90174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Assumptions about eruptive tooth movements based on experience with adolescents may not be applicable to all ages. The eruptive process can be subdivided into six phases--three profunctional stages of individual tooth eruption (follicular growth, pre-emergent eruptive spurt, and postemergent eruptive spurt) and three postfunctional stages of the eruption of the entire dentition (juvenile occlusal equilibrium, circumpubertal occlusal eruptive spurt, and adult occlusal equilibrium). Differences in tooth-eruption rates in each of these phases result from variations in systemic and local factors. A series of working hypotheses which incorporate recent research into a theoretical explanation of the control of eruption during each stage is presented. Prior to emergence, the force of eruption may influence the rate of bone resorption and later of gingival remodeling, but the resorptive processes occur independently and are the rate-limiting factors in pre-emergent eruption. After emergence, intermittent occlusal loading disrupts the generative or adaptive mechanisms of the periodontal ligament so that eruption slows. The light continuous forces from resting tongue pressure also are significant influences on tooth eruption during periods of rapid facial growth. Cellular adaptation of the alveolar bone and gingiva plays an important role in the control of tooth eruption in the adult.
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Moss JP, Picton DC. Short-term changes in the mesiodistal position of teeth following removal of approximal contacts in the monkey Macaca fascicularis. Arch Oral Biol 1982; 27:273-8. [PMID: 6953944 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(82)90062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A capacitance transducer was used to measure the changes in the distance between pairs of adjacent teeth following the removal of tooth contact. Ten pairs of incisors and cheek teeth were studied over periods of several hours in three adult monkeys. Compared with minor changes in control tooth pairs, there was a sustained approximation of the capacitance plates for periods up to 2 h. Removal of tooth contacts with the teeth adjacent to the test pairs of teeth caused separation of the plates. It is proposed that removal of approximal tooth contact allows the transseptal fibre system to contract and produce approximation of the adjacent teeth.
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Abstract
Load deformation studies were carried out on the maxillary arches of three adult Macaca irus monkeys using tooth-borne and tissue-borne plates. By means of an electronically controlled dynamometer, forces with different loading rates, creep, and simulated chewing loads were applied to the plates. The displacement was measured electronically relative to posterior teeth using a linear variable displacement transducer. The six main viscoelastic features noted by other workers for individual teeth under load have been confirmed for the test plates and can be attributed to the connective tissues in the periodontium and in the mucosa. The magnitude of displacement of the tissue-borne plate, however, was appreciably greater than for the tooth-borne plate, and the recovery was far slower. Reducing the part of the plate in contact with mucosa produced greater intrusion, and reducing the number of teeth supporting the tooth-borne plate produced greater displacement.
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Lear CS, Mackay JS, Lowe AA. Threshold levels for displacement of human teeth in response to laterally directed forces. J Dent Res 1972; 51:1478-82. [PMID: 4506576 DOI: 10.1177/00220345720510053801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Threshold levels for the relationship of force magnitude to force duration to tooth displacement were recorded. It is apparent that the forces produced by the buccolingual muscles at "rest" could cause tooth displacement and may thereby influence individual tooth location and dental arch form.
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Nicholls JI, Daly CH, Kydd WL. A stereoscopic X-ray procedure for locating the centroidal axis of the root of a maxillary central incisor. J Biomech 1972; 5:159-64. [PMID: 5020946 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(72)90051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Picton DC, Slatter JM. The effect on horizontal tooth mobility of experimental trauma to the periodontal membrane in regions of tension or compression in monkeys. J Periodontal Res 1972; 7:35-41. [PMID: 4272029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1972.tb00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hixon EH, Aasen TO, Clark RA, Klosterman R, Miller SS, Odom WM. On force and tooth movement. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS 1970; 57:476-8. [PMID: 5265830 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9416(70)90166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hixon EH, Atikian H, Callow GE, McDonald HW, Tacy RJ. Optimal force, differential force, and anchorage. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS 1969; 55:437-57. [PMID: 5253431 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9416(69)90083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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