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Gen M, Zheng H, Sun Y, Xu W, Ma N, Su H, Cheng Y, Wang S, Xing J, Zhang S, Xue L, Xue C, Mu Y, Tian X, Matsuki A, Song S. Rapid hydrolysis of NO 2 at High Ionic Strengths of Deliquesced Aerosol Particles. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:7904-7915. [PMID: 38661303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) hydrolysis in deliquesced aerosol particles forms nitrous acid and nitrate and thus impacts air quality, climate, and the nitrogen cycle. Traditionally, it is considered to proceed far too slowly in the atmosphere. However, the significance of this process is highly uncertain because kinetic studies have only been made in dilute aqueous solutions but not under high ionic strength conditions of the aerosol particles. Here, we use laboratory experiments, air quality models, and field measurements to examine the effect of the ionic strength on the reaction kinetics of NO2 hydrolysis. We find that high ionic strengths (I) enhance the reaction rate constants (kI) by more than an order of magnitude compared to that at infinite dilution (kI=0), yielding log10(kI/kI=0) = 0.04I or rate enhancement factor = 100.04I. A state-of-the-art air quality model shows that the enhanced NO2 hydrolysis reduces the negative bias in the simulated concentrations of nitrous acid by 28% on average when compared to field observations over the North China Plain. Rapid NO2 hydrolysis also enhances the levels of nitrous acid in other polluted regions such as North India and further promotes atmospheric oxidation capacity. This study highlights the need to evaluate various reaction kinetics of atmospheric aerosols with high ionic strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Haotian Zheng
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
- CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition and Environmental Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research (ECI), Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), CNRS - Université Orléans - CNES, Orléans Cedex 2 45071, France
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Atsushi Matsuki
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shaojie Song
- CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Harvard-China on Energy, Economy, and Environment, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Bazan-Wozniak A, Nosal-Wiercińska A, Cielecka-Piontek J, Yilmaz S, Pietrzak R. Adsorption of Nitrogen Dioxide on Nitrogen-Enriched Activated Carbons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4421. [PMID: 38674006 PMCID: PMC11050524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain nitrogen-enriched activated carbons from orthocoking coal. The initial material was subjected to a demineralisation process. The demineralised precursor was pyrolysed at 500 °C and then activated with sodium hydroxide at 800 °C. Activated carbon adsorbents were subjected to the process of ammoxidation using a mixture of ammonia and air at two different temperature variants (300 and 350 °C). Nitrogen introduction was carried out on stages of demineralised precursor, pyrolysis product, and oxidising activator. The elemental composition, acid-base properties, and textural parameters of the obtained carbon adsorbents were determined. The activated carbons were investigated for their ability to remove nitrogen dioxide. The results demonstrated that the ammoxidation process incorporates new nitrogen-based functional groups into the activated carbon structure. Simultaneously, the ammoxidation process modified the acid-base characteristics of the surface and negatively affected the textural parameters of the resulting adsorbents. Furthermore, the study showed that all of the obtained carbon adsorbents exhibited a distinct microporous texture. Adsorption tests were carried out against NO2 and showed that the carbon adsorbents obtained were highly effective in removing this gaseous pollutant. The best sorption capacity towards NO2 was 23.5 mg/g under dry conditions and 75.0 mg/g under wet conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bazan-Wozniak
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Nosal-Wiercińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Maria Curie-Sklodowska 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Selehattin Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey;
| | - Robert Pietrzak
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
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Ma T, Niuhe J, Lu S, Zhang L, Zhou S, Liu J, Zhang W, Liu X, Ebere EC, Wang Q, Wang W. Comparison of the heterogeneous reaction of NO 2 on the surface of clay minerals and desert dust particles. Environ Pollut 2023; 334:122134. [PMID: 37414123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Mineral particles in air could provide atmospheric chemical reaction interface for gaseous substances and participate in atmospheric chemical reaction process, and affecting the status and levels of gaseous pollutants in air. However, differences of the heterogenous reaction on the surface minerals particles are not very clear. Considering main mineral composition of ambient particles was from dust emission, therefore, typical clay minerals (chlorite, illite) and desert particles (Taklimakan Desert) were selected to analysize chemical reaction of NO2, one of major gaseous pollutants, on mineral particles by using of In-situ DRIFTS (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy) under different condition. And In situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (In situ NAP-XPS) was employed to investigate iron (one of the major metals) species variation on the surface of mineral dust particles during the heterogeneous reactions. Our data show that humidity controlled by deuterium oxide (D2O) has a greater effect on chemical reactions compared to light and temperature. Under dry conditions, the amount of heterogeneous reaction products of NO2 on the particles shows Xiaotang dust > chlorite > illite > Tazhong dust regardless of dark or light conditions. In contrast, under humidity conditions, the order of nitrate product quantity under moderate conditions was chlorite > illite > Xiaotang dust > Tazhong dust. In situ NAP-XPS results demonstrate that specie variation of the Fe could promote the heterogenous reactions. These data could provide useful information for understanding the formation mechanism of nitrate aerosols and removal of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jingying Niuhe
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shumin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi, 83002, China
| | | | - Qingyue Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Weiqian Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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Liu J, Deng H, Zhang R, Song W, Li X, Luo Y, Wang X, Gligorovski S. Physical and chemical characterization of urban grime: An impact on the NO 2 uptake coefficients and N-containing product compounds. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:155973. [PMID: 35588848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban grime represents an important environmental surface for heterogeneous reactions in urban environment. Here, we assess the physical and chemical properties of urban grime collected during six consecutive months in downtown of Guangzhou, China. There is a significant variation of the uptake coefficients of NO2 on the urban grime as a function of the relative humidity (RH). In absence of water molecules (0% RH), the light-induced uptake coefficients of NO2 on urban grime samples collected during six months are very similar in order of ≈10-6. At 80% RH, depending on the sampling month the light-induced uptake coefficient of NO2 can reach one order of magnitude higher values (1.5 × 10-5, at 80% RH) compared to those uptakes at 0% RH. In presence of 80% RH, there are strong correlations between the measured NO2 uptakes and the concentrations of the water soluble carbon, soluble anions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes depicted in the urban grime. These correlations, demonstrate that surface adsorbed water on urban grime play an important role for the uptakes of NO2. The heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on two-month old urban grime under sunlight irradiation (68 W m-2, 300 nm < λ < 400 nm) at 60% RH leads to the formation of unprecedented HONO surface flux of 4.7 × 1010 molecules cm-2 s-1 which is higher than all previously observed HONO fluxes, thereby affecting the oxidation capacity of the urban atmosphere. During the heterogeneous chemistry of NO2 with urban grime, the unsaturated and N-containing organic compounds are released in the gas phase which can affect the air quality in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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5
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Koch S, Khomenko S, Cirach M, Ubalde-Lopez M, Baclet S, Daher C, Hidalgo L, Lõhmus M, Rizzuto D, Rumpler R, Susilo Y, Venkataraman S, Wegener S, Wellenius GA, Woodcock J, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Impacts of changes in environmental exposures and health behaviours due to the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular and mental health: A comparison of Barcelona, Vienna, and Stockholm. Environ Pollut 2022; 304:119124. [PMID: 35367103 PMCID: PMC8967404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Responses to COVID-19 altered environmental exposures and health behaviours associated with non-communicable diseases. We aimed to (1) quantify changes in nitrogen dioxide (NO2), noise, physical activity, and greenspace visits associated with COVID-19 policies in the spring of 2020 in Barcelona (Spain), Vienna (Austria), and Stockholm (Sweden), and (2) estimated the number of additional and prevented diagnoses of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, depression, and anxiety based on these changes. We calculated differences in NO2, noise, physical activity, and greenspace visits between pre-pandemic (baseline) and pandemic (counterfactual) levels. With two counterfactual scenarios, we distinguished between Acute Period (March 15th - April 26th, 2020) and Deconfinement Period (May 2nd - June 30th, 2020) assuming counterfactual scenarios were extended for 12 months. Relative risks for each exposure difference were estimated with exposure-risk functions. In the Acute Period, reductions in NO2 (range of change from -16.9 μg/m3 to -1.1 μg/m3), noise (from -5 dB(A) to -2 dB(A)), physical activity (from -659 MET*min/wk to -183 MET*min/wk) and greenspace visits (from -20.2 h/m to 1.1 h/m) were largest in Barcelona and smallest in Stockholm. In the Deconfinement Period, NO2 (from -13.9 μg/m3 to -3.1 μg/m3), noise (from -3 dB(A) to -1 dB(A)), and physical activity levels (from -524 MET*min/wk to -83 MET*min/wk) remained below pre-pandemic levels in all cities. Greatest impacts were caused by physical activity reductions. If physical activity levels in Barcelona remained at Acute Period levels, increases in annual diagnoses for MI (mean: 572 (95% CI: 224, 943)), stroke (585 (6, 1156)), depression (7903 (5202, 10,936)), and anxiety (16,677 (926, 27,002)) would be anticipated. To decrease cardiovascular and mental health impacts, reductions in NO2 and noise from the first COVID-19 surge should be sustained, but without reducing physical activity. Focusing on cities' connectivity that promotes active transportation and reduces motor vehicle use assists in achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koch
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sasha Khomenko
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cirach
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Ubalde-Lopez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sacha Baclet
- The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research (MWL), Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; The Centre for ECO2 Vehicle Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolyn Daher
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mare Lõhmus
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Debora Rizzuto
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Romain Rumpler
- The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research (MWL), Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; The Centre for ECO2 Vehicle Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yusak Susilo
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siddharth Venkataraman
- The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research (MWL), Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; The Centre for ECO2 Vehicle Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Wegener
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - James Woodcock
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang S, Xu X, Lei Y, Li D, Wang Y, Liu S, Wu C, Ge S, Wang G. Smog chamber simulation on heterogeneous reaction of O 3 and NO 2 on black carbon under various relative humidity conditions. Sci Total Environ 2022; 823:153649. [PMID: 35158289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, heterogeneous formation of nitrate from O3 reaction with NO2 on black carbon (BC) and KCl-treated BC surface in the presence of NH3 was simulated under 30-90% RH conditions by using a laboratory smog chamber. We found that O3 and NO2 in the chamber quickly reacted into N2O5 in the gas phase, which subsequently hydrolyzed into HNO3 and further neutralized with NH3 into NH4NO3 on the BC surface, along with a small amount of N2O5 decomposed into NO and NO2 through a reaction with the BC surface active site. Meanwhile, the fractal BC aggregates restructured and condensed to spherical particles during the NH4NO3 coating process. Compared to that during the exposure to NO2 or O3 alone, the presence of strong signals of CH2O+, CH2O2+ and CH4NO+ during the simultaneous exposure to both NO2 and O3 suggested a synergetic oxidizing effect of NO2 and O3, which significantly activated the BC surface by forming carbonyl, carboxylic and nitro groups, promoted the adsorption of water vapor onto the BC surface and enhanced the NH4NO3 formation. Under <75 ± 2% RH conditions the coating process of NH4NO3 on the BC surface consisted of a diffusion of N2O5 onto the surface and a subsequent hydrolysis, due to the limited number of water molecules adsorbed. However, under 90 ± 2% RH conditions N2O5 directly hydrolyzed on the aqueous phase of the BC surface due to the multilayer water molecules adsorbed, which caused an instant NH4NO3 formation on the surface without any delay. The coating rate of NH4NO3 on KCl-treated BC particles was 3-4 times faster than that on the pure BC particles at the initial stage, indicating an increasing formation of NH4NO3, mainly due to an enhanced hygroscopicity of BC by KCl salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinbei Xu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ge
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Chenjia Zhen, Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China.
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7
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Kalalian C, Depoorter A, Abis L, Perrier S, George C. Indoor heterogeneous photochemistry of molds and their contribution to HONO formation. Indoor Air 2022; 32:e12971. [PMID: 34866244 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the impact of molds on indoor air quality, we studied the photochemistry of microbial films made by Aspergillus niger species, a common indoor mold. Specifically, we investigated their implication in the conversion of adsorbed nitrate anions into gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx ), as well as the related VOC emissions under different indoor conditions, using a high-resolution proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) and a long path absorption photometer (LOPAP). The different mold preparations were characterized by the means of direct injection into an Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer with a heated electrospray ionization (ESI-Orbitrap-MS). The formation of a wide range of VOCs, having emission profiles sensitive to the types of films (either doped by potassium nitrate or not), cultivation time, UV-light irradiation, potassium nitrate concentration and relative humidity was observed. The formation of nitrous acid from these films was also determined and found to be dependent on light and relative humidity. Finally, the reaction paths for the NOx and HONO production are proposed. This work helps to better understand the implication of microbial surfaces as a new indoor source for HONO emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Kalalian
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Univ. Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Antoine Depoorter
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Univ. Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Letizia Abis
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Univ. Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Univ. Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Univ. Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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8
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Abstract
NOx emission heavily affects our environment and human health. Photocatalytic denitrification (deNOx) attracted much attention because it is low-cost and nonpolluting, but undesired nitrite and nitrate were produced in reality, instead of harmless N2. Unveiling the active sites and the photocatalytic mechanism is very important to improve the process. Herein, we have employed a combinational scenario to investigate the reaction mechanism of NO2 and H2O on anatase TiO2(101). On the one hand, a polaron-corrected GGA functional (GGA + Lany-Zunger) was applied to improve the description of electronic states in photoassisted processes. On the other hand, a reaction phase diagram (RPD) was established to understand the (quasi) activity trend over both perfect and defective surfaces. It was found that a perfect surface is more active via the Eley-Rideal mechanism without NO2 adsorption, while the activity on defective surfaces is limited by the sluggish recombinative desorption. A photogenerated hole can weaken the OH* adsorption energies and circumvents the scaling relation of the dark reaction, eventually enhancing the deNOx activity significantly. The insights gained from our work indicate that tuning the reactivity by illumination-induced localized charge and diverse reaction pathways are two methods for improving adsorption, dissociation, and desorption processes to go beyond the conventional activity volcano plot limit of dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Guo
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peter Deák
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
- Computational Science Research Center, No. 10 East Xibeiwang Road, Beijing 100193, China
- Computational Science and Applied Research Institute (CSAR), Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Jianping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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Liang YC, Hsu YW. Enhanced Sensing Ability of Brush-Like Fe 2O 3-ZnO Nanostructures towards NO 2 Gas via Manipulating Material Synergistic Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6884. [PMID: 34206928 PMCID: PMC8268768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brush-like α-Fe2O3-ZnO heterostructures were synthesized through a sputtering ZnO seed-assisted hydrothermal growth method. The resulting heterostructures consisted of α-Fe2O3 rod templates and ZnO branched crystals with an average diameter of approximately 12 nm and length of 25 nm. The gas-sensing results demonstrated that the α-Fe2O3-ZnO heterostructure-based sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and stability toward low-concentration NO2 gas at an optimal temperature of 300 °C. The α-Fe2O3-ZnO sensor, in particular, demonstrated substantially higher sensitivity compared with pristine α-Fe2O3, along with faster response and recovery speeds under similar test conditions. An appropriate material synergic effect accounts for the considerable enhancement in the NO2 gas-sensing performance of the α-Fe2O3-ZnO heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chang Liang
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
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10
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Thacker M, Chen YN, Lin CP, Lin FH. Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide Mixed with Calcium Peroxide and Methylcellulose for Dental Bleaching under Visible Light Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073759. [PMID: 33916642 PMCID: PMC8038621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The available tooth whitening products in the market contain high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an active ingredient. Therefore, in order to curb the high H2O2 concentration and instability of liquid H2O2, this study evaluated the efficacy and cytotoxicity of the bleaching gel composed of 10% calcium peroxide (CaO2) and visible-light-activating nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) with methyl cellulose as a thickener. Extracted bovine teeth were discolored using coffee and black tea stain solution and were divided into two groups (n = 6). Bleaching was performed thrice on each tooth specimen in both the groups, with one minute of visible light irradiation during each bleaching time. The CIELAB L*a*b* values were measured pre- and post-bleaching. The N-TiO2 calcinated at 350 °C demonstrated a shift towards the visible light region by narrowing the band gap energy from 3.23 eV to 2.85 eV. The brightness (ΔL) and color difference (ΔE) increased as bleaching progressed each time in both the groups. ANOVA results showed that the number of bleaching significantly affected ΔE (p < 0.05). The formulated bleaching gel exhibits good biocompatibility and non-toxicity upon exposure to 3T3 cells. Our findings showed that CaO2-based bleaching gel at neutral pH could be a stable, safe, and effective substitute for tooth whitening products currently available in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Thacker
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; (M.T.); (Y.-N.C.)
| | - Yi-Ning Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; (M.T.); (Y.-N.C.)
| | - Chun-Pin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; (M.T.); (Y.-N.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-928-260-400
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11
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Jordan N, Garner NM, Matchett LC, Tokarek TW, Osthoff HD, Odame-Ankrah CA, Grimm CE, Pickrell KN, Swainson C, Rosentreter BW. Potential interferences in photolytic nitrogen dioxide converters for ambient air monitoring: Evaluation of a prototype. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2020; 70:753-764. [PMID: 32412399 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1769770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mixing ratios of the criteria air contaminant nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are commonly quantified by reduction to nitric oxide (NO) using a photolytic converter followed by NO-O3 chemiluminescence (CL). In this work, the performance of a photolytic NO2 converter prototype originally designed for continuous emission monitoring and emitting light at 395 nm was evaluated. Mixing ratios of NO2 and NOx (= NO + NO2) entering and exiting the converter were monitored by blue diode laser cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). The NO2 photolysis frequency was determined by measuring the rate of conversion to NO as a function of converter residence time and found to be 4.2 s-1. A maximum 96% conversion of NO2 to NO over a large dynamic range was achieved at a residence time of (1.5 ± 0.3) s, independent of relative humidity. Interferences from odd nitrogen (NOy) species such as peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN; RC(O)O2NO2), alkyl nitrates (AN; RONO2), nitrous acid (HONO), and nitric acid (HNO3) were evaluated by operating the prototype converter outside its optimum operating range (i.e., at higher pressure and longer residence time) for easier quantification of interferences. Four mechanisms that generate artifacts and interferences were identified as follows: direct photolysis, foremost of HONO at a rate constant of 6% that of NO2; thermal decomposition, primarily of PAN; surface promoted photochemistry; and secondary chemistry in the connecting tubing. These interferences are likely present to a certain degree in all photolytic converters currently in use but are rarely evaluated or reported. Recommendations for improved performance of photolytic converters include operating at lower cell pressure and higher flow rates, thermal management that ideally results in a match of photolysis cell temperature with ambient conditions, and minimization of connecting tubing length. When properly implemented, these interferences can be made negligibly small when measuring NO2 in ambient air. IMPLICATIONS A new near-UV photolytic converter for measurement of the criteria pollutant nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in ambient air by NO-O3 chemiluminescence (CL) was characterized. Four mechanisms that generate interferences were identified and investigated experimentally: direct photolysis of nitrous acid, which occurred at a rate constant 6% that of NO2, thermal decomposition of PAN and N2O5, surface promoted chemistry involving nitric acid, and secondary chemistry involving NO in the tubing connecting the converter and CL analyzer. These interferences are predicted to occur in all NO2 P-CL systems but can be avoided by appropriate thermal management and operating at high flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Natasha M Garner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Laura C Matchett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Travis W Tokarek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hans D Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
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12
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Chen Z, Wu Y, Wen Q, Ni H, Chai C. Effects of multiple antibiotics on greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions during swine manure composting. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:7289-7298. [PMID: 31884542 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used in intensive farming, leading to multiple antibiotic residue in livestock waste. However, the effects of multiple antibiotics on the emissions of greenhouse gas and ammonia remain indistinct. This paper selects sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin to represent two different types of antibiotics to explore their effects on gaseous emissions. Four treatments including CK (control), SMZ (spiked with 5 mg kg-1 DW sulfamethoxazole), NOR (spiked with 5 mg kg-1 DW norfloxacin), and SN (spiked with 5 mg kg-1 DW sulfamethoxazole and 5 mg kg-1 DW norfloxacin) were composted for 65 days. Coexistence of sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin facilitated the biodegradation of organic carbon, and significantly (p < 0.05) increased the cumulative CO2 emission by 31.9%. The cumulative CH4 emissions were decreased by 6.19%, 23.7%, and 27.6% for SMZ, NOR, and SN, respectively. The total NH3 volatilization in SMZ and NOR rose to 1020 and 1190 mg kg-1 DW, respectively. The individual existence of sulfamethoxazole significantly (p < 0.05) ascended the N2O emission rate in the first 7 days due to the increase of NO2--N content. In addition, coexistence of sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin notably dropped the total greenhouse gas emission (subtracting CO2) by 15.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yiqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qinxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Hongwei Ni
- Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunrong Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
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13
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Zheng N, Yu Y, Shi W, Yao H. Biochar suppresses N 2O emissions and alters microbial communities in an acidic tea soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:35978-35987. [PMID: 31709485 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been considered as a promising soil amendment for improving fertility and mitigating N2O emission from the arable land. However, biochar's effectiveness in acidic tea soil and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We conducted a short-term microcosm experiment using two biochars (1% w/w, LB, generated from legume and NLB, non-legume biomass, respectively) to investigate the effects of biochar amendments on soil chemical properties, N2O emission, and microbial community in an acidic soil. Soil and headspace gas samples were taken on 1, 10, and 30 day's incubation. Biochar amendment increased soil pH and DOC, however, significantly reduced soil inorganic N. Both biochars at ~ 1% addition had little effect on microbial CO2 respiration but suppressed soil N2O emission by ~ 40% during the incubation. The divergence in N2O efflux rates between soils with and without biochar addition aligned to some degree with changes in soil pH, inorganic N, and dissolved organic C (DOC). We also found that biochar addition significantly modified the fungal community structure, in particular the relative abundance of members of Ascomycota, but not the bacterial community. Furthermore, the copy number of nosZ, the gene encoding N2O reductase, was significantly greater in biochar-amended soils than the soil alone. Our findings contribute to better understanding of the impact of biochar on the soil chemical properties, soil N2O emission, and microbial community and the consequences of soil biochar amendment for improving the health of acidic tea soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningguo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Yu
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 206 Guanggu 1st road, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China.
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 206 Guanggu 1st road, Wuhan, 430205, China.
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Hao J, Zhang F, Chen D, Liu Y, Liao L, Shen C, Liu T, Liao J, Ma L. Association between ambient air pollution exposure and infants small for gestational age in Huangshi, China: a cross-sectional study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:32029-32039. [PMID: 31493084 PMCID: PMC6875112 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Small for gestational age (SGA) is defined as intrauterine growth retardation or small sample, referring to the 10th percentile of birth weight lower or two standard deviations less than the average weight at the same gestational age. SGA infants bring great economic and psychological burdens to families and society. The association between exposure to air pollution and SGA in underdeveloped cities with poor air quality remains unclear. Thus, this study is conducted to estimate the effects of maternal exposure to air pollutants on SGA numbers. Birth information was collected from the Huangshi Maternity and Children's Health Hospital from January 1st to December 31st in 2017. Data of pregnancy exposure were accessed using stationary monitors. These data included particulate matter less than or equal to 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to estimate the association between ambient air pollution and the risk of SGA during different exposure windows. It was found that a 1 μg/m3 increase in air pollution concentrations during the entire pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of SGA, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.055 (1.035-1.076), 1.084 (1.053-1.116), 1.000 (0.953-1.049), and 1.051 (0.968-1.141) for PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and SO2, respectively. Thus, it is suggested that exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of SGA. The effects of PM10 and PM2.5 were more stable than NO2 and SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Hao
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Faxue Zhang
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dieyi Chen
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanyun Liu
- Huangshi Maternity and Children's Health Hospital of Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lina Liao
- Huangshi Maternity and Children's Health Hospital of Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cui Shen
- Huangshi Maternity and Children's Health Hospital of Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jingling Liao
- Department of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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15
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Sigmund G, Castan S, Wabnitz C, Bakkour R, Hüffer T, Hofmann T, Elsner M. NO 2 and natural organic matter affect both soot aggregation behavior and sorption of S-metolachlor. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:1729-1735. [PMID: 31478540 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soot is an important carbonaceous nanoparticle (CNP) frequently found in natural environments. Its entry into surface waters can occur directly via surface runoff or infiltration, as well as via atmospheric deposition. Pristine soot is likely to rapidly undergo aggregation and subsequent sedimentation in aquatic environments. Further, soot can sorb a variety of organic contaminants, such as S-metolachlor (log KD = 3.25 ± 0.12). During atmospheric transport, soot can be chemically transformed by reactive oxygen species including NO2. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) in surface waters can further affect the aquatic fate of soot. To better understand the processes driving the fate of soot and its interactions with contaminants, pristine and NO2-transformed model soot suspensions were investigated in the presence and absence of NOM. NO2-oxidized soot showed a smaller particle size, a higher number of particles remaining in suspension, and a decreased sorption of S-metolachlor (log KD = 2.47 ± 0.40). In agreement with findings for other CNPs, soot stability against aggregation was increased for both pristine and NO2 transformed soot in the presence of NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sigmund
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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16
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Han F, Lu X, Xiao C, Chang M, Huang K. Estimation of Health Effects and Economic Losses from Ambient Air Pollution in Undeveloped Areas: Evidence from Guangxi, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16152707. [PMID: 31362448 PMCID: PMC6695923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, located in the southwest of China, has rapidly developed since the late 2000s. Similar to other regions, economic development has been accompanied by environmental problems, especially air pollution, which can adversely affect the health of residents in the area. In this study, we estimated the negative health effects of three major ambient pollutants, Particulate Matter with a diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in Guangxi from 2011 to 2016 using a log-linear exposure–response function. We monetarized the economic loss using the value of statistical life (VSL) and the cost of illness (COI) methods. The results show that the total possible short-term all-cause mortality values due to PM10, SO2, and NO2 were 28,396, with the confidence intervals from 14,664 to 42,014 (14,664–42,014), 24,618 (15,480–33,371), and 46,365 (31,158–61,423), respectively. The mortality from the three pollutants was 48,098 (19,972–75,973). The economic loss of the health burden from the three pollutants was 40,555 (24,172–57,585), which was 2.86% (1.70–4.06%) of the regional gross domestic product. The result of the comparative analysis among different cities showed that urbanization, industrialization, and residents’ income are important factors in air-pollution-caused health damage and subsequent economic loss. We conclude that the health burden caused by ambient pollutants in developing regions, accompanied by its rapid socio-economic growth, is significant and tighter regulation is needed in the future to alleviate air pollution and mitigate the related health damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environment Change and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Xingcheng Lu
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cuicui Xiao
- School of Environmental, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miao Chang
- School of Environmental, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ke Huang
- Guangxi Environmental Protection Bureau, No.16 of Foziling Road, Nanning 530001, China
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Zhang P, Yao Y, Li Y, Yuan S, Qi L. Influence of NO 2 and SO 2 on the specific resistance of dust in flue gas. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:19220-19227. [PMID: 31069654 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The influence of flue gas composition on the specific resistance of coal-fired fly ash is studied in this paper. We conclude that the negative electrons of NO2 and SO2 gases are strong. The probabilities of electron desorption on SO2 and NO2 negative ions are lower than that in air atmosphere at high temperature. Therefore, the introduction of SO2 causes NO2 to reduce the specific resistance value of coal-fired fly ash. When the pores on the surface of fly ash particles are filled with SO2, no change will occur in NO2, average pore size, pore volume, and specific surface area of fly ash particles, thereby resulting in fly ash that remains unchanged from the resistance value. When humidity increases, the surface conduction effect is greatly enhanced, and the specific resistance value is lowered considerably. Therefore, the specific resistance of dust can be reduced by humidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankun Li
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Yuan
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Qi
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, People's Republic of China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Kim B, Oh S, Jung J, Lee JH. Investigation of adsorption characteristics of four toxic gases (nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen chloride) on the inner surface of nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders and aluminum cylinders. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2019; 69:726-733. [PMID: 30676873 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1574247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To develop standard toxic gas mixtures, it is essential to identify adsorption characteristics of each toxic gas on the inner surface of a gas cylinder. Thus, this study quantified adsorbed amounts of the four toxic gases (nitric oxide [NO], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], sulfur dioxide [SO2], and hydrogen chloride [HCl]) on the inner surface of aluminum cylinders and nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders. After eluting adsorbed gases on the inside of cylinders with ultrapure water, a quantitative analysis was performed on an ion chromatograph. To evaluate the reaction characteristics of the toxic gases with cylinder materials, quantitative analyses of nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) were also performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). It was found that the amounts of NO, NO2, and SO2 adsorbed on the inner surface of aluminum cylinders were less than 1.0% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas the signal for most heavy metal elements were below their respective detection limits. This study found that the amounts of HCl adsorbed on the inner surface of nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders were less than 5% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas Ni (86 μmol) and Fe (28 μmol) were detected in the same cylinders. It was revealed that the adsorption mainly took place via the reaction of HCl with inner surface material of nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders. On the other hand, in the case of aluminum cylinders, the amounts of the adsorption were determined to be less than 1% at the level of HCl 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas most of Ni, Fe, and Al were detected at levels similar to their limits of detection. As a result, this study found that aluminum cylinders are more suitable for preparing HCl gas mixtures than nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders. Implications: To develop a standard toxic gas mixture, it is essential to understand the adsorption characteristics of each toxic gas inside a gas cylinder. It was found that the amounts of NO, NO2, and SO2 adsorbed inside aluminum cylinders were less than 1.0% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio. The amounts of HCl adsorbed inside nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders were less than 5% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas those inside aluminum cylinders were less than 1%, indicating that aluminum cylinders are more suitable for preparing HCl gas mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungmoon Kim
- a Center for Gas Analysis , Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
- b Department of Environmental Engineering , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyub Oh
- a Center for Gas Analysis , Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsang Jung
- a Center for Gas Analysis , Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Lee
- b Department of Environmental Engineering , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
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19
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Royko M, Galloway B, Meeks ND, Padak B. Effects of temperature and SO 3 on re-emission of mercury from activated carbon under flue gas conditions. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 79:67-73. [PMID: 30784465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic and bio-accumulating heavy metal that is predominantly released via the combustion of coal. Due to its toxicity, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has introduced Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) Rule regarding allowable Hg emissions. In order to reduce emissions, power plants have widely adopted activated carbon (AC) injection. AC injection has proven to be an effective method to reduce Hg emissions, but the re-emission of previously adsorbed Hg during unit operation, likely due to changing temperature or flue gas composition, could be problematic. This study specifically examined the effects of temperature and sulfur trioxide (SO3) concentration, by ramping temperature and SO3 concentration independently and simultaneously, on AC samples that are already exposed to flue gas and saturated in presence of Hg, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitric oxide (NO). Of these two suspected factors to cause re-emission, temperature had the greater impact and resulted in re-emission of both elemental and oxidized Hg with a greater fraction of oxidized Hg, which can be attributed to elemental Hg being more strongly bonded to the AC surface. Surprisingly, exposing the samples to increasing concentrations of SO3 had nearly no effect under the conditions examined in this study, possibly as a result of the samples being already saturated with sulfur prior to the SO3 ramp tests to simulate transient conditions in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Royko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 541 Main St., Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Benjamin Galloway
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 541 Main St., Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Noah D Meeks
- Southern Company Services, Inc. 600 18th Street North, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - Bihter Padak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 541 Main St., Columbia, SC 29201, USA.
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20
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Tian L, Yang C, Zhou Z, Wu Z, Pan X, Clements ACA. Spatial patterns and effects of air pollution and meteorological factors on hospitalization for chronic lung diseases in Beijing, China. Sci China Life Sci 2019; 62:1381-1388. [PMID: 30671885 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer (LC) and tuberculosis (TB) are common chronic lung diseases that generate a large disease burden and significant health care resource use in China. The aim of this study was to quantify spatial patterns and effects of air pollution and meteorological factors on hospitalization of COPD, LC and TB in Beijing. Daily counts of hospitalization for 2010 were obtained from the Beijing Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) system. Bayesian hierarchical Poisson regression models were applied to identify spatial patterns of hospitalization for COPD, LC and TB at the district level and explore associations with inhalable particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter <10 μm, PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), mean temperature and relative humidity. There were 18,882, 14,295 and 2,940 counts of hospitalizations for COPD, LC and TB respectively, in Beijing in 2010. Clusters of high relative risk were in different locations for the three diseases. The effect of relative humidity on COPD hospitalization was most significant with a relative risk (RR) of 1.070 (95%CI: 1.054, 1.086) per one percent increase. For lung cancer hospitalization, exposure to ambient SO2 was associated with a RR of 1.034 (95%CI: 1.011, 1.058) per μg m-3 increase. For tuberculosis, the effect of mean temperature was significant with a RR of 1.107 (95%CI: 1.038, 1.180) per °C increase. Risk factors and spatial patterns were different for hospitalization of non-infectious and infectious chronic lung disease in Beijing. Even over a short time period (one year), associations were apparent with air pollution and meteorological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Packaging Materials and Pharmaceutical Excipients Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100150, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zijun Zhou
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ziting Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaochuan Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Qld, 4006, Australia
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21
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Mahnot NK, Mahanta CL, Keener KM, Misra NN. Strategy to achieve a 5-log Salmonella inactivation in tender coconut water using high voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP). Food Chem 2019; 284:303-311. [PMID: 30744862 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined high voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) technology as a non-thermal intervention for inactivating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 (ST2) in tender coconut water (TCW). Treatment with HVACP in air at 90 kV for 120 s inactivated 1.30 log10 of ST2. Development of a TCW stimulant suggested an interfering role of magnesium and phosphate salts with HVACP inactivation. Generation of reactive gas species, viz. ozone and hydrogen peroxides were found to be responsible for microbial inactivation. The addition of 400 ppm citric acid to the TCW effectively reduced ST2 by 5 log10 during HVACP treatment. Under these conditions, higher cellular leakage and morphological damage were observed in ST2. Minimal physico-chemical changes in TCW were observed with HVACP treatment, except for an 84.35% ascorbic acid loss (added externally). These results demonstrate a potential pathway for developing highly effective cold plasma treatments to preserve fruit and vegetable juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kumar Mahnot
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam, India; Department of Food Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Charu Lata Mahanta
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam, India.
| | - Kevin M Keener
- Department of Food Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Center for Crops Utilization Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; BioCentury Research Farm, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - N N Misra
- Center for Crops Utilization Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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22
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Reli M, Svoboda L, Šihor M, Troppová I, Pavlovský J, Praus P, Kočí K. Photocatalytic decomposition of N 2O over g-C 3N 4/WO 3 photocatalysts. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:34839-34850. [PMID: 29177995 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the nitrous oxide belongs among three of the most contributing greenhouse gases to global warming, it is quite neglected by photocatalytic society. The g-C3N4 and WO3 composites were therefore tested for the photocatalytic decomposition of N2O for the first time. The pure photocatalysts were prepared by simple calcination of precursors, and the composites were prepared by mixing of suspension of pure components in water followed by calcination. The structural (X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy), textural (N2 physisorption), and optical properties (diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, photoelectrochemical measurements) of all composites were correlated with photocatalytic activity. The experimental results and results from characterization techniques confirmed creation of Z-scheme in the WO3/g-C3N4 composites, which was confirmed by hydroxyl radicals' trapping measurements. The photocatalytic decomposition of N2O was carried out in the presence of UVA light (peak intensity at 365 nm) and the 1:2 WO3/g-C3N4 composite was the most active one, but the photocatalytic activity was just negligibly higher than that of pure WO3. This is caused by relatively weak interaction between WO3 and g-C3N4 which was revealed from XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reli
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Ladislav Svoboda
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Šihor
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Troppová
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pavlovský
- Department of Chemistry, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Praus
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Kočí
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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23
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Fan X, Yin C, Yan G, Cui P, Shen Q, Wang Q, Chen H, Zhang N, Ye M, Zhao Y, Li T, Liang Y. The contrasting effects of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on N 2O emissions in arable soils differing in pH are underlain by complex microbial mechanisms. Sci Total Environ 2018; 642:155-167. [PMID: 29894875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), has been proposed to reduce synthetic fertilizer-N losses, including nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils. However, the response of N2O emission to NBPT amendment is inconsistent across soils and associated microbial mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we performed a meta-analysis of the effects of NBPT on N2O emissions and found NBPT significantly reduced N2O emissions in alkaline soils whereas no obvious effects exhibited in acid soils. Based on the finding of meta-analysis that pH was a key modifier in regulating the effect of NBPT on N2O emissions, we selected two arable soils differing in pH and conducted a microcosm study. In conjunction with measurement of N2O emission, community structure and abundance of functional guilds were assessed using T-RFLP and qPCR. Our results showed NBPT retarded urea hydrolysis and inhibited nitrification, but stimulated N2O emission in alkaline soil, whereas it exhibited no remarkable effects in acid soil, thereby only partly confirming the results of meta-analysis. Abundances of AOB and ureC-containing bacteria decreased, while abundance of AOA increased in both soils with NBPT addition. For acid soil, N2O emissions were significantly correlated with both abundances and community structures of AOA and ureC-containing bacteria, as well as abundance of AOB; for alkaline soil, abundances and community structures of AOB were correlated with N2O emission, as well as community structures of ureC-containing bacteria and archaea, indicating an inconsistent response pattern of community traits of N2O emissions-related functional guilds to NBPT between alkaline soil and acid soil. Our findings suggest that (i) efficacy of NBPT in N2O emission was mainly influenced by soil pH and (ii) variable effects of NBPT on N2O emission might originate not only from the direct effect of NBPT on community traits of urease-positive microbes, but from the indirect effect on ammonia oxidizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chang Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guochao Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peiyuan Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qi Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mujun Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingqiang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongchao Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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24
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Fang ML, Wu CY, Chou MS. Adsorptive conversion of nitrogen dioxide from etching vent gases over activated carbon. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2018; 68:755-762. [PMID: 29652218 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1461710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Some metal etching operations emit limited flow rates of waste gases with reddish-brown NO2 fume, which may cause visual and acidic-odor complaints, as well as negative health effects. In this study, tests were performed by passing caustic-treated waste gases vented from Al-etching operations through columns packed either with virgin or regenerated granular activated carbon (GAC) to test their adsorptive conversion performance of NO2 in the gases. The gases contained 5-55 ppm NO2 and acetic and nitric acids of below 3 ppm. Exhausted carbon was regenerated by scrubbing it with caustic solution and water, and dried for further adsorption tests. Results indicate that with an (empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 0.15 sec for the gas through the GAC-packed space, around 60% of the influent NO2 of 54 ppm could be removed, and 47% of the removed NO2 was converted by and desorbed from the carbon as NO. GAC used in the present study could be regenerated at least twice to restore its capacity for NO2 adsorption. Within EBRTs of 0.076-0.18 sec, the adsorptive conversion capacity was linearly varied with EBRT. In practice, with an EBRT of 0.20 sec, a conversion capacity of 0.80 kg NO2 (kg GAC)-1 with an influent NO2 of 40 ppm can be used as a basis for system design. IMPLICATIONS Some metal etching operations emit waste gases with reddish-brown (yellow when diluted) NO2 fume which may cause visual and acidic-odor complaints, as well as negative health effects. This study provides a simple process for the adsorptive conversion of NO2 in caustic-treated waste gases vented from metal-etching operations through a GAC column. With an EBRT of 0.20 sec, a conversion capacity of 0.80 kg NO2 (kg GAC)-1 with an influent NO2 of 40 ppm can be used as a basis for system design. Saturated GAC can be regenerated at least twice by simply scrubbing it with aqueous caustic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Fang
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ching-Yi Wu
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ming-Shean Chou
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan , Republic of China
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25
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Khaniabadi YO, Daryanoosh M, Sicard P, Takdastan A, Hopke PK, Esmaeili S, De Marco A, Rashidi R. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases related to outdoor PM 10, O 3, SO 2, and NO 2 in a heavily polluted megacity of Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:17726-17734. [PMID: 29671231 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to quantify, by an approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the daily hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) related to exposure to particulate matter (PM10) and oxidants such as ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a heavily polluted city in Iran. For the health impact assessment, in terms of COPD, the current published relative risk (RR) and baseline incidence (BI) values, suggested by the WHO, and the 1-h O3 concentrations and daily PM10, NO2, and SO2 concentrations were compiled. The results showed that 5.9, 4.1, 1.2, and 1.9% of the COPD daily hospitalizations in 2011 and 6.6, 1.9, 2.3, and 2.1% in 2012 were attributed to PM10, O3, SO2, and NO2 concentrations exceeding 10 μg/m3, respectively. This study indicates that air quality and the high air pollutant levels have an effect on COPD morbidity. Air pollution is associated with visits to emergency services and hospital admissions. A lower relative risk can be achieved if some stringent control strategies for reducing air pollutants or emission precursors are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Daryanoosh
- Department of Environmental Health, Health Center of Hendijan, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Afshin Takdastan
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14619, USA
| | - Shirin Esmaeili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Department of Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Rajab Rashidi
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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26
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Ito T, Ogino K, Nagaoka K, Takemoto K. Relationship of particulate matter and ozone with 3-nitrotyrosine in the atmosphere. Environ Pollut 2018; 236:948-952. [PMID: 29129430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased in the past few decades. Bio-aerosol proteins and their chemical modifications, such as 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), in the atmosphere have been attracting attention due to their promotive effects on allergies. 3-NT is generated from the amino acid, tyrosine, through a reaction with ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated in detail. Therefore, we measured 3-NT and evaluated the relationships among 3-NT and various pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), NOx (NO + NO2), ozone (O3), PM7, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) containing proteins, humidity, and temperature. 3-NT positively correlated with O3, SO2, humidity, and temperature, and negatively correlated with NOx. A multiple regression analysis showed that 3-NT positively associated with O3, humidity, and PM7. O3 positively associated with 3-NT and PM7, and negatively associated with NOx and humidity. These results suggest that 3-NT is generated from PM proteins through a reaction with O3 under high humidity conditions, and that the measurement of 3-NT is important and useful for the research of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Ito
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiki Ogino
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Kenjiro Nagaoka
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kei Takemoto
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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27
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Choi YH, Park SJ, Paik HJ, Kim MK, Wee WR, Kim DH. Unexpected potential protective associations between outdoor air pollution and cataracts. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:10636-10643. [PMID: 29388156 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the biggest public health issues, and the eye is continuously exposed to multiple outdoor air pollution. However, to date, no large-scale study has assessed the relationship between air pollutants and cataracts. We investigated associations between outdoor air pollution and cataracts in the Korean population. A population-based cross-sectional study was performed using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including 18,622 adults more than 40 years of age. The presence of cataracts and their subtypes were evaluated by ophthalmologists. Air pollution data (levels of particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide) for the 2 years prior to the ocular examinations were collected from national monitoring stations. The associations of multiple air pollutants with cataracts were assessed by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Sociodemographic factors and previously known risk factors for cataracts were controlled as covariates (model 1 included sociodemographic factors, sun exposure, and behavioral factors, while model 2 further included clinical factors). Higher ozone concentrations were protectively associated with overall cataract which included all subtypes [single pollutant model: 0.003 ppm increase-model 1 (OR 0.89, p = 0.014), model 2 (OR 0.87, p = 0.011); multi-pollutant model: 0.003 ppm increase-model 1 (OR 0.80, p = 0.002), model 2 (OR 0.87, p = 0.002)]. Especially, higher ozone concentrations showed deeply protective association with nuclear cataract subtype [0.003 ppm increase-single pollutant model: model 2 (OR 0.84, p = 0.006), multi-pollutant model: model 2 (OR 0.73, p < 0.001)]. Higher tropospheric ozone concentrations showed protective associations with overall cataract and nuclear cataract subtype in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hyeong Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Su Jin Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hae Jung Paik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea.
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Han C, Yang W, Yang H, Xue X. Enhanced photochemical conversion of NO 2 to HONO on humic acids in the presence of benzophenone. Environ Pollut 2017; 231:979-986. [PMID: 28888942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical conversion of NO2 to HONO on humic acids (HA) in the presence of benzophenone (BP) was investigated using a flow tube reactor coupled to a NOx analyzer at ambient pressure. BP significantly enhanced the reduction of NO2 to HONO on HA under simulated sunlight, as shown by the increase of NO2 uptake coefficient (γ) and HONO yield with the mass ratio of BP to HA. The γ and HONO yield on the mixtures of HA and BP obviously depended on the environmental conditions. Both γ and HONO yield increased with the increase of irradiation intensity and temperature, whereas they decreased with pH. The γ exhibited a negative dependence on the NO2 concentration, which had slight influences on the HONO yield. There were maximum values for the γ and HONO yield at relative humidity (RH) of 22%. Finally, atmospheric implications about the photochemical reaction of NO2 and HA in the presence of photosensitive species were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Wangjin Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - He Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiangxin Xue
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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29
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Han C, Liu Y, He H. Heterogeneous reaction of NO 2 with soot at different relative humidity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:21248-21255. [PMID: 28735474 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influences of relative humidity (RH) on the heterogeneous reaction of NO2 with soot were investigated by a coated wall flow tube reactor at ambient pressure. The initial uptake coefficient (γ initial) of NO2 showed a significant decrease with increasing RH from 7 to 70%. The γ initial on "fuel-rich" and "fuel-lean" soot at RH = 7% was (2.59 ± 0.20) × 10-5 and (5.92 ± 0.34) × 10-6, respectively, and it decreased to (5.49 ± 0.83) × 10-6 and (7.16 ± 0.73) × 10-7 at RH = 70%, respectively. Nevertheless, the HONO yields were almost independent of RH, with average values of (72 ± 3)% for the fuel-rich soot and (60 ± 2)% for the fuel-lean soot. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism was used to demonstrate the negative role of RH in the heterogeneous uptake of NO2 on soot. The species containing nitrogen formed on soot can undergo hydrolysis to produce carboxylic species or alcohols at high RH, accompanied by the release of little gas-phase HONO and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Han
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Zhong J, Cai XM, Bloss WJ. Large eddy simulation of reactive pollutants in a deep urban street canyon: Coupling dynamics with O 3-NO x-VOC chemistry. Environ Pollut 2017; 224:171-184. [PMID: 28202267 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A large eddy simulation (LES) model coupled with O3-NOx-VOC chemistry is implemented to simulate the coupled effects of emissions, mixing and chemical pre-processing within an idealised deep (aspect ratio = 2) urban street canyon under a weak wind condition. Reactive pollutants exhibit significant spatial variations in the presence of two vertically aligned unsteady vortices formed in the canyon. Comparison of the LES results from two chemical schemes (simple NOx-O3 chemistry and a more comprehensive Reduced Chemical Scheme (RCS) chemical mechanism) shows that the concentrations of NO2 and Ox inside the street canyon are enhanced by approximately 30-40% via OH/HO2 chemistry. NO, NOx, O3, OH and HO2 are chemically consumed, while NO2 and Ox (total oxidant) are chemically produced within the canyon environment. Within-canyon pre-processing increases oxidant fluxes from the canyon to the overlying boundary layer, and this effect is greater for deeper street canyons (as found in many traditional European urban centres) than shallower (lower aspect ratio) streets. There is clear evidence of distinct behaviours for emitted chemical species and entrained chemical species, and positive (or negative) values of intensities of segregations are found between pairs of species with similar (or opposite) behaviour. The simplified two-box model underestimated NO and O3 levels, but overestimated NO2 levels for both the lower and upper canyon compared with the more realistic LES-chemistry model. This suggests that the segregation effect due to incomplete mixing reduces the chemical conversion rate of NO to NO2. This study reveals the impacts of nonlinear O3-NOx-VOC photochemical processes in the incomplete mixing environment and provides a better understanding of the pre-processing of emissions within canyons, prior to their release to the urban boundary layer, through the coupling of street canyon dynamics and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhong
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xiao-Ming Cai
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - William James Bloss
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Mendez M, Blond N, Amedro D, Hauglustaine DA, Blondeau P, Afif C, Fittschen C, Schoemaecker C. Assessment of indoor HONO formation mechanisms based on in situ measurements and modeling. Indoor Air 2017; 27:443-451. [PMID: 27410050 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The photolysis of HONO has been found to be the oxidation driver through OH formation in the indoor air measurement campaign SURFin, an extensive campaign carried out in July 2012 in a classroom in Marseille. In this study, the INCA-Indoor model is used to evaluate different HONO formation mechanisms that have been used previously in indoor air quality models. In order to avoid biases in the results due to the uncertainty in rate constants, those parameters were adjusted to fit one representative day of the SURFin campaign. Then, the mechanisms have been tested with the optimized parameters against other experiments carried out during the SURFin campaign. Based on the observations and these findings, we propose a new mechanism incorporating sorption of NO2 onto surfaces with possible saturation of these surfaces. This mechanism is able to better reproduce the experimental profiles over a large range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mendez
- Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement - LIVE UMR 7362 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, UMR 7356 CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - N Blond
- Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement - LIVE UMR 7362 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - D Amedro
- CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - D A Hauglustaine
- Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement - LIVE UMR 7362 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- UMR 8212, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement - LSCE, Gif sur, Yvette, France
| | - P Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, UMR 7356 CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - C Afif
- Unité Environnement, Génomique Fonctionnelle et Études Mathématiques, Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques - LISA UMR 7583 CNRS, Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Créteil, France
| | - C Fittschen
- CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - C Schoemaecker
- CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université Lille, Lille, France
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Lu Y, Wang A, Shi P, Zhang H. A Theoretical Study on the Antioxidant Activity of Piceatannol and Isorhapontigenin Scavenging Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide Radicals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169773. [PMID: 28068377 PMCID: PMC5222500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of naturally occurring stilbene compounds piceatannol (PIC) and isorhapontigenin (ISO) scavenging two free radicals (NO and NO2) were studied using density functional theory (DFT) method. Four reaction mechanisms have been considered: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), radical adduct formation (RAF), single electron transfer (SET), and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET). The reaction channels in water solution were traced independently, and the respective thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were obtained. We found PIC and ISO scavenge NO mainly through RAF mechanism, and scavenge NO2 through HAT mechanism. The capacity of PIC scavenging NO2 is much higher than ISO, but the reactivity of scavenging NO is lower than ISO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - AiHua Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Shi
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Lovreglio R, Ronchi E, Maragkos G, Beji T, Merci B. A dynamic approach for the impact of a toxic gas dispersion hazard considering human behaviour and dispersion modelling. J Hazard Mater 2016; 318:758-771. [PMID: 27343142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The release of toxic gases due to natural/industrial accidents or terrorist attacks in populated areas can have tragic consequences. To prevent and evaluate the effects of these disasters different approaches and modelling tools have been introduced in the literature. These instruments are valuable tools for risk managers doing risk assessment of threatened areas. Despite the significant improvements in hazard assessment in case of toxic gas dispersion, these analyses do not generally include the impact of human behaviour and people movement during emergencies. This work aims at providing an approach which considers both modelling of gas dispersion and evacuation movement in order to improve the accuracy of risk assessment for disasters involving toxic gases. The approach is applied to a hypothetical scenario including a ship releasing Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on a crowd attending a music festival. The difference between the results obtained with existing static methods (people do not move) and a dynamic approach (people move away from the danger) which considers people movement with different degrees of sophistication (either a simple linear path or more complex behavioural modelling) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggiero Lovreglio
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Planning, Building and Chemistry, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Enrico Ronchi
- Department of Fire Safety Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Georgios Maragkos
- Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics, Ghent University-UGent, Belgium
| | - Tarek Beji
- Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics, Ghent University-UGent, Belgium
| | - Bart Merci
- Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics, Ghent University-UGent, Belgium
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Gulliver J, de Hoogh K, Hoek G, Vienneau D, Fecht D, Hansell A. Back-extrapolated and year-specific NO2 land use regression models for Great Britain - Do they yield different exposure assessment? Environ Int 2016; 92-93:202-209. [PMID: 27107225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Robust methods to estimate historic population air pollution exposures are important tools for epidemiological studies evaluating long-term health effects. We developed land use regression (LUR) models for NO2 exposure in Great Britain for 1991 and explored whether the choice of year-specific or back-extrapolated LUR yields 1) similar LUR variables and model performance, and 2) similar national and regional address-level and small-area concentrations. We constructed two LUR models for 1991using NO2 concentrations from the diffusion tube monitoring network, one using 75% of all available measurement sites (that over-represent industrial areas), and the other using 75% of a subset of sites proportionate to population by region to study the effects of monitoring site selection bias. We compared, using the remaining (hold-out) 25% of monitoring sites, the performance of the two 1991 models with back-extrapolation of a previously published 2009 model, developed using NO2 concentrations from automatic chemiluminescence monitoring sites and predictor variables from 2006/2007. The 2009 model was back-extrapolated to 1991 using the same predictors (1990 & 1995) used to develop 1991 models. The 1991 models included industrial land use variables, not present for 2009. The hold-out performance of 1991 models (mean-squared-error-based-R(2): 0.62-0.64) was up to 8% higher and ~1μg/m(3) lower in root mean squared error than the back-extrapolated 2009 model, with best performance from the subset of sites representing population exposures. Year-specific and back-extrapolated exposures for residential addresses (n=1.338,399) and small areas (n=10.518) were very highly linearly correlated for Great Britain (r>0.83). This study suggests that year-specific model for 1991 and back-extrapolation of the 2009 LUR yield similar exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gulliver
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit (SAHSU), MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK.
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Fecht
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit (SAHSU), MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
| | - Anna Hansell
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit (SAHSU), MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
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Ting HC, Yang YT, Chen CH, Lee JH, Chang JH, Wu CI, Chiu TL, Lin CF, Chung CL, Wong KT. Easy Access to NO2 -Containing Donor-Acceptor-Acceptor Electron Donors for High Efficiency Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:1433-1441. [PMID: 27213296 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two donor-acceptor-acceptor (D-A-A)-type molecules incorporating nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBO) as the A-A block and ditolylamine as the D block bridged through a phenylene (PNBO) and a thiophene (TNBO) spacer were synthesized in a one-step coupling reaction. Their electronic, photophysical, and thermal properties; crystallographic analysis; and theoretical calculations were studied to establish a clear structure-property relationship. The results indicate that the quinoidal character of the thiophene bridge strongly governs the structural features and crystal packings (herringbone vs. brickwork) and thus the physical properties of the compounds. PNBO and TNBO were utilized as electron donors combined with C70 as the electron acceptor in the active layer of vacuum-processed bulk heterojunction small-molecule organic solar cells (SMOSCs). The power conversion efficiency of both PNBO- and TNBO-based OSCs exceeded 5 %. The ease of accessibility of PNBO and TNBO demonstrates the potential for simple and economical synthesis of electron donors in vacuum-processed SMOSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chun Ting
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Yang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Haw Lee
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
| | - Jung-Hung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chih-I Wu
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lung Chiu
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Lin
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National United University, Taiwan
| | | | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
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Zhou L, Wang W, Hou S, Tong S, Ge M. Heterogeneous uptake of nitrogen dioxide on Chinese mineral dust. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 38:110-118. [PMID: 26702974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mineral dust is one of the major aerosols in the atmosphere. To assess its impact on trace atmospheric gases, in this work we present a laboratory study of the effect of temperature on the heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on the surface of ambient Chinese dust over the temperature range from 258 to 313K. The results suggest that nitrogen dioxide could mainly be adsorbed on these types of Chinese mineral dust reversibly with little temperature dependence. Similar to a previous study on NO2 uptake on mineral aerosols, the uptake coefficients are mainly on the order of 10(-6) for the Chinese dust, when BET areas are taken into account. HONO was observed as a product, and its formation and decomposition on Chinese mineral dust during the uptake processes were also studied. The complete dataset from this study was compiled with previous literature determinations. Atmospheric implications of the heterogeneous reaction between NO2 and mineral dust are also discussed, in an effort to understand this important heterogeneous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Weigang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China..
| | - Siqi Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China..
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Chabas A, Fouqueau A, Attoui M, Alfaro SC, Petitmangin A, Bouilloux A, Saheb M, Coman A, Lombardo T, Grand N, Zapf P, Berardo R, Duranton M, Durand-Jolibois R, Jerome M, Pangui E, Correia JJ, Guillot I, Nowak S. Characterisation of CIME, an experimental chamber for simulating interactions between materials of the cultural heritage and the environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:19170-19183. [PMID: 26250811 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An approach consisting in combining in situ and laboratory experiments is often favoured for investigating the mechanisms involved in the weathering of the materials of the cultural heritage. However, the realistic simulation in the laboratory of the environmental conditions ruling the interactions of atmospheric compounds with materials is a very complex task. The aim of this work is to characterise CIME, a new chamber specially built to simulate the interactions between materials of the cultural heritage and the environment. The originality of this instrument is that beside the usual climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation) and gaseous pollutants, it also allows the controlled injection of different types of particulate matter such as terrigenous, marine and anthropogenic. Therefore, varied realistic atmospheric environments (marine or urban) can be easily simulated within CIME. In addition to the technical description of CIME, this paper shows the first results obtained by the impact of gaseous pollutants on non-durable glass, bronze and limestone. The first experiments for the deposition of different particles (calcite, clays, soot and halite) are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chabas
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France.
| | - A Fouqueau
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - M Attoui
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - S C Alfaro
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - A Petitmangin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - A Bouilloux
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - M Saheb
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - A Coman
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - T Lombardo
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - N Grand
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - P Zapf
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - R Berardo
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - M Duranton
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - R Durand-Jolibois
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - M Jerome
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - E Pangui
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, Université Paris Est-Créteil-Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - J J Correia
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, CNRS-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France
| | - I Guillot
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux-CNRS-Université Paris Est, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320, Thiais, France
| | - S Nowak
- Interface, Traitement Organisation et DYnamique des Systèmes, UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, 15 Rue Jean Antoine de Baïf, 75013, Paris, France
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Song YZ, Yang HL, Peng JH, Song YR, Sun Q, Li Y. Estimating PM2.5 Concentrations in Xi'an City Using a Generalized Additive Model with Multi-Source Monitoring Data. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142149. [PMID: 26540446 PMCID: PMC4634950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) represents a severe environmental problem and is of negative impact on human health. Xi'an City, with a population of 6.5 million, is among the highest concentrations of PM2.5 in China. In 2013, in total, there were 191 days in Xi'an City on which PM2.5 concentrations were greater than 100 μg/m3. Recently, a few studies have explored the potential causes of high PM2.5 concentration using remote sensing data such as the MODIS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) product. Linear regression is a commonly used method to find statistical relationships among PM2.5 concentrations and other pollutants, including CO, NO2, SO2, and O3, which can be indicative of emission sources. The relationships of these variables, however, are usually complicated and non-linear. Therefore, a generalized additive model (GAM) is used to estimate the statistical relationships between potential variables and PM2.5 concentrations. This model contains linear functions of SO2 and CO, univariate smoothing non-linear functions of NO2, O3, AOT and temperature, and bivariate smoothing non-linear functions of location and wind variables. The model can explain 69.50% of PM2.5 concentrations, with R2 = 0.691, which improves the result of a stepwise linear regression (R2 = 0.582) by 18.73%. The two most significant variables, CO concentration and AOT, represent 20.65% and 19.54% of the deviance, respectively, while the three other gas-phase concentrations, SO2, NO2, and O3 account for 10.88% of the total deviance. These results show that in Xi'an City, the traffic and other industrial emissions are the primary source of PM2.5. Temperature, location, and wind variables also non-linearly related with PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ze Song
- School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Lei Yang
- School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Huan Peng
- School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Rong Song
- Department of Geological Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Qian Sun
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
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Hofmann D, de Salas C, Heinrich MR. Oxidative Nitration of Styrenes for the Recycling of Low-Concentrated Nitrogen Dioxide in Air. ChemSusChem 2015; 8:3167-3175. [PMID: 26284827 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative nitration of styrenes in ethyl acetate represents a metal-free, environmentally friendly, and sustainable technique to recover even low concentrations of NO2 in air. Favorable features are that the product mixture comprising nitroalcohols, nitroketones, and nitro nitrates simplifies at lower concentrations of NO2 . Experiments in a miniplant-type 10 L wet scrubber demonstrated that the recycling technique is well applicable on larger scales at which initial NO2 concentrations of >10 000 ppm were reliably reduced to less than 40 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Hofmann
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 9131-85-22585 http://www.medchem.uni-erlangen.de/heinrichlab/
| | - Cristina de Salas
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 9131-85-22585 http://www.medchem.uni-erlangen.de/heinrichlab/
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 9131-85-22585 http://www.medchem.uni-erlangen.de/heinrichlab/.
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Butenhoff CL, Khalil MAK, Porter WC, Al-Sahafi MS, Almazroui M, Al-Khalaf A. Evaluation of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide at nine sites in Saudi Arabia during 2007. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2015; 65:871-86. [PMID: 26079561 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1031921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This paper presents a one-year record of in situ air-quality data from nine sites throughout Saudi Arabia. The data set is composed of hourly measurements of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) at six of the largest cities in Saudi Arabia (Riyadh, Jeddah, Makkah, Yanbu, Dammam, Hafouf) and two remote locations in the mountainous southwestern region of Alsodah for the year 2007. The authors found that international O3 and CO standards were routinely exceeded throughout the year at many sites, and that exceedances increased during Ramadan (Sep. 12-Oct. 13), the Islamic month of fasting when much of normal daily activity is shifted to nighttime hours. In general NO2 and CO levels were higher in Saudi cities compared to U.S. cities of comparable population, while O3 levels were lower. There was a general trend for O3 and NO2 to be negatively correlated in Saudi cities in contrast to U.S. cities where the correlation is positive, suggesting that ozone chemistry in Saudi Arabia is limited by volatile organic compound emissions. This may be caused by low biogenic emissions from vegetation. Pollutant levels were lower at most Saudi sites during the four day Hajj period (Dec. 18-21) but higher in Makkah which receives millions of visitors during Hajj. The authors also found that ozone levels were elevated during the weekend (Thursday & Friday) relative to weekday levels despite lower NO2, a phenomenon known as the "weekend effect." As little air quality data is available from Saudi Arabia in the English-language literature, this data set fills a knowledge gap and improves understanding of air quality in an important but under-reported region of the world. IMPLICATIONS Air quality measurements at nine sites in Saudi Arabia provide a detailed look at spatial and temporal patterns of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). NO2 and CO levels increased in most cities during the fasting month of Ramadan, whereas O3 levels decreased. This led to an increased frequency of CO exceedances based on international standards. NO2 and CO also increased in Makkah during the Hajj pilgrimage. In general, NO2 and O3 levels were anticorrelated at most sites, suggesting that O3 chemistry is limited by volatile organic compound emissions throughout much of Saudi Arabia.
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Choi H, Melly S, Spengler J. Intraurban and longitudinal variability of classical pollutants in Kraków, Poland, 2000-2010. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:4967-91. [PMID: 25955530 PMCID: PMC4454948 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120504967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In spite of a dramatic decrease in anthropogenic emissions, ambient concentrations of major pollutants have not changed within many urban locations. To clarify the relationship between ambient air quality trend and the population exposures, we compared the intraurban versus temporal variability of the collocated measurements of five major air pollutants including particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter <10 µm (PM₁₀), < 2.5 µm (PM₂.₅), tropospheric ozone (O₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), in Kraków, Poland, during the 2000-2010 period. Strong seasonal trends and overall absence of spatial heterogeneity in PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅, except in the traffic monitoring site, were observed across the monitoring network. The range of median PM₂.₅ concentrations during winter (54-64 µg/m³) was 3- to 4-times higher than the summer medians (15-26 µg/m³) across the sites during 2009-2010. Furthermore, large proportion of PM₁₀ appears to be comprised of PM₂.₅ (PM₂.₅/PM₁₀ concentration ratios range, 0.5-0.7). At each monitoring site, the Pearson's correlation coefficients between PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ ranged between 0.944 and 0.963, suggesting a health-relevance of PM10 monitoring. One ln-unit increase in PM₁₀ was associated with 92%-100% increase in PM₂.₅ concentrations in the same location. While PM₁₀ did not demonstrate a clear temporal trend, SO₂ concentrations steadily declined by 40% during the 2000-2010 period. Summertime median NO₂ concentration was acutely elevated (70 mg/m³ vs. 22 mg/m³) at the traffic oriented site compared to the city's central monitoring site. The traffic and the industrial sites were associated with highest number of days during which 24-hour mean PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ concentrations exceeded the European Union standard. Steadily growing contributions by vehicular emissions appear to be associated with the absence of clear trend in PM₁₀. Current practices of air quality control within Kraków may not be adequate for the protection of the public's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunok Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, One University Place, Rm 153, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Steven Melly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health, 3215 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - John Spengler
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, P.O. Box 15677, Landmark 406 West, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Bentayeb M, Norback D, Bednarek M, Bernard A, Cai G, Cerrai S, Eleftheriou KK, Gratziou C, Holst GJ, Lavaud F, Nasilowski J, Sestini P, Sarno G, Sigsgaard T, Wieslander G, Zielinski J, Viegi G, Annesi-Maesano I. Indoor air quality, ventilation and respiratory health in elderly residents living in nursing homes in Europe. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1228-1238. [PMID: 25766977 DOI: 10.1183/0903193600082414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Few data exist on respiratory effects of indoor air quality and comfort parameters in the elderly. In the context of the GERIE study, we investigated for the first time the relationships of these factors to respiratory morbidity among elderly people permanently living in nursing homes in seven European countries. 600 elderly people from 50 nursing homes underwent a medical examination and completed a standardised questionnaire. Air quality and comfort parameters were objectively assessed in situ in the nursing home. Mean concentrations of air pollutants did not exceed the existing standards. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio was highly significantly related to elevated levels of particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of <0.1 µm (PM0.1) (adjusted OR 8.16, 95% CI 2.24-29.3) and nitrogen dioxide (aOR 3.74, 95% CI 1.06-13.1). Excess risks for usual breathlessness and cough were found with elevated PM10 (aOR 1.53 (95% CI 1.15-2.07) and aOR 1.73 (95% CI 1.17-10.3), respectively) and nitrogen dioxide (aOR 1.58 (95% CI 1.15-2.20) and aOR 1.56 (95% CI 1.03-2.41), respectively). Excess risks for wheeze in the past year were found with PM0.1 (aOR 2.82, 95% CI 1.15-7.02) and for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exhaled carbon monoxide with formaldehyde (aOR 3.49 (95% CI 1.17-10.3) and aOR 1.25 (95% CI 1.02-1.55), respectively). Breathlessness and cough were associated with higher carbon dioxide. Relative humidity was inversely related to wheeze in the past year and usual cough. Elderly subjects aged ≥80 years were at higher risk. Pollutant effects were more pronounced in the case of poor ventilation. Even at low levels, indoor air quality affected respiratory health in elderly people permanently living in nursing homes, with frailty increasing with age. The effects were modulated by ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Bentayeb
- INSERM, U1136 IPLESP EPAR, Paris, France Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, UMR S 1136 IPLESP EPAR, Paris, France
| | - Dan Norback
- Dept of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Micha Bednarek
- 2nd Dept of Respiratory Medicine, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Dept of Public Health, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guihong Cai
- Dept of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sonia Cerrai
- Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Christina Gratziou
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Dept, Asthma Centre, Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Gitte Juel Holst
- Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Dept of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - François Lavaud
- Service de Pneumologie et Allergologie CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Jacek Nasilowski
- 2nd Dept of Respiratory Medicine, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Giuseppe Sarno
- Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Dept of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Wieslander
- Dept of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Zielinski
- 2nd Dept of Respiratory Medicine, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giovanni Viegi
- Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- INSERM, U1136 IPLESP EPAR, Paris, France Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, UMR S 1136 IPLESP EPAR, Paris, France
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Dey T, Gogoi K, Unni B, Bharadwaz M, Kalita M, Ozah D, Kalita M, Kalita J, Baruah PK, Bora T. Role of environmental pollutants in liver physiology: special references to peoples living in the oil drilling sites of Assam. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123370. [PMID: 25874634 PMCID: PMC4395329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The populations residing near polluted sites are more prone to various types of diseases. The important causes of air pollution are the suspended particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. As limited information is available enumerating the effect of these pollutants on liver physiology of the population living near the polluted sites; in the present study, we tried to investigate their effect on liver of the population residing near the oil drilling sites since birth. In this study, a randomly selected 105 subjects (46 subjects from oil drilling site and 61 subjects from control site) aged above 30 years were taken under consideration. The particulate matter as well as the gaseous pollutants, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, were analyzed through a respirable dust sampler. The level of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase enzymes in serum were measured by spectrophotometer. The generalized regression model studies suggests a higher concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter, suspended particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide lowers the alkaline phosphatase level (p<0.0001) by 3.5 times (95% CI 3.1-3.9), 1.5 times (95% CI 1.4 - 1.6) and 12 times (95% CI 10.74 -13.804), respectively in the exposed group. The higher concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide in air was associated with increase in alanine transaminase level (p<0.0001) by 0.8 times (95% CI 0.589-1.049) and by 2.8 times (95% CI 2.067-3.681) respectively in the exposed group. The increase in nitrogen dioxide level was also associated with increase in aspartate transaminase level (p<0.0001) by 2.5 times (95% CI 1.862 – 3.313) in the exposed group as compared to control group. Thus, the study reveals that long-term exposure to the environmental pollutants may lead to liver abnormality or injury of populations living in polluted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Dey
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Kabita Gogoi
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Balagopalan Unni
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Moonmee Bharadwaz
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Munmi Kalita
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Ozah
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Manoj Kalita
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Jatin Kalita
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Baruah
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Thaneswar Bora
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research—North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
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Tapia A, Salgado MS, Martín MP, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Rossi MJ, Cabañas B. The use of heterogeneous chemistry for the characterization of functional groups at the gas/particle interface of soot from a diesel engine at a particular running condition. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:4863-4872. [PMID: 24807246 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two gases, O3 and NO2, were selected to probe the surface of a diesel fuel combustion aerosol sample, diesel soot, and amorphous carbon nanoparticles (PRINTEX XE2-B) using heterogeneous (i.e., gas-surface reactions). The gas uptake to saturation of the probes was measured under molecular flow conditions using a Knudsen flow reactor in order to quantify and characterize surface functional groups. Specifically, O3 and NO2 are used for the titration of oxidizable groups. Diesel soot samples interacted with the probe gases to various extents which points to the coexistence of different functional groups on the same aerosol surface such as reduced groups. The carbonaceous particles displayed significant differences: PRINTEX XE2-B amorphous carbon had a significantly lower surface functional group density of both total and strongly reducing groups despite its significantly larger internal surface area, compared to diesel soot. The uptake kinetics of the gas-phase probe molecules (uptake probabilities) were also measured in order to obtain further information on the reactivity of emitted soot aerosols in order to enable the potential prediction of health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tapia
- Departamento de Química Física Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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45
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Yang X, Yang L, Lin S, Zhou R. Investigation on properties of Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-Pr2O3 catalysts with different Ce/Zr molar ratios and its application for automotive emission control. J Hazard Mater 2015; 285:182-189. [PMID: 25497032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-Pr2O3 (CZP) catalysts with different Ce/Zr molar ratios were synthesized and systematically investigated by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, XPS, H2-TPR, OSC and in situ DRIFTS techniques. The results of XPS, in situ DRIFTS, etc., show that the number of oxygen vacancies increases with the increasing Zr content and thus leads to the enhanced metal-support interaction and the accelerative formation rate of nitrate, formate, acetate and carbonate species, resulting in improving catalytic performance for HC and NO elimination, especially for Pd/CZP catalysts with Ce/Zr from 1/2 to 1/3. While Pd/CZP catalysts with higher OSC value (Ce/Zr=4/1-1/2) exhibit better catalytic activity of CO and NO2 elimination. An appropriate concentration of Zr facilitates the diffusion of Pr from the surface to the bulk of the CZP supports, thus forming more homogeneous CZP solid solution and improving the structure/textual stability, which promotes the thermal stability of catalysts. Pd/CZP catalysts with Ce/Zr from 2/1 to 1/2 exhibit good thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Institute of Catalysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, PR China
| | - Linyan Yang
- Institute of Catalysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, PR China
| | - Siyu Lin
- Institute of Catalysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, PR China
| | - Renxian Zhou
- Institute of Catalysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, PR China.
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46
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Gent JF, Kezik JM, Hill ME, McKay LA, Holford TR, Leaderer BP, Bracken MB. Asthma medication use during pregnancy, wheeze and estimated exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:538-40. [PMID: 25537555 PMCID: PMC4331059 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00161514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Risk of wheeze associated with ambient NO2 exposure is higher for pregnant asthmatics who have reduced their medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneane F Gent
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julie M Kezik
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa E Hill
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lisa A McKay
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Theodore R Holford
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian P Leaderer
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael B Bracken
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Liu Z, Wang Y, Costabile F, Amoroso A, Zhao C, Huey LG, Stickel R, Liao J, Zhu T. Evidence of aerosols as a media for rapid daytime HONO production over China. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:14386-14391. [PMID: 25401515 DOI: 10.1021/es504163z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of daytime HONO sources remains incomplete. A large missing daytime HONO source has been found in many places around the world, including polluted regions in China. Conventional understanding and recent studies attributed this missing source mainly to ground surface processes or gas-phase chemistry, while assuming aerosols to be an insignificant media for HONO production. We analyze in situ observations of HONO and its precursors at an urban site in Beijing, China, and report an apparent dependence of the missing HONO source strength on aerosol surface area and solar ultraviolet radiation. Based on extensive correlation analysis and process-modeling, we propose that the rapid daytime HONO production in Beijing can be explained by enhanced hydrolytic disproportionation of NO2 on aqueous aerosol surfaces due to catalysis by dicarboxylic acid anions. The combination of high abundance of NO2, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aerosols over broad regions in China likely leads to elevated HONO levels, rapid OH production, and enhanced oxidizing capacity on a regional basis. Our findings call for attention to aerosols as a media for daytime heterogeneous HONO production in polluted regions like Beijing. This study also highlights the complex and uncertain heterogeneous chemistry in China, which merits future efforts of reconciling regional modeling and laboratory experiments, in order to understand and mitigate the regional particulate and O3 pollutions over China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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48
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Scharko NK, Berke AE, Raff JD. Release of nitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide from nitrate photolysis in acidic aqueous solutions. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:11991-12001. [PMID: 25271384 DOI: 10.1021/es503088x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3(-)) is an abundant component of aerosols, boundary layer surface films, and surface water. Photolysis of NO3(-) leads to NO2 and HONO, both of which play important roles in tropospheric ozone and OH production. Field and laboratory studies suggest that NO3¯ photochemistry is a more important source of HONO than once thought, although a mechanistic understanding of the variables controlling this process is lacking. We present results of cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy measurements of NO2 and HONO emitted during photodegradation of aqueous NO3(-) under acidic conditions. Nitrous acid is formed in higher quantities at pH 2-4 than expected based on consideration of primary photochemical channels alone. Both experimental and modeled results indicate that the additional HONO is not due to enhanced NO3(-) absorption cross sections or effective quantum yields, but rather to secondary reactions of NO2 in solution. We find that NO2 is more efficiently hydrolyzed in solution when it is generated in situ during NO3(-) photolysis than for the heterogeneous system where mass transfer of gaseous NO2 into bulk solution is prohibitively slow. The presence of nonchromophoric OH scavengers that are naturally present in the environment increases HONO production 4-fold, and therefore play an important role in enhancing daytime HONO formation from NO3(-) photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Scharko
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs and the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States
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Motta O, Cucciniello R, Scicali C, Proto A. A study on the applicability of zinc acetate impregnated silica substrate in the collection of hydrogen sulfide by active sampling. Talanta 2014. [PMID: 25059159 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel substrate for the hydrogen sulfide determination in air was developed based on zinc acetate impregnated silica in glass tubes. Collected H2S is quantified by ion chromatography after sulfide oxidation to sulfate in an alkaline solution of H2O2. Laboratory tests were conducted in controlled atmosphere to evaluate uptake rate, linearity, sample stability, influence of relative humidity and interfering gases. A pilot study was also conducted in the field in order to assess the applicability of the substrate and to understand the effect that gases such NO2 and CH4 can have on the efficiency of collection of H2S. The new substrate has shown to have several advantages with respect to the charcoal substrate, that is the one of choice as reported by National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method. In particular it does not suffer from sulfur background and it is not influenced by interfering gases such as NO2 and CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Motta
- Department of Educational Philosophic and Human Science, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Raffaele Cucciniello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Claudio Scicali
- Sicilian Laboratory of Analytical and Environmental Consulting, via Matilde Serao 15/A, 95037 San Giovanni La Punta (CT), Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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50
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Kumar A, Deval V, Tandon P, Gupta A, Deepak D'silva E. Experimental and theoretical (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV-vis, NMR) spectroscopic analysis and first order hyperpolarizability studies of non-linear optical material: (2E)-3-[4-(methylsulfanyl) phenyl]-1-(4-nitrophenyl) prop-2-en-1-one using density functional theory. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 130:41-53. [PMID: 24762572 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A combined experimental and theoretical investigation on FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR, UV-vis spectra of a chalcone derivative (2E)-3-[4-(methylsulfanyl) phenyl]-1-(4-nitrophenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (4N4MSP) has been reported. 4N4MSP has two planar rings connected through conjugated double bond and it provides a necessary configuration to show non-linear optical (NLO) response. The molecular structure, fundamental vibrational frequencies and intensity of the vibrational bands are interpreted with the aid of structure optimizations and normal coordinate force field calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP functional and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set combination. The analysis of the fundamental modes was made with the help of potential energy distribution (PED). Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface was plotted over the geometry primarily for predicting sites and relative reactivities towards electrophilic and nucleophilic attack. The delocalization of electron density of various constituents of the molecule has been discussed with the aid of NBO analysis. The electronic properties, such as excitation energies, oscillator strength, wavelengths, HOMO and LUMO energies, were calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and the results complement the experimental findings. The recorded and calculated 1H chemical shifts in gas phase and MeOD solution are gathered for reliable calculations of magnetic properties. Thermodynamic properties like heat capacity (C°p,m), entropy (S°m), enthalpy (H°m) have been calculated for the molecule at the different temperatures. Based on the finite-field approach, the non-linear optical (NLO) parameters such as dipole moment, mean polarizability, anisotropy of polarizability and first order hyperpolarizability of 4N4MSP molecule are calculated. The predicted first hyperpolarizability shows that the molecule has a reasonably good nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
| | - Vipin Deval
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
| | - Poonam Tandon
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Archana Gupta
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India.
| | - E Deepak D'silva
- Department of Physics, Center for Post Graduate Studies and Research, St. Philomena College, Puttur, India
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