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Chen D, Luo Y, Yang X, Si F, Dou K, Zhou H, Qian Y, Hu C, Liu J, Liu W. Study of an Arctic blowing snow-induced bromine explosion event in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156335. [PMID: 35654197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bromine explosion events (BEEs) are important processes that influence the atmospheric oxidation capacity, especially in the polar troposphere during spring. Although sea ice surface is thought to be a significant bromine source, bromine release mechanisms remain unclear. High-resolution ground-based observations of reactive bromine, such as BrO, are important for assessing the potential impacts on tropospheric ozone and evaluating chemical models. However, previous model studies paid little attention to Svalbard, which is surrounded by both open ocean and sea ice. In this paper, we present continuous BrO slant column densities and vertical column densities derived by Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy deployed at Ny-Ålesund (78.92°N, 11.93°E) in March 2017. We focused on one BEE in mid-March, during which the vertical column densities of BrO surged from 4.26 × 1013 molecular cm-2 to the peak at 1.23 × 1014 molecular cm-2 on March 17, surface ozone depleted from a background level of 46.25 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) to 13.9 ppbv. This case study indicates that the BEE was strongly associated with blowing snow induced by the cyclone systems that approached Svalbard from March 14 to 18. By considering meteorological conditions, sea ice coverage, and airmass trajectory history, we demonstrate that sea salt aerosols (SSAs) from blowing snow on sea ice, rather than from open ocean, are attributed to the occurrence of this BEE. Model results from a parallelized-tropospheric offline model of chemistry and transport (p-TOMCAT) indicate that this BEE was mainly triggered by a blowing snow event associated with a low-pressure cyclone system. The concentration of blowing-snow-sourced SSAs surged to peak when the airmass pass across the sea-ice-covered area under high wind speed, which is a critical factor in the process of bromine explosion observed in Ny-Ålesund. Due to the coarse resolution, the possible delayed timing of bromine release from SSA and the model-data discrepancies still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuhan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Fuqi Si
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ke Dou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haijin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chunqiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Tilgner A, Schaefer T, Alexander B, Barth M, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Nenes A, Pye HOT, Herrmann H, McNeill VF. Acidity and the multiphase chemistry of atmospheric aqueous particles and clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021. [PMID: 34675968 PMCID: PMC8525431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both the partitioning of semi-volatile acidic and basic trace gases and their aqueous-phase chemistry. In addition, the acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g., deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud, and fog droplets, is also dictated by aqueous-phase chemistry. These feedbacks between acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, atmospheric composition, deposition to terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, visibility, climate, and human health. Atmospheric research has made substantial progress in understanding feedbacks between acidity and multiphase chemistry during recent decades. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on these feedbacks with a focus on aerosol and cloud systems, which involve both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Here, we describe the impacts of acidity on the phase partitioning of acidic and basic gases and buffering phenomena. Next, we review feedbacks of different acidity regimes on key chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, as well as uncertainties and chemical subsystems with incomplete information. Finally, we discuss atmospheric implications and highlight the need for future investigations, particularly with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world, and the need for advancements in field and laboratory measurements and model tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Pye HOT, Nenes A, Alexander B, Ault AP, Barth MC, Clegg SL, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Hennigan CJ, Herrmann H, Kanakidou M, Kelly JT, Ku IT, McNeill VF, Riemer N, Schaefer T, Shi G, Tilgner A, Walker JT, Wang T, Weber R, Xing J, Zaveri RA, Zuend A. The Acidity of Atmospheric Particles and Clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4809-4888. [PMID: 33424953 PMCID: PMC7791434 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the phase partitioning of semi-volatile gases such as HNO3, NH3, HCl, and organic acids and bases as well as chemical reaction rates. It has implications for the atmospheric lifetime of pollutants, deposition, and human health. Despite its fundamental role in atmospheric processes, only recently has this field seen a growth in the number of studies on particle acidity. Even with this growth, many fine particle pH estimates must be based on thermodynamic model calculations since no operational techniques exist for direct measurements. Current information indicates acidic fine particles are ubiquitous, but observationally-constrained pH estimates are limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Clouds and fogs are also generally acidic, but to a lesser degree than particles, and have a range of pH that is quite sensitive to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as well as ambient ammonia. Historical measurements indicate that cloud and fog droplet pH has changed in recent decades in response to controls on anthropogenic emissions, while the limited trend data for aerosol particles indicates acidity may be relatively constant due to the semi-volatile nature of the key acids and bases and buffering in particles. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the acidity of atmospheric condensed phases, specifically particles and cloud droplets. It includes recommendations for estimating acidity and pH, standard nomenclature, a synthesis of current pH estimates based on observations, and new model calculations on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mary C. Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - I-Ting Ku
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicole Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - John T. Walker
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B9, Canada
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The Intraseasonal and Interannual Variability of Arctic Temperature and Specific Humidity Inversions. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temperature and humidity inversions are common in the Arctic’s lower troposphere, and are a crucial component of the Arctic’s climate system. In this study, we quantify the intraseasonal oscillation of Arctic temperature and specific humidity inversions and investigate its interannual variability using data from the Surface Heat Balance of the Arctic (SHEBA) experiment from October 1997 to September 1998 and the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA)-interim for the 1979–2017 period. In January 1998, there were two noticeable elevated inversions and one surface inversion. The transitions between elevated and surface-based inversions were associated with the intraseasonal variability of the temperature and humidity differences between 850 and 950 hPa. The self-organizing map (SOM) technique is utilized to obtain the main modes of surface and elevated temperature and humidity inversions on intraseasonal time scales. Low (high) pressure and more (less) cloud cover are related to elevated (surface) temperature and humidity inversions. The frequency of strong (weak) elevated inversions over the eastern hemisphere has decreased (increased) in the past three decades. The wintertime Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Arctic Dipole (AD) during their positive phases have a significant effect on the occurrence of surface and elevated inversions for two Nodes only.
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Oltmans SJ, Johnson BJ, Harris JM. Springtime boundary layer ozone depletion at Barrow, Alaska: Meteorological influence, year-to-year variation, and long-term change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Küpper FC, Feiters MC, Olofsson B, Kaiho T, Yanagida S, Zimmermann MB, Carpenter LJ, Luther GW, Lu Z, Jonsson M, Kloo L. Commemorating Two Centuries of Iodine Research: An Interdisciplinary Overview of Current Research. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11598-620. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Küpper FC, Feiters MC, Olofsson B, Kaiho T, Yanagida S, Zimmermann MB, Carpenter LJ, Luther GW, Lu Z, Jonsson M, Kloo L. Zweihundert Jahre Iodforschung: ein interdisziplinärer Überblick über die derzeitige Forschung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Kirchner U, Benter TH, Schindler RN. Experimental verification of gas phase bromine enrichment in reactions of HOBr with sea salt doped ice surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971010614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Rosado-Reyes CM, Martínez-Avilés M, Francisco JS. Computational Study of the Reaction of n-Bromopropane with OH Radicals and Cl Atoms. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(07)00211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Balabanov NB, Shepler BC, Peterson KA. Accurate Global Potential Energy Surface and Reaction Dynamics for the Ground State of HgBr2. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:8765-73. [PMID: 16834279 DOI: 10.1021/jp053415l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A global potential energy surface (PES) for the (1)A' ground state of HgBr(2) has been constructed in order to determine the rate constants for atmospherically important reactions involving mercury and bromine. The total energy of HgBr(2) was calculated by the multireference configuration interaction level of theory with series of correlation consistent basis sets up to quadruple-zeta quality with subsequent extrapolation to the complete basis set limit. An additive correction for spin-orbit coupling was also included. The global PES was represented piecewise by interpolating three separate parts of the surface with the reproducing kernel Hilbert space method and connecting them smoothly by switch functions. Quasiclassical trajectory calculations carried out on the surface yielded 298 K thermal rate constants of 3.89 x 10(-11) cm(3)/(mol.s) for the abstraction reaction HgBr + Br --> Hg + Br(2), 2.98 x 10(-11) cm(3)/(mol.s) for the recombination reaction Br + HgBr --> HgBr(2), and 3.97 x 10(-11) cm(3)/(mol.s) for the exchange reaction Br + HgBr --> BrHg + Br. The insertion reaction Hg + Br(2) --> HgBr(2) was found to have a high barrier of 27.2 kcal/mol and a very small rate constant of just 2.74 x 10(-31) cm(3)/(mol.s) determined by the microcanonical variational transition state theory method. The implications of the obtained results to the description of the mechanism of recently observed polar tropospheric mercury depletion events are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai B Balabanov
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement (ISTE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Balabanov NB, Peterson KA. Mercury and Reactive Halogens: The Thermochemistry of Hg + {Cl2, Br2, BrCl, ClO, and BrO}. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035547p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai B. Balabanov
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
| | - Kirk A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
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13
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Avallone LM, Toohey DW, Fortin TJ, McKinney KA, Fuentes JD. In situ measurements of bromine oxide at two high-latitude boundary layer sites: Implications of variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linnea M. Avallone
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Darin W. Toohey
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Tara J. Fortin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Karena A. McKinney
- Department of Geology; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Jose D. Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Science; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
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14
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Huff AK, Abbatt JPD. Kinetics and Product Yields in the Heterogeneous Reactions of HOBr with Ice Surfaces Containing NaBr and NaCl. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014296m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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15
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Lindberg SE, Brooks S, Lin CJ, Scott KJ, Landis MS, Stevens RK, Goodsite M, Richter A. Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:1245-1256. [PMID: 11944676 DOI: 10.1021/es0111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) is a globally distributed air toxin with a long atmospheric residence time. Any process that reduces its atmospheric lifetime increases its potential accumulation in the biosphere. Our data from Barrow, AK, at 71 degrees N show that rapid, photochemically driven oxidation of boundary-layer Hg0 after polar sunrise, probably by reactive halogens, creates a rapidly depositing species of oxidized gaseous mercury in the remote Arctic troposphere at concentrations in excess of 900 pg m(-3). This mercury accumulates in the snowpack during polar spring at an accelerated rate in a form that is bioavailable to bacteria and is released with snowmelt during the summer emergence of the Arctic ecosystem. Evidence suggests that this is a recent phenomenon that may be occurring throughout the earth's polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve E Lindberg
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-6038, USA.
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16
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Hara K. Atmospheric inorganic chlorine and bromine species in Arctic boundary layer of the winter/spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Liu Q, Margerum DW. Equilibrium and kinetics of bromine chloride hydrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:1127-1133. [PMID: 11347924 DOI: 10.1021/es001380r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase halogen reactions play an important role in tropospheric ozone depletion that is observed during Arctic sunrise where bromine chloride is a key intermediate. The temperature dependencies of BrCl(aq) equilibration with BrCl2-, HOBr(aq), Br2(aq), Cl2(aq), HOCl(aq), Br-, and other species (Br3-, Br2Cl-, Cl3-, OBr-, and OCI-) are determined as a function of Cl- concentration from pH 0 to pH 7. Values for K1 (=[BrCl2-]/([BrCl(aq)][Cl-])) at mu = 1.0 M are 3.8 M(-1) at 25.0 degrees C, 4.7 M(-1) at 10.0 degrees C, and 5.5 M(-1) at 0.0 degrees C, with deltaH1 degrees = -9.9 kJ mol(-1) and deltaS1 degrees = -22 J K(-1) mol(-1). BrCl(aq) hydrolysis equilibria have little or no temperature dependence with Kh1 (=[HOBr(aq)][Cl-][H+]/[BrCl(aq)]) = 1.3 x 10(-4) M2 from 25.0 to 5.0 degrees C, mu = 1.0 M. When conditions are adjusted to give a rapid partial hydrolysis of BrCl in equilibrium with HOBr and Cl- at p[H+] 4.31, a relatively slow reaction (kobsd = 2.4 s(-1)) to form HOCl and Br- is observed. This takes place via BrCl reaction with Cl- to form Cl2, which hydrolyzes in the rate-determining step to give HOCl. On the other hand, the rate of complete BrCl hydrolysis to form HOBr and Cl- at p[H+] 6.4 is extremely rapid with a first-order rate constant of 3.0 x 10(6) s(-1) at 25.0 degrees C. The reverse reaction between HOBr, Cl-, and H+ has a rate constant of 2.3 x 10(10) M(-2) s(-1), so that in seawater, where [Cl-]/[Br-] = 700, the formation of BrCl is much faster than the formation of Br2 from HOBr, Br-, and H+. Rapid formation of BrCl(aq) and its subsequent reaction with Br- is a viable pathway to give Br2(aq). Photolysis of Br2(g) is believed to initiate the reactions associated with ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, USA
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18
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Carpenter LJ, Liss PS. On temperate sources of bromoform and other reactive organic bromine gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Huff AK, Abbatt JPD. Gas-Phase Br2 Production in Heterogeneous Reactions of Cl2, HOCl, and BrCl with Halide−Ice Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001155w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Huff
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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20
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Harris JM, Dlugokencky EJ, Oltmans SJ, Tans PP, Conway TJ, Novelli PC, Thoning KW, Kahl JDW. An interpretation of trace gas correlations during Barrow, Alaska, winter dark periods, 1986-1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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22
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Fickert S, Adams JW, Crowley JN. Activation of Br2and BrCl via uptake of HOBr onto aqueous salt solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Logan JA. An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere: Recommendations for testing 3-D models and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jobson BT, McKeen SA, Parrish DD, Fehsenfeld FC, Blake DR, Goldstein AH, Schauffler SM, Elkins JW. Trace gas mixing ratio variability versus lifetime in the troposphere and stratosphere: Observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ariya PA, Jobson BT, Sander R, Niki H, Harris GW, Hopper JF, Anlauf KG. Measurements of C2-C7hydrocarbons during the Polar Sunrise Experiment 1994: Further evidence for halogen chemistry in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Hopper JF, Barrie LA, Silis A, Hart W, Gallant AJ, Dryfhout H. Ozone and meteorology during the 1994 Polar Sunrise Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Leu MT, Timonen RS, Keyser LF. Kinetics of the Heterogeneous Reaction HNO3(g) + NaBr(s) ↔ HBr(g) + NaNO3(s). J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9626069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Taun Leu
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Raimo S. Timonen
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Leon F. Keyser
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
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Hopper JF, Peters B, Yokouchi Y, Niki H, Jobson BT, Shepson PB, Muthuramu K. Chemical and meteorological observations at ice camp SWAN during Polar Sunrise Experiment 1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Worthy DEJ, Trivett NBA, Hopper JF, Bottenheim JW, Levin I. Analysis of long-range transport events at Alert, Northwest Territories, during the Polar Sunrise Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li SM, Yokouchi Y, Barrie LA, Muthuramu K, Shepson PB, Bottenheim JW, Sturges WT, Landsberger S. Organic and inorganic bromine compounds and their composition in the Arctic troposphere during polar sunrise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd03343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Leaitch WR, Barrie LA, Bottenheim JW, Li SM, Shepson PB, Muthuramu K, Yokouchi Y. Airborne observations related to ozone depletion at polar sunrise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sturges W, Schnell R, Landsberger S, Oltmans S, Harris J, Li SM. Chemical and meteorological influences on surface ozone destruction at Barrow, Alaska, during Spring 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90316-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Curry J, Radke L. Possible role of ice crystals in ozone destruction of the lower arctic atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90318-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Composition of Br-containing aerosols and gases related to boundary layer ozone destruction in the arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90315-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Fan SM, Jacob DJ. Surface ozone depletion in Arctic spring sustained by bromine reactions on aerosols. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/359522a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Anderson JR, Buseck PR, Saucy DA, Pacyna JM. Characterization of individual fine-fraction particles from the Arctic aerosol at Spitsbergen, May–June 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90072-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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41
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Shaw GE. Aerosol chemical components in Alaska air masses: 1. Aged pollution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Winchester JW. Soluble metals in the atmosphere and their biological implications. A study to identify important aerosol components by statistical analysis of PIXE data. Biol Trace Elem Res 1990; 26-27:195-212. [PMID: 1704720 DOI: 10.1007/bf02992673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multivariate statistical analysis has been applied to time series measurements of aerosol elemental composition from PIXE analysis of filter samples, and principal components have been resolved that represent distinct particle types in an external mixture in the atmosphere. In this study, it is argued that a combination of chemical and statistical analyses of the data may be more powerful in determining chemical species in atmospheric aerosols than studied that employ mainly direct chemical analysis of chemical species in unresolved mixtures of aerosol particle samples. Sulfur is generally associated with mineral dust elements. It is reasoned that the association may represent sulfuric acid coatings on particles that can lead to mineral dissolution and solubilization of significant amounts of aluminum, iron, and other metals. Upon wet or dry deposition to the surface, the fluxes of these metals in biologically-available form may be sufficient to affect primary productivity in the world ocean and cause ecological damage in lakes. As a consequence, the fluxes of biogenic trace gases to the atmosphere may be changed, possibly leading to changes in the tropospheric concentration of ozone. The inputs to lakes of soluble aluminum, which is toxic to fish, may be partly by deposition directly from the atmosphere, thus not limited to leaching of soils by acid deposition. Human inhalation of soluble aluminum and other solubilized mineral metals may account, in part, for the observed geographic pattern of deaths attributed to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that show high rates in cities of the Western US and the southeast region, but low in most of the midwest and northeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Winchester
- Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-3048
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Bottenheim JW, Barrie LA, Atlas E, Heidt LE, Niki H, Rasmussen RA, Shepson PB. Depletion of lower tropospheric ozone during Arctic spring: The Polar Sunrise Experiment 1988. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id11p18555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Li SM, Winchester JW. Particle size distribution and chemistry of late winter Arctic aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id09p13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Li SM, Winchester JW. Haze and other aerosol components in late winter Arctic Alaska, 1986. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id02p01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dibb JE. Beryllium-7 and Lead-210 in the atmosphere and surface snow over the Greenland ice sheet in the summer of 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id13p22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li SM, Winchester JW, Kahl JD, Oltmans SJ, Schnell RC, Sheridan PJ. Arctic boundary layer ozone variations associated with nitrate, bromine, and meteorology: A case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id13p22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shao-Meng L, Winchester JW. Geochemistry of organic and inorganic ions of late winter arctic aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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