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Oppenheimer C, Orchard A, Stoffel M, Newfield TP, Guillet S, Corona C, Sigl M, Di Cosmo N, Büntgen U. The Eldgjá eruption: timing, long-range impacts and influence on the Christianisation of Iceland. CLIMATIC CHANGE 2018; 147:369-381. [PMID: 31258223 PMCID: PMC6560931 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-018-2171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Eldgjá lava flood is considered Iceland's largest volcanic eruption of the Common Era. While it is well established that it occurred after the Settlement of Iceland (circa 874 CE), the date of this great event has remained uncertain. This has hampered investigation of the eruption's impacts, if any, on climate and society. Here, we use high-temporal resolution glaciochemical records from Greenland to show that the eruption began in spring 939 CE and continued, at least episodically, until at least autumn 940 CE. Contemporary chronicles identify the spread of a remarkable haze in 939 CE, and tree ring-based reconstructions reveal pronounced northern hemisphere summer cooling in 940 CE, consistent with the eruption's high yield of sulphur to the atmosphere. Consecutive severe winters and privations may also be associated with climatic effects of the volcanic aerosol veil. Iceland's formal conversion to Christianity dates to 999/1000 CE, within two generations or so of the Eldgjá eruption. The end of the pagan pantheon is foretold in Iceland's renowned medieval poem, Vǫluspá ('the prophecy of the seeress'). Several lines of the poem describe dramatic eruptive activity and attendant meteorological effects in an allusion to the fiery terminus of the pagan gods. We suggest that they draw on first-hand experiences of the Eldgjá eruption and that this retrospection of harrowing volcanic events in the poem was intentional, with the purpose of stimulating Iceland's Christianisation over the latter half of the tenth century.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andy Orchard
- Faculty of English, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Dendrolab.ch, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Timothy P. Newfield
- Departments of History and Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Sébastien Guillet
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Corona
- Geolab UMR6042 CNRS, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Michael Sigl
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Di Cosmo
- Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ USA
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Global Change Research Centre and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Gabrieli J, Decet F, Luchetta A, Valt M, Pastore P, Barbante C. Occurrence of PAH in the seasonal snowpack of the Eastern Italian Alps. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:3130-3137. [PMID: 20685018 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PAH concentrations have been determined in 47 seasonal snowpack samples collected in the Valbelluna valley and in the Bellunesi Dolomites National Park, in the Italian North-Eastern Alps, during the winter of 2005. The SigmaPAH concentration in high-altitude alpine sites (above 1700 m) was 32+/-20 ng/kg while in valley bottom urban areas it was 165+/-54 ng/kg with maximum values of 290 ng/kg. The GIS mapping technique was employed to produce a PAH spatial distribution. The urbanized Valbelluna valley, and in particular the SW part, had the highest accumulation of all PAH, with values an order of magnitude more than those in rural and alpine areas. This behaviour is consistent with urban air quality data, and is due to geo-morphological and meteorological factors such as the deeper shape of the valley at the position of the town of Feltre and the low altitude of the boundary layer during the winter season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Gabrieli
- Chemical Science Department, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1/A, 35100 Padua, Italy
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Furdui VI, Tomassini F. Trends and sources of perchlorate in Arctic snow. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:588-592. [PMID: 19968271 DOI: 10.1021/es902243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Samples from the Devon Island ice cap (Nunavut, Canada) were used to calculate the annual input of atmospheric formed perchlorate. Depth samples collected in the spring of 2006 were dated between 1996 and 2005. An optimized ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (IC-MS/MS) method with direct injection allowed detection of perchlorate in all analyzed samples. Concentrations varied between 1 and 18 ng L(-1), showed seasonality, and were correlated with the total ozone levels from the area. A significant correlation was observed between chloride and perchlorate only for data sets corresponding to peak perchlorate concentrations. Data available suggests that perchlorate from the Arctic snow was formed in the atmosphere following two different mechanisms. Stratospheric chlorine radicals reacted with ozone year around, producing concentrations of perchlorate correlated with the total ozone level. The second pathway was specific to the summer months, when the amounts of perchlorate were correlated with the chloride concentrations, suggesting a possible tropospheric formation. Analysis of a deep ice core sample confirmed that perchlorate was present in precipitation at similar concentration more than 2000 years ago. Perchlorate ion represents a sink for the stratospheric chlorine, being removed via precipitation. The estimated amount of perchlorate that reached the Arctic in 2005 was 41-86 t.
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Hegg DA, Warren SG, Grenfell TC, Doherty SJ, Larson TV, Clarke AD. Source attribution of black carbon in Arctic snow. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:4016-4021. [PMID: 19569324 DOI: 10.1021/es803623f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Snow samples obtained at 36 sites in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Russia, and the Arctic Ocean in early 2007 were analyzed for light-absorbing aerosol concentration together with a suite of associated chemical species. The light absorption data, interpreted as black carbon concentrations, and other chemical data were input into the EPA PMF 1.1 receptor model to explore the sources for black carbon in the snow. The analysis found four factors or sources: two distinct biomass burning sources, a pollution source, and a marine source. The first three of these were responsible for essentially all of the black carbon, with the two biomass sources (encompassing both open and closed combustion) together accounting for >90% of the black carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Hegg
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, MC 351640, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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5
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Kunasek SA, Alexander B, Steig EJ, Hastings MG, Gleason DJ, Jarvis JC. Measurements and modeling of Δ17O of nitrate in snowpits from Summit, Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Xie Z, Sun L, Blum JD, Huang Y, He W. Summertime aerosol chemical components in the marine boundary layer of the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Liguang Sun
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Joel D. Blum
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Yuying Huang
- Institute of High Energy Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wei He
- Institute of High Energy Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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Pandey SK, Tripathi BD, Mishra VK, Prajapati SK. Size fractionated speciation of nitrate and sulfate aerosols in a sub-tropical industrial environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 63:49-57. [PMID: 16153681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Size fractionated chemical speciation of acidic aerosols were performed for ammonium sulfate, other sulfates, ammonium nitrate and other nitrates in a sub-tropical industrial area, Bina, India during December 2003 to November 2004. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant temporal variations (p > .001) in the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate aerosols in all the three size fractions (fine, mid-size and coarse). Winter demonstrated utmost concentrations of ammonium sulfate, which ranged from 3.2 to 26.4 microg m(-3) in fine particles and 0.20-0.34 microg m(-3) in coarse particles. Ammonium sulfate was chiefly in fine mode (43.77% of total particulate sulfate) as compared to coarse particles (28.60% of total particulate sulfate). The major fraction Ammonium sulfate existed in different forms in atmospheric aerosols, for example NH4Fe(SO4)2, (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)3H(SO4)2 in fine particles, and (NH4)4(NO3)SO4+ in coarse particles. Other sulfate concentrations were also higher during winter ranging from 1.89 to 14.3 microg m(-3) in fine particles and 0.12-0.65microg m(-3) in coarse particles. Ammonium nitrate constituted the major fraction of total particulate nitrate all through the year and was principally in fine particles (the highest concentration in January i.e. 14.2 microg m(-3)). Other nitrates were mainly distributed in the fine particles (highest concentration in January i.e. 11.2 microg m(-3)) All the sulfate and nitrate species were mainly distributed in fine mode and have significant impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Pandey
- Pollution Ecology Research Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Hastings MG. Seasonal variations in N and O isotopes of nitrate in snow at Summit, Greenland: Implications for the study of nitrate in snow and ice cores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Satsangi GS, Lakhani A, Khare P, Singh SP, Kumari KM, Srivastava SS. Measurements of major ion concentration in settled coarse particles and aerosols at a semiarid rural site in India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2002; 28:1-7. [PMID: 12046945 DOI: 10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Deposition rates and deposition velocities of water-soluble ions (F, Cl, NO3, SO4, NH4, Ca, Mg, Na and K) were measured at a rural site (Gopalpura, Agra). Dry deposition samples were collected throughout the year from December 1995 to August 1997, while the aerosol samples were collected only during the winter season of 1996. Surrogate technique was used to collect the dry deposition samples, while aerosol samples were collected on PTFE membrane filter. Deposition velocities (Vd) of SO4 and NO3 are < or = 0.01 m s(-1) while Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4, F and Cl exhibit greater than 0.01 m s(-1) Equivalent concentration ratios of K/Na, Ca/Na and Mg/Na conform with the corresponding ratios of local soil, indicating the dominant contribution of local sources. Deposition rates are maximum in winter, followed by summer and monsoon. No significant differences are found in dry deposition rates of all ions or in atmospheric concentrations of soil-derived elements with respect to wind direction. However, in aerosols, concentrations of F, Cl, NO3 and SO4 are higher with winds from southwesterly and westerly directions corresponding to pollution sources located in these directions. Deposition data have been used to calculate the critical load of S and N for soil with respect to Triticum vulgaris. The critical load of actual acidity was found to be 622.4 eq ha(-1) year(-1) within the range of 500-1,000 eq ha(-1) year(-1) as assessed by the RAINS-Asia model for this region. The present load of S and N (77.4 and 86.4 eq ha(-1) year(-1)) was much lower than the critical load of S and N (622.4 and 2,000 eq ha(-1) year(-1)), indicating that at present there is no harmful effect on ecosystem structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur Sumiran Satsangi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India.
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Goto-Azuma K, Koerner RM. Ice core studies of anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate trends in the Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Munger JW, Jacob DJ, Fan SM, Colman AS, Dibb JE. Concentrations and snow-atmosphere fluxes of reactive nitrogen at Summit, Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Fischer H, Wagenbach D, Kipfstuhl J. Sulfate and nitrate firn concentrations on the Greenland ice sheet: 2. Temporal anthropogenic deposition changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Yang Q, Mayewski PA, Linder E, Whitlow S, Twickler M. Chemical species spatial distribution and relationship to elevation and snow accumulation rate over the Greenland Ice Sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bergin MH, Jaffrezo JL, Davidson CI, Dibb JE, Pandis SN, Hillamo R, Maenhaut W, Kuhns HD, Makela T. The contributions of snow, fog, and dry deposition to the summer flux of anions and cations at Summit, Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Yang Q, Mayewski PA, Whitlow S, Twickler M, Morrison M, Talbot R, Dibb J, Linder E. Global perspective of nitrate flux in ice cores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Davidson CI, Jaffrezo JL, Small MJ, Summers PW, Olson MP, Borys RD. Trajectory analysis of source regions influencing the south Greenland Ice Sheet during the Dye 3 Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90306-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Dibb JE, Jaffrezo JL. Beryllium-7 and lead-210 in aerosol and snow in the dye 3 gas, aerosol and snow sampling program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90307-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Davidson C, Jaffrezo JL, Mosher B, Dibb J, Borys R, Bodhaine B, Rasmussen R, Boutron C, Ducroz F, Cachier M, Ducret J, Collin JL, Heidam N, Kemp K, Hillamos R. Chemical constituents in the air and snow at Dye 3, Greenland—II. Analysis of episodes in April 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90305-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Winchester JW, Thonnard PT, Nelson J. Temporal variation in aerosol composition at summit, Greenland, summer 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90334-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jaffrezo JL, Davidson CI. The Dye 3 gas and aerosol sampling program (DGASP): An overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90303-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Davidson C, Jaffrezo JL, Mosher B, Dibb J, Borys R, Bodhaine B, Rasmussen R, Boutron C, Gorlach U, Cachier H, Ducret J, Colin JL, Heidam N, Kemp K, Hillamo R. Chemical constituents in the air and snow at Dye 3, Greenland—I. Seasonal variations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90304-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Baltensperger U, Schwikowski M, Gäggeler H, Jost D, Beer J, Siegenthaler U, Wagenbach D, Hofmann H, Synal H. Transfer of atmospheric constituents into an alpine snow field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Singh HB, O'Hara D, Herlth D, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Blake DR, Crutzen PJ, Kanakidou MA. Atmospheric measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate and other organic nitrates at high latitudes: Possible sources and sinks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Dibb JE. Beryllium-7 and Lead-210 in the atmosphere and surface snow over the Greenland ice sheet in the summer of 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id13p22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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