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Experimental estimation of the atmospheric lifetimes of CF2HI, CF3CH2I, CF3(CH2)2I and CF3(CH2)3I with removal via the sunlight photolysis and the reactions with NO3. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-017-1231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Scharko NK, Berke AE, Raff JD. Release of nitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide from nitrate photolysis in acidic aqueous solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11991-12001. [PMID: 25271384 DOI: 10.1021/es503088x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3(-)) is an abundant component of aerosols, boundary layer surface films, and surface water. Photolysis of NO3(-) leads to NO2 and HONO, both of which play important roles in tropospheric ozone and OH production. Field and laboratory studies suggest that NO3¯ photochemistry is a more important source of HONO than once thought, although a mechanistic understanding of the variables controlling this process is lacking. We present results of cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy measurements of NO2 and HONO emitted during photodegradation of aqueous NO3(-) under acidic conditions. Nitrous acid is formed in higher quantities at pH 2-4 than expected based on consideration of primary photochemical channels alone. Both experimental and modeled results indicate that the additional HONO is not due to enhanced NO3(-) absorption cross sections or effective quantum yields, but rather to secondary reactions of NO2 in solution. We find that NO2 is more efficiently hydrolyzed in solution when it is generated in situ during NO3(-) photolysis than for the heterogeneous system where mass transfer of gaseous NO2 into bulk solution is prohibitively slow. The presence of nonchromophoric OH scavengers that are naturally present in the environment increases HONO production 4-fold, and therefore play an important role in enhancing daytime HONO formation from NO3(-) photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Scharko
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs and the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States
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Blanes-Vidal V, Bælum J, Schwartz J, Løfstrøm P, Christensen LP. Respiratory and sensory irritation symptoms among residents exposed to low-to-moderate air pollution from biodegradable wastes. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:388-397. [PMID: 24736101 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported increased occurrence of respiratory and sensory irritation symptoms among residents living close to biodegradable waste sites. However, few studies have been able to quantify direct and annoyance-mediated effects based on individual-specific assessments of chemical exposures. We examined associations between residential exposures to a proxy gas (ammonia, NH3) from biodegradable wastes (mainly from farming, animal and agricultural activities) and odor annoyance and six respiratory and sensory irritation symptoms (self-reported), using adjusted logistic regression models and mediation analyses. Individual-specific NH3 exposures (n=454) in residential environments during 2005-2010 were calculated by the Danish Eulerian long-range transport model and the local-scale transport deposition model. Residential NH3 exposure was associated with increased frequency of four symptoms, including "eyes itching, dryness or irritation" and "cough" (ORadj=1.69; 95% CI: 1.09-2.61 and ORadj=1.75; 95% CI: 1.12-2.74, for each unit increase in loge(NH3 exposure)). Odor annoyance mediated the effect of exposure on cough and three sensory irritation symptoms. Mediation was either full (indirect-only effects) or partial (direct and indirect effects). This study provides support for the existence of indirect associations between residential exposures to low-to-moderate air pollution from wastes and symptoms, as well as direct dose-response associations for some of the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Blanes-Vidal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bælum
- Institute of Public Health, Research Unit of General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Per Løfstrøm
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lars P Christensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Kebede MA, Varner ME, Scharko NK, Gerber RB, Raff JD. Photooxidation of ammonia on TiO2 as a source of NO and NO2 under atmospheric conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8606-15. [PMID: 23721064 DOI: 10.1021/ja401846x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is the most abundant reduced nitrogen species in the atmosphere and an important precursor in the industrial-scale production of nitric acid. A coated-wall flow tube coupled to a chemiluminescence NOx analyzer was used to study the kinetics of NH3 uptake and NOx formation from photochemistry initiated on irradiated (λ > 290 nm) TiO2 surfaces under atmospherically relevant conditions. The speciation of NH3 on TiO2 surfaces in the presence of surface-adsorbed water was determined using diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The uptake kinetics exhibit an inverse dependence on NH3 concentration as expected for reactions proceeding via a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. The mechanism of NOx formation is shown to be humidity dependent: Water-catalyzed reactions promote NOx formation up to a relative humidity of 50%. Less NOx is formed above 50%, where increasing amounts of adsorbed water may hinder access to reactive sites, promote formation of unreactive NH4(+), and reduce oxidant levels due to higher OH radical recombination rates. A theoretical study of the reaction between the NH2 photoproduct and O2 in the presence of H2O supports the experimental conclusion that NOx formation is catalyzed by water. Calculations at the MP2 and CCSD(T) level on the bare NH2 + O2 reaction and the reaction of NH2 + O2 in small water clusters were carried out. Solvation of NH2OO and NHOOH intermediates likely facilitates isomerization via proton transfer along water wires, such that the steps leading ultimately to NO are exothermic. These results show that photooxidation of low levels of NH3 on TiO2 surfaces represents a source of atmospheric NOx, which is a precursor to ozone. The proposed mechanism may be broadly applicable to dissociative chemisorption of NH3 on other metal oxide surfaces encountered in rural and urban environments and employed in pollution control applications (selective catalytic oxidation/reduction) and during some industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulu A Kebede
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs and Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, USA
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Schiff HI. Ground Based Measurements of Atmospheric Gases by Spectroscopic Methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Krupa SV. Effects of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) on terrestrial vegetation: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2003; 124:179-221. [PMID: 12713921 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
At the global scale, among all N (nitrogen) species in the atmosphere and their deposition on to terrestrial vegetation and other receptors, NH3 (ammonia) is considered to be the foremost. The major sources for atmospheric NH3 are agricultural activities and animal feedlot operations, followed by biomass burning (including forest fires) and to a lesser extent fossil fuel combustion. Close to its sources, acute exposures to NH3 can result in visible foliar injury on vegetation. NH3 is deposited rapidly within the first 4-5 km from its source. However, NH3 is also converted in the atmosphere to fine particle NH4+ (ammonium) aerosols that are a regional scale problem. Much of our current knowledge of the effects of NH3 on higher plants is predominantly derived from studies conducted in Europe. Adverse effects on vegetation occur when the rate of foliar uptake of NH3 is greater than the rate and capacity for in vivo detoxification by the plants. Most to least sensitive plant species to NH3 are native vegetation > forests > agricultural crops. There are also a number of studies on N deposition and lichens, mosses and green algae. Direct cause and effect relationships in most of those cases (exceptions being those locations very close to point sources) are confounded by other environmental factors, particularly changes in the ambient SO2 (sulfur dioxide) concentrations. In addition to direct foliar injury, adverse effects of NH3 on higher plants include alterations in: growth and productivity, tissue content of nutrients and toxic elements, drought and frost tolerance, responses to insect pests and disease causing microorganisms (pathogens), development of beneficial root symbiotic or mycorrhizal associations and inter species competition or biodiversity. In all these cases, the joint effects of NH3 with other air pollutants such as all-pervasive O3 or increasing CO2 concentrations are poorly understood. While NH3 uptake in higher plants occurs through the shoots, NH4+ uptake occurs through the shoots, roots and through both pathways. However, NH4+ is immobile in the soil and is converted to NO3- (nitrate). In agricultural systems, additions of NO3- to the soil (initially as NH3 or NH4+) and the consequent increases in the emissions of N2O (nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas) and leaching of NO3- into the ground and surface waters are of major environmental concern. At the ecosystem level NH3 deposition cannot be viewed alone, but in the context of total N deposition. There are a number of forest ecosystems in North America that have been subjected to N saturation and the consequent negative effects. There are also heathlands and other plant communities in Europe that have been subjected to N-induced alterations. Regulatory mitigative approaches to these problems include the use of N saturation data or the concept of critical loads. Current information suggests that a critical load of 5-10 kg ha(-1) year(-1) of total N deposition (both dry and wet deposition combined of all atmospheric N species) would protect the most vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems (heaths, bogs, cryptogams) and values of 10-20 kg ha(-1) year(-1) would protect forests, depending on soil conditions. However, to derive the best analysis, the critical load concept should be coupled to the results and consequences of N saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Krupa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, 495 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Doussin JF, Dominique R, Patrick C. Multiple-pass cell for very-long-path infrared spectrometry. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:4145-4150. [PMID: 18323894 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.004145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A multiple-pass cell for mid-IR spectrometry that has been designed to operate in an evacuable environmental chamber is described. Using this new modified White arrangement, we can significantly increase the path length while keeping the spectrometric beam stable. An approximate expression that ties the number of reflections to the optimal signal-to-noise ratio in multiple-reflection cells is derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Doussin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, Unité Mixte de Recherche du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7583, Université Paris 7 et Paris 12, Faculté des Sciences, 61, avenue du Général De Gaulle 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
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Tanner RL, Valente RJ, Meagher JF. Measuring inorganic nitrate species with short time resolution from an aircraft platform by dual-channel ozone chemiluminescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fetzer GJ, Miao L, Chilla JL, Pikal JM, Menoni CS. NO(2) photometer Based on Solid-State Light Sources. APPLIED OPTICS 1998; 37:5590-5595. [PMID: 18286043 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.005590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive NO(2) analyzer, that uses a commercial LED emitting near 450 nm, has been developed. The prototype can measure NO(2) concentrations as low as 1 part in 10(9) as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency. The response time of the system is 1 min. In addition, a demonstration of the use of external-cavity frequency-doubled diode laser radiation to accomplish similar measurements is reported. However, because of low nonlinear optical conversion efficiencies, comparable detection limits were not possible. Nonetheless, frequency-doubled diode-laser wavelengths have the potential to reach farther into the UV than LED technology, allowing the detection and measurement of numerous other gaseous species of interest.
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Heintz F, Platt U, Flentje H, Dubois R. Long-term observation of nitrate radicals at the Tor Station, Kap Arkona (Rügen). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Haus R, Schafer K, Bautzer W, Heland J, Mosebach H, Bittner H, Eisenmann T. Mobile Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy monitoring of air pollution. APPLIED OPTICS 1994; 33:5682-5689. [PMID: 20935969 DOI: 10.1364/ao.33.005682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is an efficient technique for the detection and quantification of molecules in gas mixtures. Measurement results from a mobile laboratory for ambient air analysis and for remote sensing of plume emission with the commercially available K300 spectrometer are reported. CO, CO(2), NO, NO(2), N(2)O, NH(3), CH(4), SO(2), H(2)O, HCl, and HCHO concentrations have been determined with good agreement with in situ results. The on-line multicomponent analysis software is based on line-by-line retrieval and least-squares fitting procedures, including the effects of multiple aerosol scattering and cloud and rain influences.
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Calvert JG, Yarwood G, Dunker AM. An evaluation of the mechanism of nitrous acid formation in the urban atmosphere. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 1994. [DOI: 10.1163/156856794x00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Galle B, Klemedtsson L, Griffith DWT. Application of a Fourier transform IR system for measurements of N2O fluxes using micrometeorological methods, an ultralarge chamber system, and conventional field chambers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schiff HI, Mackay GI, Bechara J. The use of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for atmospheric measurements. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 1994. [DOI: 10.1163/156856794x00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Winer AM, Biermann HW. Long pathlength differential optical absorption spectroscopy (D O A S) measurements of gaseous HONO, NO2 and HCNO in the California South Coast Air Basin. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 1994. [DOI: 10.1163/156856794x00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pitts JN. Anthropogenic ozone, acids and mutagens: Half a century of Pandora’S Nox. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 1993. [DOI: 10.1163/156856793x00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Burkholder JB, Mellouki A, Talukdar R, Ravishankara AR. Rate coefficients for the reaction of OH with HONO between 298 and 373 K. INT J CHEM KINET 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550240805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Anlauf K, Wiebe H, Tuazon E, Winer A, Mackay G, Schiff H, Ellestad T, Knapp K. Intercomparison of atmospheric nitric acid measurements at elevated ambient concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Atkinson R, Tuazon EC, Arey J. Reactions of naphthalene in N2O5?NO3?NO2? air mixtures. INT J CHEM KINET 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550221006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Appel B, Winer A, Tokiwa Y, Biermann H. Comparison of atmospheric nitrous acid measurements by annular denuder and differential optical absorption systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(90)90016-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wiebe H, Anlauf K, Tuazon E, Winer A, Biermann H, Appel B, Solomon P, Cass G, Ellestad T, Knapp K, Peake E, Spicer C, Lawson D. A comparison of measurements of atmospheric ammonia by filter packs, transition-flow reactors, simple and annular denuders and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(90)90070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zielinska B, Arey J, Atkinson R, Winer AM. The nitroarenes of molecular weight 247 in ambient particulate samples collected in southern california. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Measurement of atmospheric nitric acid by the filter method and comparisons with the tuneable diode laser and other methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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