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Szopińska M, Namieśnik J, Polkowska Ż. How Important Is Research on Pollution Levels in Antarctica? Historical Approach, Difficulties and Current Trends. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 239:79-156. [PMID: 26857123 DOI: 10.1007/398_2015_5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that Antarctica is a continent notably free from large negative impact of human activities, literature data can be the basis for concluding that this is not an area free from anthropogenic pollutants. Pollutants, which are identified in various elements of the environment of Antarctica, are mostly connected with long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and deposition in this area. The study presents: a historical overview of research pertaining to the presence of pollutants in entire Antarctica; a description of the development of research on pollutants in various environmental samples conducted in this area since 1960; a detailed description of contemporary analytical research (2000-2014); information on concentration levels of a broad range of pollutants present in various elements of the environment. The data collected can provide grounds for concluding that pollutants present in this area can contribute to gradual degradation of Antarctic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szopińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk, 80-233, Poland.
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Abbatt J, Oldridge N, Symington A, Chukalovskiy V, McWhinney R, Sjostedt S, Cox R. Release of Gas-Phase Halogens by Photolytic Generation of OH in Frozen Halide−Nitrate Solutions: An Active Halogen Formation Mechanism? J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6527-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102072t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - N. Oldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - A. Symington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - V. Chukalovskiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - R.D. McWhinney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - S. Sjostedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - R.A. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
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Röthlisberger R, Hutterli MA, Sommer S, Wolff EW, Mulvaney R. Factors controlling nitrate in ice cores: Evidence from the Dome C deep ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Munger JW, Jacob DJ, Fan SM, Colman AS, Dibb JE. Concentrations and snow-atmosphere fluxes of reactive nitrogen at Summit, Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wagenbach D, Legrand M, Fischer H, Pichlmayer F, Wolff EW. Atmospheric near-surface nitrate at coastal Antarctic sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wolff JC, Taylor DP, De Bièvre P. Traceable values for nitrate in water samples by isotope dilution analysis using a small thermionic quadrupole mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 1996; 68:3231-7. [PMID: 8797384 DOI: 10.1021/ac9603688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An isotope dilution mass spectrometric procedure was developed for the determination of nitrate in water samples. The isotope dilution experiments were carried out using the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements's 15N-enriched nitrate spike reference material IRMM-627. Nitrate was isolated from the matrix by precipitating it as nitron nitrate, from which emission of negative thermal NO2-ions was found to be best. The ions were produced in the ion source of a small, low-cost, easy-to-handle thermionic quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a secondary electron multiplier coupled to an ion counter. The procedure developed was applied to the measurement of nitrate in a certified reference material (stimulated rainwater, CRM 409 from Community Bureau of Reference), in sparkling mineral water, and in tap water. Results were compared with those obtained using ion chromatography. Good agreement (within 1%) was found between the concentration determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry, the values from ion chromatography, and the certified value. The procedure developed allowed accurate and traceable determinations of nitrate in water samples, with an expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2) of 2-5%, and the detection limit was found to be 2 mumol kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Wolff
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission-JRC, Geel, Belgium
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Yang Q, Mayewski PA, Whitlow S, Twickler M, Morrison M, Talbot R, Dibb J, Linder E. Global perspective of nitrate flux in ice cores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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