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Zbierzak AM, Dörmann P, Hölzl G. Analysis of lipid content and quality in Arabidopsis plastids. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 775:411-426. [PMID: 21863456 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-237-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts of plants contain an intricate membrane system, the thylakoids, which harbor the complexes of the photosynthetic machinery. Chloroplasts are confined by two membranes, the inner and outer envelope. The major glycerolipids of chloroplasts are the glycolipids monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGD), digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGD), and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQD). Furthermore, two phospholipids, phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) and phosphatidyl choline (PC), are found in chloroplast membranes. The photosystems and light-harvesting complexes in the thylakoids are rich in photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthophylls) and contain a unique set of prenylquinol lipids (tocochromanol/vitamin E, plastoquinol, and phylloquinol/vitamin K1). In this chapter, methods for the isolation and quantification of chloroplast and leaf glycerolipids and prenylquinol lipids are presented. Glycerolipids are separated by thin-layer chromatography prior to conversion of the fatty acids into methyl esters. Fatty acid methyl esters are subsequently quantified by gas chromatography. Prenylquinol lipids are separated by HPLC and quantified by UV absorption (plastoquinol) or fluorescence (tocochromanol, phylloquinol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Zbierzak
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Molecular Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Klimov VV, Dolan E, Shaw ER, Ke B. Interaction between the intermediary electron acceptor (pheophytin) and a possible plastoquinone-iron complex in photosystem II reaction centers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 77:7227-31. [PMID: 16592935 PMCID: PMC350475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreduction of the intermediary electron acceptor, pheophytin (Pheo), in photosystem II reaction centers of spinach chloroplasts or subchloroplast particles (TSF-II and TSF-IIa) at 220 K and redox potential E(h) = -450 mV produces an EPR doublet centered at g = 2.00 with a splitting of 52 G at 7 K in addition to a narrow signal attributed to Pheo([unk]) (g = 2.0033, DeltaH approximately 13 G). The doublet is eliminated after extraction of lyophilized TSF-II with hexane containing 0.13-0.16% methanol but is restored by reconstitution with plastoquinone A (alone or with beta-carotene) although not with vitamin K(1). TSF-II and TSF-IIa are found to contain approximately 2 nonheme Fe atoms per reaction center. Incubation with 0.55 M LiClO(4) plus 2.5 mM o-phenanthroline (but not with 0.55 M LiClO(4) alone) decreases this value to approximately 0.6 and completely eliminates the EPR doublet, but photoreduction of Pheo is not significantly affected. Partial restoration of the doublet (about 25%) was achieved by subsequent incubation with 0.2 mM Fe(2+), but not with either Mn(2+) or Mg(2+). The Fe removal results in the development of a photoinduced EPR signal (g = 2.0044 +/- 0.0003, DeltaH = 9.2 +/- 0.5 G) at E(h) = 50 mV, which is not observed after extraction with 0.16% methanol in hexane. It is ascribed to plastosemiquinone no longer coupled to Fe in photosystem II reaction centers. The results show that a complex of plastoquinone and Fe can act as the stable "primary" electron acceptor in photosystem II reaction centers and that the interaction of its singly reduced form with the reduced intermediary acceptor, Pheo([unk]), is responsible for the EPR doublet.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Klimov
- Charles F. Kettering Research Laboratory, Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387
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EPR properties of an intermediary electron acceptor (pheophytin) in photosystem-II reaction centers at cryogenic temperatures. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Petrouleas V, Diner BA. Investigation of the iron components in photosystem II by Mössbauer spectroscopy. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)81022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Szalontai B, Van De Ven M. Raman spectroscopic evidence for phycocyanin-carotenoid interaction in Anacystis nidulans. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Redox chemistry of 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (quinizarine) and its manganese(II) complexes in dimethylsulphoxide. Polyhedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)86057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bodini ME, Arancibia V. Manganese complexes with 2-hydroxy-3(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (Lapachol). Redox chemistry and spectroscopy in dimethylsulphoxide. Polyhedron 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)86253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Trebst A, Depka B, Kraft B, Johanningmeier U. The QB site modulates the conformation of the photosystem II reaction center polypeptides. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 18:163-177. [PMID: 24425164 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/1987] [Accepted: 01/30/1988] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of the D-1 and D-2 polypeptide subunits of photosystem II towards trypsin treatment of the thylakoid membrane has been probed with specific antibodies. As long known, electron flow from water to ferricyanide becomes inhibitor insensitive after this trypsin treatment. We show that under these conditions the D-2 polypeptide is cut by trypsin at arg 234. Also the D-1 polypeptide is cut, probably at arg 238. When short time trypsination of the membrane is done in the presence of inhibitors, electron flow also becomes inhibitor insensitive and the D-2 polypeptide is still cut, but the D-1 polypeptide is cut only under certain conditions. A protection of the D-1 polypeptide is possible with inhibitors of photosystem II of the DCMU/triazine-type and with an artificial acceptor quinone, but not with inhibitors of the phenol-type. In hexane extracted membranes plastoquinone has been removed from the QB site. Both the D-1 and D-2 polypeptides are more trypsin sensitive in such preparations. The D-1, but not the D-2 polypeptide is protected when plastoquinone has been readded to the membrane before the trypsin digestion.The results show that plastoquinone, artificial quinones and inhibitors of photosystem II at the QB site, but also carotene to a lesser extent, have an effect on the conformation of both the D-1 and D-2 polypeptide. it is postulated that the amino acid sequence around arginine 238 of the D-1 polypeptide is part of the QB binding niche. Furthermore this sequence is modified or its conformation is changed if the QB site is occupied by either plastoquinone or a DCMU-type inhibitor because under these conditions arginine 238 is less accessible to the trypsin. If the QB site, however, is empty, the amino acid sequence with arg 238 is very trypsin sensitive. This property of modulation or the conformation of the amino acid sequence of the D-1 polypeptide by the state of the QB site is likely to be relevant also for the events in the rapid turnover of the D-1 polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trebst
- Department of Biology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, P.O. Box 10 21 48, D-4630, Bochum 1, FRG
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Diner BA, de Vitry C, Popot JL. Quinone exchange in the QA binding site of Photosystem II reaction center core preparations isolated from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Willms I, Malkin R, Chain RK. Quinone interactions with the chloroplast cytochrome b6-f complex. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 263:36-44. [PMID: 3285795 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The requirements for reconstitution of electron transfer activity with a plastoquinone (PQ)-depleted cytochrome b6-f complex from spinach have been considered. Full restoration of activity measured as plastocyanin reduction with either duroquinol in the dark or Photosystem II (PSII) in the light requires both PQ-9 and phospholipid. However, a substantial dark activity can be observed with duroquinol and phospholipid in the absence of any added PQ-9. PSII, with its associated PQ molecules, can also donate electrons in the light to the cytochrome complex which has been depleted of plastoquinone. Electron donation by duroquinol in the dark to the PQ-depleted cytochrome complex is stimulated by PSII, and this stimulation is dependent on the presence of the two PQ molecules in the PSII preparation. Measurements of proton translocation with the PQ-depleted complex indicate this quinone is not required for the observed H+/e- ratio of 2. Studies of cytochrome b6 kinetics with the free and liposome-incorporated PQ-depleted complex show this cytochrome undergoes redox reactions similar to those of a control complex which contains PQ. These results indicate the PQ that copurifies with the cytochrome complex is not essential for any of the measured activities. These findings are considered in relation to a quinone binding site(s) in the cytochrome complex which is not specific to PQ but can bind other quinones, such as duroquinol, in a lipid-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Willms
- Division of Molecular Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Nohl H, Jordan W, Youngman RJ. Quinones in Biology: Functions in electron transfer and oxygen activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s8755-9668(86)80030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Henry LEA, Mikkelsen JD, Møller BL. Pigment and acyl lipid composition of photosystem I and II vesicles and of photosynthetic mutants in barley. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02906174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Evans MC, Diner BA, Nugent JH. Characteristics of the Photosystem II reaction centre. I. Electron acceptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(82)90123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Szalay L, Tombácz E, Várkonyi Z, Faludi-Dániel Á. Detergent effects on an albumin-chlorophyll complex model of photosynthetic protein-pigment complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03156192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schenck C, Diner B, Mathis P, Satoh K. Flash-induced carotenoid radical cation formation in Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(82)90014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Malkin R, Barber J. On the function of the fluorescence quenchers in chloroplasts and their relation to the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 193:169-78. [PMID: 453846 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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van Rensen JJ. Bicarbonate effects on the electron flow in isolated broken chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 505:183-213. [PMID: 363148 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(78)90012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Searle GF, Wessels JS. Role of beta-carotene in the reaction centres of photosystems I and II of spinach chloroplasts prepared in non-polar solvents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 504:84-9. [PMID: 30481 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(78)90008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinach chloroplasts have been prepared nonaqueously using non-polar solvents (n-hexane, CCl4, n-hepatane) and the beta-carotene content extracted in a controlled manner. This procedure is reproducible and does not result in large structural or spectral changes of the chloroplasts. The organisation of the chlorophyll-proteins is unaltered, as fragmentation with digitonin results in the appearance of the same fractions as found previously for aqueously-prepared chloroplasts, including the pink zone containing cytochromes f and b6 in the ratio 1 : 2. The chloroplasts possess both Photosystem I activity (P-700 photo-bleaching, and NADP+ photoreduction) and Photosystem II activity (parabenzoquinone reduction with Mn2+ as electron donor, and chlorophyll fluorescence induction). Use of moderate intensity red illumination has allowed a study of the role of beta-carotene in photochemistry separate from its roles in energy transfer and photoprotection. Removal of the fraction of beta-carotene closely associated with the Photosystem I reaction centre caused the rate of NADP+ photoreduction to fall to a low, but significantly non-zero level. Thus, in the complete absence of beta-carotene, photochemistry can still be observed, however the specific association of beta-carotene with the reaction centre is required for maximal rates. We propose that beta-carotene bound at the reaction centre decreases the rate of transfer of excitation energy away from the reaction centre, and increases the rate of photochemistry. It is possible that this occurs via formation of an exciplex between ground state beta-carotene and chlorophyll in the first excited state.
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Effect of powdery mildew infection of sugar beet on the content of electron carriers in chloroplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(78)90032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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