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Yanuar R, Semba S, Nezu A, Tanimura A. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in HSY salivary ductal cells involves distinct signaling pathways. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:447-455. [PMID: 38336259 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Typical agonists of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), activate both G-protein and β-arrestin signaling systems, and are termed balanced agonists. In contrast, biased agonists selectively activate a single pathway, thereby offering therapeutic potential for the specific activation of that pathway. The mAChR agonists carbachol and pilocarpine are known to induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) via G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. We investigated the involvement of β-arrestin and its downstream mechanisms in the ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by carbachol and pilocarpine in the human salivary ductal cell line, HSY cells. METHODS HSY cells were stimulated with pilocarpine or carbachol, with or without various inhibitors. The cell lysates were analyzed by western blotting using the antibodies p44/p42MAPK and phosphor-p44/p42MAPK. RESULTS Western blot analysis revealed that carbachol elicited greater stimulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation compared to pilocarpine. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was inhibited by atropine and gefitinib, suggesting that mAChR activation induces transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). Moreover, inhibition of carbachol-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was achieved by GF-109203X (a PKC inhibitor), a βARK1/GRK2 inhibitor, barbadin (a β-arrestin inhibitor), pitstop 2 (a clathrin inhibitor), and dynole 34-2 (a dynamin inhibitor). In contrast, pilocarpine-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was only inhibited by barbadin (a β-arrestin inhibitor) and PP2 (a Src inhibitor). CONCLUSION Carbachol activates both G-protein and β-arrestin pathways, whereas pilocarpine exclusively activates the β-arrestin pathway. Additionally, downstream of β-arrestin, carbachol activates clathrin-dependent internalization, while pilocarpine activates Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezon Yanuar
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shingo Semba
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nezu
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tanimura
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Fiais GA, Ferreira DSDB, de Freitas RN, da Silva LGL, Kawaguchi M, Veras ASC, Teixeira GR, Antoniali C, Dornelles RCM, Nakamune ACDMS, Fakhouri WD, Chaves-Neto AH. Assessment of the toxic effects of levetiracetam on biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of salivary glands in male Wistar rats. Toxicology 2023; 496:153615. [PMID: 37572749 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Levetiracetam (LEV) is an anticonvulsant for epilepsy. The toxic effects of this medication in tissues have been associated with redox state imbalance, which can lead to salivary gland dysfunction. Therefore, the current work investigated the effects of LEV on the biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of the parotid and submandibular glands in rats. For this, male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 10/group): Control (0.9% saline solution), LEV100 (100 mg/kg), and LEV300 (300 mg/kg). After 21 consecutive days of intragastric gavage treatments, pilocarpine stimulated saliva secretion was collected for salivary biochemical analysis. The extracted salivary glands were utilized for histomorphometry and redox state analyses. Our results showed that LEV300 increased plasma hepatotoxicity markers and reduced salivary amylase activity and the acinar surface area of the parotid gland. Total oxidant capacity and oxidative damage to lipids and proteins were higher in the parotid gland, while total antioxidant capacity and uric acid levels were reduced in the submandibular gland of the LEV100 group compared to Control. On the other hand, total oxidant capacity, oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, total antioxidant capacity, and uric acid levels were lower in both salivary glands of the LEV300 group compared to Control. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were lower in the salivary glands of treated animals compared to Control. In conclusion our data suggest that treatment with LEV represents a potentially toxic agent, that contributes to drug-induced salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Departmento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rayara Nogueira de Freitas
- Departmento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Odontológica - Saúde Bucal da Criança, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Guilherme Leite da Silva
- Departmento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Kawaguchi
- Departmento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allice Santos Cruz Veras
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Departmento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Departmento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Departmento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Departmento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Akter MT, Nezu A, Akamatsu T, Tanimura A. Role of aquaporin 5 and glandular blood flow in the acetylcholine-induced secretion of saliva in rats. Biomed Res 2023; 44:51-63. [PMID: 37005283 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.44.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the role of the aquaporin 5 (AQP5) in salivary secretion, we evaluated acetylcholine (ACh)-induced secretion in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, rats expressing a low level of AQP5 protein (AQP5/low SD) which developed from SD rats, and Wistar/ST rats. The salivary secretion in AQP5/low SD rats in response to infusions of low-dose ACh (60-120 nmol/min) was 27-42% of that in SD rats. By contrast, Wistar/ST rats exhibited comparable secretion to that of SD rats in response to low-doses ACh, despite their low-level expression of AQP5. Experiments using spectrofluorometry and RT-PCR demonstrated no differences in the ACh-induced Ca2+ responses or the mRNA expression of muscarinic receptor, Cl- channel, or cotransporter between these strains. These findings imply that factors other than the function of salivary acinar cells regulates the secretion in response to weak stimuli. Monitoring of the hemodynamics in the submandibular gland revealed that low-doses ACh induced different patterns of the fluctuations in the blood flow in these strains. The blood flow decreased below the resting level in AQP5/low SD rats, but remained mostly above the resting level in Wistar/ST rats. The present study reveals that the contribution of AQP5-dependent transport of water is altered by stimulus intensity and blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Tahmina Akter
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Akihiro Nezu
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Tetsuya Akamatsu
- Field of Biomolecular Function and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Akihiko Tanimura
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
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Nezu A, Morita T, Tojyo Y, Nagai T, Tanimura A. Partial agonistic effects of pilocarpine on Ca2+responses and salivary secretion in the submandibular glands of live animals. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:640-51. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nezu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido; Ishikari-Tobetsu Hokkaido 061-0293 Japan
| | - Takao Morita
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido; Ishikari-Tobetsu Hokkaido 061-0293 Japan
| | - Yosuke Tojyo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido; Ishikari-Tobetsu Hokkaido 061-0293 Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research; Osaka University; 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Akihiko Tanimura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido; Ishikari-Tobetsu Hokkaido 061-0293 Japan
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Peluso G, De Santis M, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Cabras T, Messana I, Castagnola M, Ferraccioli GF. Proteomic study of salivary peptides and proteins in patients with Sjögren's syndrome before and after pilocarpine treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2216-22. [PMID: 17599740 DOI: 10.1002/art.22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of pilocarpine on the salivary peptide and protein profile in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and to study the differences between patients with primary SS, patients with SS associated with other rheumatic diseases, and healthy control subjects. METHODS Saliva specimens were obtained from 9 primary SS patients, 9 secondary SS patients, and 10 healthy controls. Samples were analyzed for levels of 62 different salivary proteins using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry using a spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. In 6 of the primary SS patients, saliva was collected at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 24 hours after taking 5 mg of pilocarpine. RESULTS Before pilocarpine, approximately 60% of salivary proteins in samples from primary SS patients were not identifiable or showed lower levels than those in healthy controls. After 30-60 minutes following pilocarpine treatment, approximately one-third of the less represented proteins was found in a similar percentage of primary SS patients and controls. Almost all of the proteins that were detectable at lower levels in primary SS patients compared with controls reached levels similar to those in controls at 30-60 minutes after pilocarpine. The parotid gland proteins had the best response to pilocarpine. Primary SS patients were characterized by higher alpha-defensin 1 levels and by the presence of beta-defensin 2. Secondary SS patients showed an intermediate protein profile between that of the primary SS patients and the controls. CONCLUSION Pilocarpine partially restored the levels and numbers of identifiable proteins in saliva from patients with primary SS. Higher levels of alpha-defensin 1 and the presence of beta-defensin 2 in the saliva of patients with primary SS could be markers of oral inflammation in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Peluso
- Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Popović J, Krsljak E, Grbović L, Stojić D. The effects of acute and chronic lithium treatment on rat submandibular salivation. Oral Dis 2005; 11:100-3. [PMID: 15752083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute and chronic actions of lithium on salivation induced by agonists associated with receptor-linked hydrolysis of membrane inositol phospholipids (carbachol and phenylephrine) and by agonist linked to activation of adenylate cyclase (isoproterenol) were investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS In anaesthetized rats, submandibular salivation induced by intravenous injection of carbachol, phenylephrine and isoproterenol, was measured and expressed as volume of fluid (microl) elicited per 100 mg wet weight of each gland per minute. The experiments were repeated after acute and chronic treatment of lithium (7 mg kg(-1)). The results were analysed with unpaired t-test. RESULTS Chronic, but not acute lithium treatment significantly decreases carbachol- and phenylephrine-induced salivation while isoproterenol-induced salivation was not changed neither after acute nor after chronic administration of lithium. CONCLUSION The results suggest that hyposalivation during chronic lithium therapy could be mediated by alterations in the phosphatidylinositol cycle and a consequent lack of inositol after agonist stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Popović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Stomatology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia & Montenegro
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Lu C, Anderson LC, Morgan MS, Fenske RA. Correspondence of salivary and plasma concentrations of atrazine in rats under variable salivary flow rate and plasma concentration. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1997; 52:317-29. [PMID: 9354177 DOI: 10.1080/00984109708984067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The stability of the saliva/plasma (S/P) concentration ratio of atrazine was determined under varying conditions of salivary flow rate and plasma concentration of atrazine in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the salivary flow study, whole saliva samples were collected at different salivary flow rates while the plasma concentration of atrazine was maintained at a steady-state level of approximately 150 micrograms/L. In the plasma level study, whole saliva samples were collected at two steady-state plasma concentrations of atrazine (50 and 250 micrograms/L), while salivary flow rate was maintained at a relatively constant level. In both studies, atrazine concentrations in whole saliva and arterial plasma demonstrated a consistent relationship, but salivary concentrations were always lower than those of arterial plasma. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the S/P concentration ratio of atrazine was not significantly different for salivary flow rates ranging from 23 to 92 microL/min/kg body weight, and did not vary for atrazine plasma concentrations between 30 and 433 micrograms/L. The S/P concentration ratio of atrazine was relatively constant throughout each experimental period (0.68 +/- 0.1 and 0.70 +/- 0.11 for salivary flow and plasma level studies, respectively) and did not differ significantly between rats. When data from both studies were pooled, salivary concentrations were highly correlated with plasma concentrations (r2 = .94). It is concluded that under these experimental conditions, the stability of the S/P concentration ratio of atrazine is not affected by variations in salivary flow rate or atrazine plasma concentrations. The results from this study support the conclusion that atrazine salivary concentrations can be used to predict plasma levels of atrazine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7234, USA
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