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Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Longstreth JD, Schikowski T, Andersen MPS, Solomon KR, Wilson SR. Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1129-1176. [PMID: 37310641 PMCID: PMC10262938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation drives the net production of tropospheric ozone (O3) and a large fraction of particulate matter (PM) including sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols. Ground-level O3 and PM are detrimental to human health, leading to several million premature deaths per year globally, and have adverse effects on plants and the yields of crops. The Montreal Protocol has prevented large increases in UV radiation that would have had major impacts on air quality. Future scenarios in which stratospheric O3 returns to 1980 values or even exceeds them (the so-called super-recovery) will tend to ameliorate urban ground-level O3 slightly but worsen it in rural areas. Furthermore, recovery of stratospheric O3 is expected to increase the amount of O3 transported into the troposphere by meteorological processes that are sensitive to climate change. UV radiation also generates hydroxyl radicals (OH) that control the amounts of many environmentally important chemicals in the atmosphere including some greenhouse gases, e.g., methane (CH4), and some short-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Recent modeling studies have shown that the increases in UV radiation associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone over 1980-2020 have contributed a small increase (~ 3%) to the globally averaged concentrations of OH. Replacements for ODSs include chemicals that react with OH radicals, hence preventing the transport of these chemicals to the stratosphere. Some of these chemicals, e.g., hydrofluorocarbons that are currently being phased out, and hydrofluoroolefins now used increasingly, decompose into products whose fate in the environment warrants further investigation. One such product, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), has no obvious pathway of degradation and might accumulate in some water bodies, but is unlikely to cause adverse effects out to 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA.
- USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest after retirement from Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J D Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, USA
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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Valiev RR, Kurten T. Is either direct photolysis or photocatalysed H-shift of peroxyl radicals a competitive pathway in the troposphere? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200521. [PMID: 33047020 PMCID: PMC7540759 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyl radicals (RO O . ) are key intermediates in atmospheric chemistry, with relatively long lifetimes compared to most other radical species. In this study, we use multireference quantum chemical methods to investigate whether photolysis can compete with well-established RO O . sink reactions. We assume that the photolysis channel is always RO O . + hν => RO + O(3P). Our results show that the maximal value of the cross-section for this channel is σ = 1.3 × 10-18 cm2 at 240 nm for five atmospherically representative peroxyl radicals: CH3O O . , C(O)HCH2O O . , CH3CH2O O . , HC(O)O O . and CH3C(O)O O . . These values agree with experiments to within a factor of 2. The rate constant of photolysis in the troposphere is around 10-5 s-1 for all five RO O . . As the lifetime of peroxyl radicals in the troposphere is typically less than 100 s, photolysis is thus not a competitive process. Furthermore, we investigate whether or not electronic excitation to the first excited state (D1) by infrared radiation can facilitate various H-shift reactions, leading, for example, in the case of CH3O O . to formation of O . H and CH2O or HO O . and CH2 products. While the activation barriers for H-shifts in the D1 state may be lower than in the ground state (D0), we find that H-shifts are unlikely to be competitive with decay back to the D0 state through internal conversion, as this has a rate of the order of 1013 s-1 for all studied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid R. Valiev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens Plats 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Theo Kurten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens Plats 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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Response of Surface Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation to Stratospheric SO2 Injections. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9110432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate modification by stratospheric SO2 injections, to form sulfate aerosols, may alter the spectral and angular distributions of the solar ultraviolet and visible radiation that reach the Earth’s surface, with potential consequences to environmental photobiology and photochemistry. We used modeling results from the CESM1(WACCM) stratospheric aerosol geoengineering large ensemble (GLENS) project, following the RCP8.5 emission scenario, and one geoengineering experiment with SO2 injections in the stratosphere, designed to keep surface temperatures at 2020 levels. Zonally and monthly averaged vertical profiles of O3, SO2, and sulfate aerosols, at 30 N and 70 N, served as input into a radiative transfer model, to compute biologically active irradiances for DNA damage (iDNA), UV index (UVI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and two key tropospheric photodissociation coefficients (jO1D for O3 + hν (λ < 330 nm) → O(1D) + O2; and jNO2 for NO2 + hν (λ < 420 nm) → O(3P) + NO). We show that the geoengineering scenario is accompanied by substantial reductions in UV radiation. For example, comparing March 2080 to March 2020, iDNA decreased by 25% to 29% in the subtropics (30 N) and by 26% to 33% in the polar regions (70 N); UVI decreased by 19% to 20% at 30 N and 23% to 26% at 70 N; and jO1D decreased by 22% to 24% at 30 N and 35% to 40% at 70 N, with comparable contributions from sulfate scattering and stratospheric O3 recovery. Different responses were found for processes that depend on longer UV and visible wavelengths, as these are minimally affected by ozone; PAR and jNO2 were only slightly lower (9–12%) at 30 N, but much lower at 70 N (35–40%). Similar reductions were estimated for other months (June, September, and December). Large increases in the PAR diffuse-direct ratio occurred in agreement with previous studies. Absorption by SO2 gas had a small (~1%) effect on jO1D, iDNA, and UVI, and no effect on jNO2 and PAR.
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Madronich S, Shao M, Wilson SR, Solomon KR, Longstreth JD, Tang XY. Changes in air quality and tropospheric composition due to depletion of stratospheric ozone and interactions with changing climate: implications for human and environmental health. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:149-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation is an essential driver for the formation of photochemical smog, which includes ground-level ozone and particulate matter (PM).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division
- National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Boulder
- USA
| | - M. Shao
- Peking University
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - S. R. Wilson
- School of Chemistry
- University of Wollongong
- NSW
- Australia
| | - K. R. Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology and School of Environmental Sciences
- University of Guelph
- ON
- Canada
| | | | - X. Y. Tang
- Peking University
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing 100871
- China
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Thompson AM, Ann Huntley M, Stewart RW. Perturbations to tropospheric oxidants, 1985-2035: 1. Calculations of ozone and OH in chemically coherent regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p09829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacobson MZ, Streets DG. Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural emissions, and air quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Solomon KR, Tang X, Wilson SR, Zanis P, Bais AF. Changes in tropospheric composition and air quality due to stratospheric ozone depletion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003; 2:62-7. [PMID: 12659540 DOI: 10.1039/b211086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased UV-B through stratospheric ozone depletion leads to an increased chemical activity in the lower atmosphere (the troposphere). The effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on tropospheric ozone is small (though significant) compared to the ozone generated anthropogenically in areas already experiencing air pollution. Modeling and experimental studies suggest that the impacts of stratospheric ozone depletion on tropospheric ozone are different at different altitudes and for different chemical regimes. As a result the increase in ozone due to stratospheric ozone depletion may be greater in polluted regions. Attributable effects on concentrations are expected only in regions where local emissions make minor contributions. The vertical distribution of NOx (NO + NO2), the emission of volatile organic compounds and the abundance of water vapor, are important influencing factors. The long-term nature of stratospheric ozone depletion means that even a small increase in tropospheric ozone concentration can have a significant impact on human health and the environment. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and chlorodifluoroacetic acid (CDFA) are produced by the atmospheric degradation of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). TFA has been measured in rain, rivers, lakes, and oceans, the ultimate sink for these and related compounds. Significant anthropogenic sources of TFA other than degradation HCFCs and HFCs have been identified. Toxicity tests under field conditions indicate that the concentrations of TFA and CDFA currently produced by the atmospheric degradation of HFCs and HCFCs do not present a risk to human health and the environment. The impact of the interaction between ozone depletion and future climate change is complex and a significant area of current research. For air quality and tropospheric composition, a range of physical parameters such as temperature, cloudiness and atmospheric transport will modify the impact of UV-B. Changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere including aerosols will also have an impact. For example, tropospheric OH is the 'cleaning' agent of the troposphere. While increased UV-B increases the OH concentration, increases in concentration of gases like methane, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds will act as sinks for OH in troposphere and hence change air quality and chemical composition in the troposphere. Also, changes in the aerosol content of the atmosphere resulting from global climate change may affect ozone photolysis rate coefficients and hence reduce or increase tropospheric ozone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Zanis P. A case study on the possible link between surface ozone photochemistry and total ozone column during the PAUR II experiment at Crete: Comparison of observations with box model calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hamilton K, Fan SM. Effects of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation on long-lived greenhouse gases in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brönnimann S, Voigt S, Wanner H. The influence of changing UVB radiation in near-surface ozone time series. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ma J, Weele MV. Effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on the net production of ozone in polluted rural areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1465-9972(99)00051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liao H, Yung YL, Seinfeld JH. Effects of aerosols on tropospheric photolysis rates in clear and cloudy atmospheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Johnson CE, Collins WJ, Stevenson DS, Derwent RG. Relative roles of climate and emissions changes on future tropospheric oxidant concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee M, Heikes BG, Jacob DJ. Enhancements of hydroperoxides and formaldehyde in biomass burning impacted air and their effect on atmospheric oxidant cycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Daum PH, Kleinman LI, Newman L, Luke WT, Weinstein-Lloyd J, Berkowitz CM, Busness KM. Chemical and physical properties of plumes of anthropogenic pollutants transported over the North Atlantic during the North Atlantic Regional Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Law KS, Nisbet EG. Sensitivity of the CH4growth rate to changes in CH4emissions from natural gas and coal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Laj P, Palais JM, Sigurdsson H. Changing sources of impurities to the Greenland ice sheet over the last 250 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
The principal oxidants in the lower atmosphere are ozone (O3) and two by-products of O3 photodissociation, the hydroxyl radical (OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A number of critical atmospheric chemical problems depend on the earth's "oxidizing capacity," which is essentially the global burden of these oxidants. There is limited direct evidence for changes in the earth's oxidizing capacity since recent preindustrial times when, because of industrial and population growth, increasing amounts of O3 precursor trace gases (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons) have been released into the atmosphere. The concentrations of O3 and possibly H2O2 have increased over large regions. Models predict that tropospheric O3 will increase approximately 0.3 to 1% per year over the next 50 years with both positive and negative trends possible for OH and H2O2. Models and the observational network for oxidants are improving, but validation of global models is still at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Thompson
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center, Laboratory for Atmospheres, Greenbelt, MD 20771
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Dvortsov VL, Zvenigorodsky SG, Smyslaev SP. On the use of Isaksen-Luther method of computing photodissociation rates in photochemical models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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De Leeuw FA, Jetske Van Rhieneck Leyssius H. Sensitivity of oxidant concentrations on changes in U.V. radiation and temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90144-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Staehelin J, Schmid W. Trend analysis of tropospheric ozone concentrations utilizing the 20-year data set of ozone balloon soundings over Payerne (Switzerland). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thompson AM, Huntley MA, Stewart RW. Perturbations to tropospheric oxidants, 1985–2035: 2. Calculations of hydrogen peroxide in chemically coherent regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90267-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Law K, Pyle J. Modelling the response of tropospheric trace species to changing source gas concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90269-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chappellaz J, Barnola JM, Raynaud D, Korotkevich YS, Lorius C. Ice-core record of atmospheric methane over the past 160,000 years. Nature 1990. [DOI: 10.1038/345127a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Van Bree L, Lioy PJ, Rombout PJ, Lippmann M. A more stringent and longer-term standard for tropospheric ozone. Emerging new data on health effects and potential exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 103:377-82. [PMID: 2187278 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(90)90310-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Van Bree
- National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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