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Sim KY, Byeon Y, Bae SE, Yang T, Lee CR, Park SG. Mycoplasma fermentans infection induces human necrotic neuronal cell death via IFITM3-mediated amyloid-β (1-42) deposition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6864. [PMID: 37100873 PMCID: PMC10132800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans is a proposed risk factor of several neurological diseases that has been detected in necrotic brain lesions of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, implying brain invasiveness. However, the pathogenic roles of M. fermentans in neuronal cells have not been investigated. In this study, we found that M. fermentans can infect and replicate in human neuronal cells, inducing necrotic cell death. Necrotic neuronal cell death was accompanied by intracellular amyloid-β (1-42) deposition, and targeted depletion of amyloid precursor protein by a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) abolished necrotic neuronal cell death. Differential gene expression analysis by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) showed that interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) was dramatically upregulated by M. fermentans infection, and knockdown of IFITM3 abolished both amyloid-β (1-42) deposition and necrotic cell death. A toll-like receptor 4 antagonist inhibited M. fermentans infection-mediated IFITM3 upregulation. M. fermentans infection also induced necrotic neuronal cell death in the brain organoid. Thus, neuronal cell infection by M. fermentans directly induces necrotic cell death through IFITM3-mediated amyloid-β deposition. Our results suggest that M. fermentans is involved in neurological disease development and progression through necrotic neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Young Sim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongseon Byeon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Eun Bae
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Rong Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gyoo Park
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Y, Dong Y, Wen Y, Peng S, Liao J, Liu Y. Association of Mycoplasma fermentans and the risk of HIV-1 infection: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18499. [PMID: 31914019 PMCID: PMC6959946 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported the association between Mycoplasma fermentans (M. fermentans) and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection, but the results were inconsistent. The present study aims to systematically review reported studies on M. fermentans and its association with HIV-1 infection, as well as to summarize the findings using a meta-analysis. METHODS Studies meeting the inclusion criteria in the PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, and Chongqing VIP databases up to March 2019 were identified. Cochran Q and I statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. Additionally, pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and displayed by Forest plots. Also, the funnel plot, Begg test, and Egger test were used to evaluate potential publication bias. In addition, the source of heterogeneity was investigated by subgroup and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS A total of 11 studies comprising 1028 HIV-1-positive patients and 1298 controls were ultimately included in this meta-analysis. Our results indicated that M. fermentans could increase the risk of HIV-1 infection among humans (OR = 3.66, 95%CI 1.26-10.64). Subgroup analysis showed that the risk of HIV-1 infection associated with M. fermentans was, based on the geographical distribution, 1.19 (95%CI 0.33-4.33) in Europe, 2.83 (95%CI 0.94-8.52) in United States, 11.92 (95%CI 3.93-36.15) in Asia; based on the source of the sample, 2.97 (95%CI 0.89-9.95) in blood samples, 4.36 (95%CI 1.63-11.68) in urine samples; based on the detection method, 2.80 (95%CI 0.72-10.96) with the polymerase chain reaction method, 5.54 (95%CI 1.21-25.28) with other detection methods; based on the source of controls, 1.91 (95%CI 0.53-6.89) in sexually transmitted diseases individuals, and 8.25 (95%CI 2.16-31.60) in health individuals. CONCLUSION Our study revealed evidence of the association between M. fermentans and HIV-1 infection. Considering the heterogeneity, further studies are warranted to understand the relationship between M. fermentans and HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of General Practice and Geriatrics, Pingxiang, Jiangxi 337075
| | - Yonghai Dong
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029
| | - Yinghao Wen
- Medical Oncology, Pingxiang People's Hospital
| | | | - Jie Liao
- Clinical Laboratory, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, Jiangxi 337075
| | - Yun Liu
- Cadre Wards of Neurology Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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Shu HW, Liu TT, Chan HI, Liu YM, Wu KM, Shu HY, Tsai SF, Hsiao KJ, Hu WS, Ng WV. Complexity of the Mycoplasma fermentans M64 genome and metabolic essentiality and diversity among mycoplasmas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32940. [PMID: 22509252 PMCID: PMC3317919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the genomes of two Mycoplasma fermentans strains, namely M64 and JER, have been completely sequenced. Gross comparison indicated that the genome of M64 is significantly bigger than the other strain and the difference is mainly contributed by the repetitive sequences including seven families of simple and complex transposable elements ranging from 973 to 23,778 bps. Analysis of these repeats resulted in the identification of a new distinct family of Integrative Conjugal Elements of M. fermentans, designated as ICEF-III. Using the concept of “reaction connectivity”, the metabolic capabilities in M. fermentans manifested by the complete and partial connected biomodules were revealed. A comparison of the reported M. pulmonis, M. arthritidis, M. genitalium, B. subtilis, and E. coli essential genes and the genes predicted from the M64 genome indicated that more than 73% of the Mycoplasmas essential genes are preserved in M. fermentans. Further examination of the highly and partly connected reactions by a novel combinatorial phylogenetic tree, metabolic network, and essential gene analysis indicated that some of the pathways (e.g. purine and pyrimidine metabolisms) with partial connected reactions may be important for the conversions of intermediate metabolites. Taken together, in light of systems and network analyses, the diversity among the Mycoplasma species was manifested on the variations of their limited metabolic abilities during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wei Shu
- Laboratory Science in Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tze-Tze Liu
- Genome Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huang-I Chan
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Ming Liu
- Institute of Genome Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Keh-Ming Wu
- Genome Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hung-Yu Shu
- Genome Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Feng Tsai
- Genome Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Genome Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Molecular and Genome Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kwang-Jen Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wensi S. Hu
- Laboratory Science in Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WSH); (WVN)
| | - Wailap Victor Ng
- Laboratory Science in Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WSH); (WVN)
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Multiplex PCR for the Detection ofMycoplasma fermentans, M. hominis, andM. penetransin Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Gulf War Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1300/j092v05n03_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hooper SJ, Wilson MJ, Crean SJ. Exploring the link between microorganisms and oral cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Head Neck 2009; 31:1228-39. [PMID: 19475550 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of cases of oral cancer have been related to tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption. However, the incidence of oral cavity carcinoma appears to be increasing in many parts of the world in a manner that it is difficult to explain with traditional risk factors alone. Meanwhile, interest in the possible relationships between microorganisms and the different stages of cancer development has been rising and numerous mechanisms by which bacteria and yeast may initiate or promote carcinogenesis are currently under investigation. In particular, a persuasive body of evidence suggests a possible etiological role involving the metabolism and production of carcinogenic products, such as acetaldehyde. Other suggested mechanisms include the induction of chronic inflammation and direct interference with eukaryotic cell cycle and signaling pathways. This review aims to summarize the known associations between microbial infection and cancer and draw attention to how they may relate to oral carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hooper
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, United Kingdom.
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Afshar B, Pitcher D, Nicholas RAJ, Miles RJ. An evaluation of PCR methods to detect strains of Mycoplasma fermentans. Biologicals 2008; 36:117-21. [PMID: 17892949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of 30 putative Mycoplasma fermentans strains, isolated from various sources including human, ovine and cell lines, were tested by a previously described polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm their identity by amplification of a conserved 206 bp region of the insertion sequence IS1550. In addition, the application of another PCR based on the major part of the IS1550 element showed one or two products of different length (1144 and 1341 bp) enabling M. fermentans strains to be divided into two types designated as Type A and Type B. A PCR, which amplifies the macrophage activating lipopeptide gene (malp), supported the identification of all the strains as M. fermentans. Thirteen other species of Mycoplasma from human sources gave negative results in these tests, with the exception of Mycoplasma orale, which was detected by both IS1550-PCRs based on the major part and the conserved 206 bp region of the IS1550 element. This study suggests that all M. fermentans isolates possess both the IS1550 element and the malp gene. In contrast to the IS1550, the malp gene is shown to be species-specific and the use of a malp PCR described here could prove to be a useful adjunct to IS1550 detection as confirmation of the presence of M. fermentans in clinical material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharak Afshar
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 8WA, UK.
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Johnson SM. The importance of B-cells and ecto-5'nucleotidase in Mycoplasma fermentans infection and the relevance to rheumatoid arthritis. Immunology 2007; 123:187-96. [PMID: 17680797 PMCID: PMC2433307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to discover if Mycoplasma fermentans, which is known to infect B cells, could be the cause of the raised ecto-5'-nucleotidase observed in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients. The ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity in the patients' serum has been shown to correlate with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and DNA from the mycoplasma has been found in the synovial fluid. B lymphoblastoid cell lines were exposed to 16 strains of Mycoplasma fermentans and their ecto-5'-nucleotidase, CD73, was measured both biochemically and by mouse antibodies to human ecto 5'-nucleotidase using the fluorescence activated cell sorter. The type strain, PG 18, did not grow with the B cells. Some of the mycoplasma strains (9/15) increased the cellular ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity from twice to 17 fold, and usually showed 5'-nucleotidase activity themselves. At least one strain, M106, induced human 5'-nucleotidase on the normally 5'-nucleotidase negative Daudi and Raji Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, and increased sevenfold the 5'-nucleotidase on the monocyte/macrophage cell line THP-1. Growing the cells in aged medium increased the level of mycoplasma infection. This mycoplasma-induced enzyme showed a conformational change and an increase in activity with a glycosylation change involving mannose groups. The other group of strains, mostly of respiratory or cell culture origin, usually did not have any 5'-nucleotidase of their own and decreased the B-cell enzyme activity by about half. Electron microscopy and flow cytometry showed that the strain M106 was filamentous and could be found inside the B-cells. The 5'-nucleotidase-inducing strains of M. fermentans may be important in the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena M Johnson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, UK.
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Eskow E, Adelson ME, Rao RVS, Mordechai E. Evidence for disseminated Mycoplasma fermentans in New Jersey residents with antecedent tick attachment and subsequent musculoskeletal symptoms. J Clin Rheumatol 2007; 9:77-87. [PMID: 17041434 DOI: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000062510.04724.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma species are one of nature's most abundant groups of microbes. These bacteria inhabit a wide diversity of insect, plant, and animal species, including humans. Certain mycoplasma species have been identified in blood-sucking arthropods, including Ixodes ticks. Frequent human exposure to this genus of ticks led us to explore the possibility of tick-mediated transmission of these bacteria. We evaluated 7 residents of central New Jersey who developed fatigue, musculoskeletal symptoms, and cognitive disturbance after tick attachment. All 7 of these patients lacked both serological evidence and erythema migrans skin lesions characteristic of Lyme disease. We were able to amplify and quantitate Mycoplasma fermentans-specific DNA from their peripheral blood lymphocytes. After antimicrobial therapy, symptoms subsided, and M. fermentans DNA could no longer be detected in their blood specimens. These findings suggest that a subset of disseminated M. fermentans infections may be a vector-mediated process in humans and should be considered in patients with puzzling musculoskeletal presentations.
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Hasebe A, Shibata K, Watanabe T. A 4.1-kilodalton polypeptide in the cultural supernatant of Mycoplasma fermentans is one of the substances responsible for induction of interleukin-6 production by human gingival fibroblasts. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7173-7. [PMID: 11598097 PMCID: PMC100118 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.11.7173-7177.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultural supernatant of Mycoplasma fermentans induced interleukin-6 production by human gingival fibroblasts. The active entities were divided into hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. In this study, we purified a 4.1-kilodalton polypeptide from the hydrophilic substances. It reacted with polyclonal antibodies to M. fermentans and activated human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hasebe
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Nishi 7, Kita 13, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
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Taylor-Robinson D, Keat A. How can a causal role for small bacteria in chronic inflammatory arthritides be established or refuted? Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60:177-84. [PMID: 11171674 PMCID: PMC1753580 DOI: 10.1136/ard.60.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1NY, UK
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11
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Ainsworth JG, Clarke J, Lipman M, Mitchell D, Taylor-Robinson D. Detection of Mycoplasma fermentans in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid specimens from AIDS patients with lower respiratory tract infection. HIV Med 2000; 1:219-23. [PMID: 11737352 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1293.2000.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Mycoplasma fermentans in lower respiratory tract disease of HIV-positive patients. METHODS A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect M. fermentans in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from 78 hospitalized HIV-positive patients with lower respiratory tract disease (the index group). BAL specimens were also assessed from two control groups; 25 HIV-positive patients without respiratory symptoms and 46 patients with a respiratory illness who did not have risk factors for HIV. RESULTS Seventy-one (91%) of the 78 patients who comprised the index group had AIDS. Sixty-one patients provided BAL and PBMC specimens; 16 provided a BAL specimen and one only a PBMC specimen; 15 (25%) of the 61 patients had M. fermentans positive BAL fluid, of whom 10 (67%) also had a positive PBMC specimen. In contrast, of the 46 patients who had a negative BAL fluid, only three (6.4%) had a positive PBMC sample (P < 0.00001 Fisher's exact test). Overall, 21 (27%) of 77 patients had M. fermentans positive BAL fluid. Of these positive patients, 16 also had another microorganism in the BAL fluid and for five patients M. fermentans was detected alone. Compared with patients in the index group, none of the 46 BAL fluid specimens from patients at low risk of HIV infection was M. fermentans positive (P < 0.001, chi2 15.13). Two (8%) of the 25 HIV-positive patients without respiratory symptoms had a M. fermentans positive BAL fluid, positivity that was also statistically different from the index group (P = 0.045, chi2 4.01). CONCLUSIONS M. fermentans frequently invades the lower respiratory tract of AIDS patients as an opportunist and may cause disease in some.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Ainsworth
- Sections of Genitourinary Medicine and Respiratory Medicine, Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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Henry CH, Hughes CV, Gérard HC, Hudson AP, Wolford LM. Reactive arthritis: preliminary microbiologic analysis of the human temporomandibular joint. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 58:1137-42; discussion 1143-4. [PMID: 11021709 DOI: 10.1053/joms.2000.9575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis has been previously shown in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This study investigated whether the presence of other bacteria associated with reactive arthritis (ReA) can be identified in the TMJ. MATERIALS AND METHODS Posterior bilaminar tissue removed during TMJ surgery from 26 patients (24 F, 2 M) was evaluated for the presence of C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma genitalium, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp by highly specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. RESULTS Bacterial DNA was identified in the TMJ as follows: C. trachomatis, 11 of 26 (42%); M. fermentans/orale, 6 of 26 (23%); M. genitalium, 9 of 26 (35%). Nine of 26 TMJs (35%) had the presence of a single bacterial species. Eight of 26 TMJs (31%) had more than 1 species, as follows: C. trachomatis with either M. genitalium or M. fermentans/orale in 5 of 26 (19%), M. fermentans/orale with M. genitalium 2 of 26 (8%), and C. trachomatis/M. fermentans/orale/M. genitalium, 1 of 26 (4%). A total of 17 of 26 (65%) of TMJs had the presence of bacteria identified in the TMJ. Campylobacter jejuni, Y. enterocolitica, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp were not identified in any samples. CONCLUSIONS The presence of M. genitalium in the human TMJ has not been previously reported. The presence of bacteria in the TMJ, either singly or concurrently with other bacteria, may serve as the pathogenetic mechanism of TMJ inflammation. The presence of 2 bacteria from the urogenital tract in the TMJ suggests that internal derangement of the TMJ may occur as a result of a sexually acquired infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Henry
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, MA, USA.
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Ainsworth JG, Hourshid S, Webster AD, Gilroy CB, Taylor-Robinson D. Detection of Mycoplasma fermentans in healthy students and patients with congenital immunodeficiency. J Infect 2000; 40:138-40. [PMID: 10841088 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(00)80005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of M. fermentans at different anatomical sites in healthy subjects and in patients with congenital immunodeficiency, and to determine whether haematogenous invasion occurs among the latter. METHODS A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect M.fermentans in throat swabs and urine specimens from healthy students, and from patients with congenital immunodeficiency. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the latter group were also tested. RESULTS Sixty-two students provided throat swabs, of which 11 (18%) were M. Jermentans-positive; 46 provided urine specimens, of which eight (17%) were positive. Of the 45 students who provided both throat and urine specimens, 12 (27%) had M. fermentans-positive samples; four in the throat and urine, four in the throat only and four in the urine only. Nineteen of the 20 patients with congenital immunodeficiency provided throat swabs, of which one (5%) was M. fermentans-positive; 19 also provided urine specimens, of which three (16%) were positive. All of the immunodeficient patients provided a PBMC sample, but none was positive. CONCLUSION M. fermentans occurred frequently at mucosal sites in a healthy population and in subjects with congenital immunodeficiency. However, such a deficiency did not lead to overt haematogenous invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Ainsworth
- Division of Medicine (A), Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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Johnson S, Sidebottom D, Bruckner F, Collins D. Identification of Mycoplasma fermentans in synovial fluid samples from arthritis patients with inflammatory disease. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:90-3. [PMID: 10618069 PMCID: PMC86027 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.1.90-93.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1970 Mycoplasma fermentans has been suspected of being associated with rheumatoid arthritis. However, this association has been difficult to prove, and this has been our goal. The distribution of M. fermentans was studied in the synovial fluid of patients suffering from different arthritides. Samples of synovial fluid were taken from patients with well-defined disease and a clear diagnosis. After removal of the inflammatory cells and hyaluran, they were treated with proteinase K and tested by a single or fully nested PCR with primers directed against part of the two 16S rRNA genes of M. fermentans. The product was sequenced automatically, by using an ALF Express automatic sequencer, to confirm the mycoplasma species and to identify the strain since the two genes were usually found to be polymorphic. This was also true of the type strain, strain PG18. M. fermentans was detected in 23 of 26 (88%) rheumatoid arthritis patients, and four different strains were found. It was also found in 7 of 8 (88%) of the nonrheumatoid inflammatory arthritis patient group, which consisted of one patient with reactive arthritis, one patient with pauciarticular juvenile chronic arthritis, two patients with gout, two patients with ankylosing spondylitis, and two patients with psoriatic arthritis, only one of whom was infected with M. fermentans. It was not detected in any of the 10 osteoarthritis patients. M. fermentans was therefore found to be a variable and very common organism in arthritic patients with inflammatory joint exudates and may well prove to be important in the etiology of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Johnson
- St. George's Hospital and Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom.
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Shibata K, Kaga M, Kudo M, Dong L, Hasebe A, Domon H, Sato Y, Oguchi H, Watanabe T. Detection of Mycoplasma fermentans in saliva sampled from infants, preschool and school children, adolescents and adults by a polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43:521-5. [PMID: 10480547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Attempts were made to detect Mycoplasma fermentans in saliva sampled from 201 subjects (108 males and 93 females) aged from 4 months to 59 years by a polymerase chain reaction-based assay. M. fermentans was detected in saliva from 110 (54.7%) of 201 subjects, and 10 (28.6%) of 35 subjects aged from 4 months to 3 years. Of ten positive subjects, three were aged from 16 to 23 months and five were from 26 to 31 months. The incidence tended to increase with age up to the teens. The incidence was significantly greater in teenagers than in subjects aged from 7 to 12 years, but there was no significant difference in the incidence between the group of teenagers and each of the groups of subjects older than the teenagers. Thus, it was suggested that M. fermentans colonized the mouth at the age of about 16 months up to the age of 19 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shibata
- Department of Oral Bacteriology, Hokkaido University School of Dentistry, Sapporo, Japan
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Dong L, Shibata K, Sawa Y, Hasebe A, Yamaoka Y, Yoshida S, Watanabe T. Transcriptional activation of mRNA of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and induction of its cell surface expression in normal human gingival fibroblasts by Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma fermentans. Infect Immun 1999; 67:3061-5. [PMID: 10338521 PMCID: PMC96622 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.6.3061-3065.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins in the cell membranes of both Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma fermentans were demonstrated to trigger the transcription of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA in normal fibroblasts isolated from human gingival tissue and to induce its cell surface expression by a mechanism distinct from that of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The lipid moiety of the lipoproteins was suggested to play a key role in the expression of the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dong
- Departments of Oral Bacteriology, Hokkaido University School of Dentistry, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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17
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Vojdani A, Choppa PC, Tagle C, Andrin R, Samimi B, Lapp CW. Detection of Mycoplasma genus and Mycoplasma fermentans by PCR in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1998; 22:355-65. [PMID: 9879928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1998.tb01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans and other Mycoplasma species are colonizers of human mucosal surfaces and may be associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. While many infectious agents have been described in different percentages of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), little is known about the prevalence of mycoplasmas and especially M. fermentans in CFS patients. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was used to detect Mycoplasma genus and M. fermentans genomes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CFS patients. Blood was collected from 100 patients with CFS and 50 control subjects. The amplified products of 717 bp of Mycoplasma genus, and 206 bp of M. fermentans were detected in DNA purified from blood samples in 52% and 34% of CFS samples, respectively. In contrast, these genomes were found in only 14% and 8% of healthy control subjects respectively (P < 0.0001). All samples were confirmed by Southern blot with a specific probe based on internal sequences of the expected amplification product. Several samples, which were positive for Mycoplasma genus, were negative for M. fermentans indicating that other Mycoplasma species are involved. A quantitative PCR was developed to determine the number of M. fermentans genome copies present in 1 microg of DNA for controls and CFS patients. Mycoplasma copy numbers ranging from 130 to 880 and from 264 to 2400 were detected in controls and CFS positive subjects, respectively. An enzyme immunoassay was applied for the detection of antibodies against p29 surface lipoprotein of M. fermentans to determine the relationship between M. fermentans genome copy numbers and antibody levels. Individuals with high genome copy numbers exhibited higher IgG and IgM antibodies against M. fermentans specific peptides. Isolation of this organism by culture from clinical specimens is needed in order to demonstrate specificity of signal detected by PCR in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vojdani
- Immunosciences Laboratory, Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA.
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Schaeverbeke T, Bébéar C, Lequen L, Dehais J, Bébéar C. Mycoplasmas in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory rheumatic disorders: comment on the article by Hoffman et al. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:754-757. [PMID: 9550495 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199804)41:4<754::aid-art34>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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19
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Pitcher D, Hilbocus J. Variability in the distribution and composition of insertion sequence-like elements in strains of Mycoplasma fermentans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 160:101-9. [PMID: 9495020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans has been reported to be pathogenic for man. All fourteen strains tested contain an insertion sequence-like element (ISLE) which may be present in multiple copies. To determine whether ISLE copies are similarly distributed in different strains of M. fermentans, restriction enzyme digest fragments of genomic DNA from 14 isolates, from a variety of sources, were separated by electrophoresis, blotted and hybridized to a biotin labelled polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified fragment of ISLE. A range of patterns was observed suggesting that the element has a tendency to undergo rearrangement within the genome. Analysis of ISLE sequences revealed inter- and intra-strain polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pitcher
- Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, UK.
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Abstract
Mycoplasmas are most unusual self-replicating bacteria, possessing very small genomes, lacking cell wall components, requiring cholesterol for membrane function and growth, using UGA codon for tryptophan, passing through "bacterial-retaining" filters, and displaying genetic economy that requires a strict dependence on the host for nutrients and refuge. In addition, many of the mycoplasmas pathogenic for humans and animals possess extraordinary specialized tip organelles that mediate their intimate interaction with eucaryotic cells. This host-adapted survival is achieved through surface parasitism of target cells, acquisition of essential biosynthetic precursors, and in some cases, subsequent entry and survival intracellularly. Misconceptions concerning the role of mycoplasmas in disease pathogenesis can be directly attributed to their biological subtleties and to fundamental deficits in understanding their virulence capabilities. In this review, we highlight the biology and pathogenesis of these procaryotes and provide new evidence that may lead to increased appreciation of their role as human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Baseman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7758, USA.
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