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Time-resolved picosecond fluorescence spectra of the antenna chlorophylls in Chlorella vulgaris. Resolution of Photosystem I fluorescence. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Thorne SW, Duniec JT. The physical principles of energy transduction in chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Q Rev Biophys 1983; 16:197-278. [PMID: 6359231 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583500005084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in green plants or algae may be represented by an overall equation:The energy necessary to promote this overall reaction is derived from light through absorption by pigment molecules — chiefly the chlorophylls.Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts - subcellular organelles in which all the chlorophyll pigments are located. The chloroplasts comprise membranous, structures, and can be classified into two types. To the first type belong chloroplasts with appressed stacks of lamellar membranes, termed grana. These chloroplasts occur in mesophyll cells (C3plants). The second type of chloroplasts are those with lamellar membranes that do not form the grana structures; they occur in bundle sheath cells of maize and other monocotyledons (C4plants, Hatch & Slack, 1970). In algae a greater diversity of structure occurs (Kirk & Tilney-Basset, 1978). Fluorescence microscopy indicates that chlorophyll molecules are localized mainly in the grana membrane regions of mesophyll-type chloroplasts and uniformly throughout the bundle sheath cells (Spencer & Wildman, 1962). Mesophyll chloroplasts are flattened saucer-shaped organelles (20 or more in each cell) of between 5000 and 10000 nm in diameter, and of thickness 1000–2000 nm, whilst the individual grana are each of the order of 300–500 nm in diameter. The available evidence suggests that individual lamellar membranes are arranged to form vesicles, or sacks where the internal space is completely delimited from the external space. These individual closed membrane structures were termed thylakoids (Menke, 1962).
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Kamogawa K, Morris JM, Takagi Y, Nakashima N, Yoshihara K, Ikegami I. PICOSECOND FLUORESCENCE STUDIES OF P700-ENRICHED PARTICLES OF SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS. Photochem Photobiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1983.tb04460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Breton J, Geacintov NE. Picosecond fluorescence kinetics and fast energy transfer processes in photosynthetic membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 594:1-32. [PMID: 7006696 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(80)90011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Campillo AJ, Shapiro SL. PICOSECOND FLUORESCENCE STUDIES OF EXCITON MIGRATION AND ANNIHILATION IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS. A REVIEW. Photochem Photobiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pellegrino F, YU W, Alfano RR. FLUORESCENCE KINETICS OF SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS MEASURED WITH A PICOSECOND OPTICAL KERR GATE. Photochem Photobiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Swenberg CE, Geacintov NE, Breton J. LASER PULSE EXCITATION STUDIES OF THE FLUORESCENCE OF CHLOROPLASTS. Photochem Photobiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Geacintov NE, Swenberg CE, Campillo AJ, Hyer RC, Shapiro SL, Winn KR. A picosecond pulse train study of exciton dynamics in photosynthetic membranes. Biophys J 1978; 24:347-59. [PMID: 708838 PMCID: PMC1473850 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(78)85382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluorescence decay time of spinach chloroplasts at 77 degrees K was determined at 735 nm (corresponding to the photosystem I emission) using a train of 10-ps laser pulses spaced 10 ns apart. The fluorescence lifetime is constant at congruent to 1.5 ns for up to the fourth pulse, but then decreases with increasing pulse number within the pulse train. This quenching is attributed to triplet excited states, and it is concluded that triplet excitons exhibit a time lag of about 50 ns in diffusing from light harvesting antenna pigments to photosystem I pigments. The diffusion coefficient of triplet excitons is a least 300--400 times slower than the diffusion coefficient of singlet excitons in chloroplast membranes.
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Geacintov NE, Breton J, Swenberg CE, Paillotin G. A SINGLE PULSE PICOSECOND LASER STUDY OF EXCITON DYNAMICS IN CHLOROPLASTS. Photochem Photobiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1977.tb07542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Paschenko VZ, Kononenko AA, Protasov SP, Rubin AB, Rubin LB, Uspenskaya NY. Probing the fluorescence emission kinetics of the photosynthetic apparatus of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, strain 1760-1, on a picosecond pulse fluorometer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 461:403-12. [PMID: 302719 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(77)90229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yu W, Pellegrino F, Grant M, Alfano RR. Subnanosecond fluorescence quenching of dye molecules in solution. J Chem Phys 1977. [DOI: 10.1063/1.435040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Geacintov NE, Breton J, Swenberg C, Campillo AJ, Hyer RC, Shapiro SL. Picosecond and microsecond pulse laser studies of exciton quenching and exciton distribution in spinach chloroplasts at low temperatures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 461:306-12. [PMID: 889822 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(77)90180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the fluorescence quantum yield and decay times, determined at the emission maxima of 685 and 735 nm, using picosecond laser pulses for excitation, indicate that the pigments which are responsible for the 735 nm emission derive their energy by transfer of singlet excitons from the light-harvesting pigments and not by direct absorption of photons. Microsecond pulse laser studies of the fluorescence quantum yields at these two fluorescence wavelengths indicate that long lived quenchers (most probably triplet states), which quench singlet excitions, accumulate preferentially within the long wavelength pigment system which gives rise to the 735 nm emission band.
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Yu W, Pellegrino F, Alfano RR. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of spinach chloroplast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 460:171-81. [PMID: 856264 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(77)90164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Picosecond fluorescent kinetics and time-resolved spectra of spinach chloroplast were measured at room temperature and low temperatures. The measurement is conducted with 530 nm excitation at an average intensity of 2-10(14) photons/cm2, pluse and at a pulse separation of 6 ns for the 100 pulses used. The 685 nm fluorescent kinetics was found to decay with two components, a fast component with a 56 ps lifetime, and a slow component with a 220 ps lifetime. The 730 nm fluorescent kinetics at room temperature is a single exponential decay with a 100 ps lifetime. The 730 nm fluorescence lifetime was found to increase by a factor of 6 when the temperature was lowered from room temperature to 90 K, while the 685 and 695 nm fluorescent kinetics were unchanged. The time-resolved spectra data obtained within 10 ps after excitation is consistent with the kinetic data reported here. A two-level fluorescence scheme is proposed to explain the kinetics. The effect of excitation with high light intensity and multiple pulses is discussed.
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Searle GF, Barber J, Harris L, Porter G, Tredwell CJ. Picosecond laser study of fluorescence lifetimes in spinach chloroplast photosytem I and photosystem II preparations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 459:390-401. [PMID: 849431 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(77)90040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fractions enriched in either Photosystem I or Photosystem II have been prepared from chloroplasts with digitonin. A more detailed analysis of the decay kinetics of fluorescence excited by a picosecond laser pulse has been possible compared to experiments with unfractionated systems. The Photosystem I fractions show a very short component (less than or equal to 100 ps) at room temperature which is apparently independent of pulse intensity over the range of photon densities used (5 - 10(13)--1 - 10(16) photons cm-2). The Photosystem II fraction has a short initial lifetime at room temperature which is strongly intensity-dependent approaching 500 ps at low photon densities, but decreasing to close to 150 ps at the highest photon densities. All of these room temperature decays appear to be non-exponential, and may possibly be fitted by at t1/2 expression, expected from a random diffusion of excitations via Förster energy transfer. On cooling to 77K, lifetimes of both Photosystem I and Photosytem II increase, the lengthening with Photosystem I being more striking. The Photosystem I decays become intensity dependent like the Photosystem II, and at the lowest photon densities decays which are more nearly exponential within the experimental error give initial lifetimes of about 2 ns. The non-exponential decays seen at high photon densities appear to fit a t1/2 expression.
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Harris L, Porter G, Synowiec JA, Tredwell CJ, Barber J. Fluorescence lifetimes of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 449:329-39. [PMID: 999844 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(76)90145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The flucrescence decay of Chlorella pyrenoidosa has been investigated under a variety of conditions in the picosecond and nanosecond time regions. Most of the fluorescence is accounted for by an expression of the form I(t) = I0exp-(At+Bt1/2) though an additional exponential term is required to include a weak component of lifetime 32 ps observable only at the higher pulse intensities. This interpretation reconciles earlier and apparently conflicting data. The weak 32 ps component may be associated with Photosystem I, although the possibility that it is an artefact of the high intensity pulses used cannot be excluded at present. The main fluorescence, described by the equation above is attributed to the antenna chlorophyll and is of the form which would be expected from a single light harvesting array with trapping at randomly distributed sites.
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Abstract
The ability to directly measure and evaluate ultrafast processes with unprecedented time resolution and reliability has greatly extended our knowledge about the kinetics of primary processes in chemistry and allied physical and biological sciences. Improvements in the reliability and versatility of picosecond techniques should lead to an increase in the experimental information about basic interactions in atomic and molecular systems.
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Campillo AJ, Kollman VH, Shapiro SL. Intensity Dependence of the Fluorescence Lifetime of in vivo Chlorophyll Excited by a Picosecond Light Pulse. Science 1976; 193:227-9. [PMID: 17796152 DOI: 10.1126/science.193.4249.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
New data on intensity-dependent lifetimes indicate that all previous in vivo fluorescence studies of chlorophyll by picosecond techniquies must be reinterpreted. Anomalously short lifetimes result from high-intensity effects due to exciton-excition annihilation processes. Measurements in Chlorella pyrenoidosa with single-pulse, low-intensity excitation indicate a longer "true" lifetime of 650 +/- 150 picoseconds.
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Alfano RR, Govindjee R, Becher B, Ebrey TG. Picosecond kinetics of the fluorescence from the chromophore of the purple membrane protein of Halobacterium halobium. Biophys J 1976; 16:541-5. [PMID: 1276383 PMCID: PMC1334875 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(76)85709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluorescence emission kinetics at 740 nm of the retinylidence chromophore of the purple membrane protein of Halobacterium halobium have been studied. Using picosecond laser pulses and an optical Kerr gate, the fluorescence risetime is found to be less than 8 ps and its lifetime is 40 +/- 5 ps at 90 degrees K and is estimated to be less than 3 ps at room temperature.
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Campillo AJ, Shapiro SL, Kollman VH, Winn KR, Hyer RC. Picosecond exciton annihilation in photosynthetic systems. Biophys J 1976; 16:93-7. [PMID: 1244893 PMCID: PMC1334817 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(76)85666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
The yield of fluorescence in Chlorella from a 7 ns pulse of light is found to decrease gradually as a function of the number of hits in the photosynthetic units. The fivefold decrease in yield is spread over some three orders of magnitude of pulse energy and strongly suggests another random process in addition to that of photon absorption. Evidence supports the view that this random process is not in the time but in the spatial domain. The model used to fit the data is that of a unit with multiple traps for the singlet excitation. An excitation is captured by an open trap or destroyed by a filled trap with equal probability. These studies give evidence for the connectivity of the photosynthetic energy transfer apparatus on the short time scale. The short fluorescence lifetimes following picosecond pulse excitation of photosynthetic systems reported by several laboratories may be explained by the effect of multiple excitations.
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