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Barták M, Hájek J, Orekhova A, Villagra J, Marín C, Palfner G, Casanova-Katny A. Inhibition of Primary Photosynthesis in Desiccating Antarctic Lichens Differing in Their Photobionts, Thallus Morphology, and Spectral Properties. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040818. [PMID: 33924436 PMCID: PMC8070113 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Five macrolichens of different thallus morphology from Antarctica (King George Island) were used for this ecophysiological study. The effect of thallus desiccation on primary photosynthetic processes was examined. We investigated the lichens' responses to the relative water content (RWC) in their thalli during the transition from a wet (RWC of 100%) to a dry state (RWC of 0%). The slow Kautsky kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) that was recorded during controlled dehydration (RWC decreased from 100 to 0%) and supplemented with a quenching analysis revealed a polyphasic species-specific response of variable fluorescence. The changes in ChlF at a steady state (Fs), potential and effective quantum yields of photosystem II (FV/FM, ΦPSII), and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) reflected a desiccation-induced inhibition of the photosynthetic processes. The dehydration-dependent fall in FV/FM and ΦPSII was species-specific, starting at an RWC range of 22-32%. The critical RWC for ΦPSII was below 5%. The changes indicated the involvement of protective mechanisms in the chloroplastic apparatus of lichen photobionts at RWCs of below 20%. In both the wet and dry states, the spectral reflectance curves (SRC) (wavelength 400-800 nm) and indices (NDVI, PRI) of the studied lichen species were measured. Black Himantormia lugubris showed no difference in the SRCs between wet and dry state. Other lichens showed a higher reflectance in the dry state compared to the wet state. The lichen morphology and anatomy data, together with the ChlF and spectral reflectance data, are discussed in relation to its potential for ecophysiological studies in Antarctic lichens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Barták
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A13/119, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (J.H.); (A.O.)
| | - Josef Hájek
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A13/119, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (J.H.); (A.O.)
| | - Alla Orekhova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A13/119, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (J.H.); (A.O.)
| | - Johana Villagra
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Natural Resources, Campus Luis Rivas del Canto, Catholic University of Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega #03694, 4780000 Temuco, Chile;
| | - Catalina Marín
- Laboratory of Mycology and Mycorrhiza, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Campus Concepción, Concepción University, 4030000 Concepción, Chile; (C.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Götz Palfner
- Laboratory of Mycology and Mycorrhiza, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Campus Concepción, Concepción University, 4030000 Concepción, Chile; (C.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Angélica Casanova-Katny
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Natural Resources, Campus Luis Rivas del Canto, Catholic University of Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega #03694, 4780000 Temuco, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-96-209-7709
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Estimating Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters Using the Joint Fraunhofer Line Depth and Laser-Induced Saturation Pulse (FLD-LISP) Method in Different Plant Species. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Omasa K, Konishi A, Tamura H, Hosoi F. 3D Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy for the Analysis of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Chloroplasts in Intact Leaf Tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 50:90-105. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Crouchman S, Ruban A, Horton P. PsbS enhances nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching in the absence of zeaxanthin. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2053-8. [PMID: 16545380 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leaves and chloroplasts from Arabidopsis plants with increased amounts of PsbS protein showed the same percentage increase in nonphotochemical quenching in comparison to the wild type both in the presence and absence of zeaxanthin. The absorption change at 525-535 nm was also more pronounced in both cases. It is suggested that PsbS alone can cause the quenching, supporting the model in which zeaxanthin acts as an allosteric activator and is not the primary cause of the process. It is proposed that PsbS acts as a trigger of the conformational change that leads to the establishment of nonphotochemical quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Crouchman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Laisk A, Eichelmann H, Oja V, Peterson RB. Control of cytochrome b6f at low and high light intensity and cyclic electron transport in leaves. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2005; 1708:79-90. [PMID: 15949986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The light-dependent control of photosynthetic electron transport from plastoquinol (PQH(2)) through the cytochrome b(6)f complex (Cyt b(6)f) to plastocyanin (PC) and P700 (the donor pigment of Photosystem I, PSI) was investigated in laboratory-grown Helianthus annuus L., Nicotiana tabaccum L., and naturally-grown Solidago virgaurea L., Betula pendula Roth, and Tilia cordata P. Mill. leaves. Steady-state illumination was interrupted (light-dark transient) or a high-intensity 10 ms light pulse was applied to reduce PQ and oxidise PC and P700 (pulse-dark transient) and the following re-reduction of P700(+) and PC(+) was recorded as leaf transmission measured differentially at 810-950 nm. The signal was deconvoluted into PC(+) and P700(+) components by oxidative (far-red) titration (V. Oja et al., Photosynth. Res. 78 (2003) 1-15) and the PSI density was determined by reductive titration using single-turnover flashes (V. Oja et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1658 (2004) 225-234). These innovations allowed the definition of the full light response curves of electron transport rate through Cyt b(6)f to the PSI donors. A significant down-regulation of Cyt b(6)f maximum turnover rate was discovered at low light intensities, which relaxed at medium light intensities, and strengthened again at saturating irradiances. We explain the low-light regulation of Cyt b(6)f in terms of inactivation of carbon reduction cycle enzymes which increases flux resistance. Cyclic electron transport around PSI was measured as the difference between PSI electron transport (determined from the light-dark transient) and PSII electron transport determined from chlorophyll fluorescence. Cyclic e(-) transport was not detected at limiting light intensities. At saturating light the cyclic electron transport was present in some, but not all, leaves. We explain variations in the magnitude of cyclic electron flow around PSI as resulting from the variable rate of non-photosynthetic ATP-consuming processes in the chloroplast, not as a principle process that corrects imbalances in ATP/NADPH stoichiometry during photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agu Laisk
- Tartu Ulikooli Molekulaar-ja Rakubioloogia Instituut, Riia tn. 23, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
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Bergantino E, Segalla A, Brunetta A, Teardo E, Rigoni F, Giacometti GM, Szabò I. Light- and pH-dependent structural changes in the PsbS subunit of photosystem II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:15265-70. [PMID: 14657329 PMCID: PMC299978 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2533072100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2003] [Accepted: 10/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, the PsbS subunit of photosystem II (PSII) plays a crucial role in pH- and xanthophyll-dependent nonphotochemical quenching of excess absorbed light energy, thus contributing to the defense mechanism against photoinhibition. We determined the amino acid sequence of Zea mays PsbS and produced an antibody that recognizes with high specificity a region of the protein located in the stroma-exposed loop between the second and third putative helices. By means of this antiserum, the thylakoid membranes of various higher plant species revealed the presence of a 42-kDa protein band, indicating the formation of a dimer of the 21-kDa PsbS protein. Crosslinking experiments and immunoblotting with other antisera seem to exclude the formation of a heterodimer with other PSII protein components. The PsbS monomer/dimer ratio in isolated thylakoid membranes was found to vary with luminal pH in a reversible manner, the monomer being the prevalent form at acidic and the dimer at alkaline pH. In intact chloroplasts and whole plants, dimer-to-monomer conversion is reversibly induced by light, known to cause luminal acidification. Sucrose-gradient centrifugation revealed a prevalent association of the PsbS monomer and dimer with light-harvesting complex and PSII core complexes, respectively. The finding of the existence of a light-induced change in the quaternary structure of the PsbS subunit may contribute to understanding the mechanism of PsbS action during nonphotochemical quenching.
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Riznichenko G, Lebedeva G, Pogosyan S, Sivchenko M, Rubin A. Fluorescence induction curves registered from individual microalgae cenobiums in the process of population growth. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1996; 49:151-157. [PMID: 24271612 DOI: 10.1007/bf00117665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/1995] [Accepted: 07/11/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Registration of chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves (IC) from individual microalgae cenobiums was performed during Scenedesmus quadricauda culture growth. Emphasis was placed on the analysis of patterns of the slow phase of IC, since these slow fluorescence transitions reflect complex interactions between primary and secondary photosynthetic processes. A classification was performed of the ICs obtained according to the patterns of their slow phase. Four different types of such patterns were distinguished. The microalgae population structure with respect to IC patterns was investigated at different stages of culture growth. The distribution of microalgae cenobiums over the patterns of IC was found to change in accordance with the stage of population development. At the stage of the population growth enhancement, nonmonotonous IC dominated with a high steady-state level of fluorescence. The stage of linear growth was characterized by IC with monotonous decay kinetics and low steady-state level of fluorescence. At the third stage including the phases of growth inhibition, stationary state and the beginning of cell death the population structure was the most heterogeneous, with all IC patterns observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Riznichenko
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow Lomonosov State University, 119899, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
When plants are exposed to light intensities in excess of those that can be utilized in photosynthetic electron transport, nonphotochemical dissipation of excitation energy is induced as a mechanism for photoprotection of photosystem II. The features of this process are reviewed, particularly with respect to the molecular mechanisms involved. It is shown how the dynamic properties of the proteins and pigments of the chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II first enable the level of excitation energy to be sensed via the thylakoid proton gradient and subsequently allow excess energy to be dissipated as heat by formation of a nonphotochemical quencher. The nature of this quencher is discussed, together with a consideration of how the variation in capacity for energy dissipation depends on specific features of the composition of the light-harvesting system. Finally, the prospects for future progress in understanding the regulation of light harvesting are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Horton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Robert Hill Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Neubauer C, Yamamoto HY. Membrane barriers and Mehler-peroxidase reaction limit the ascorbate available for violaxanthin de-epoxidase activity in intact chloroplasts. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 39:137-147. [PMID: 24311066 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1993] [Accepted: 10/07/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of an acidic lumen and the xanthophylls, zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin, are minimal requirements for induction of non-radiative dissipation of energy in the pigment bed of Photosystem II. We recently reported that ascorbate, which is required for formation for these xanthophylls, also can mediate the needed lumen acidity through the Mehler-peroxidase reaction [Neubauer and Yamamoto (1992) Plant Physiol 99: 1354-1361]. It is demonstrated that in non-CO2-fixing intact chloroplasts and thylakoids of Lactuca sativa, L. c.v. Romaine, the ascorbate available to support de-epoxidase activity is influenced by membrane barriers and the ascorbate-consuming Mehler-peroxidase reaction. In intact chloroplasts, this results in biphasic kinetic behavior for light-induced de-epoxidation. The initial relatively high activity is due to ascorbate preloaded into the thylakoid before light-induction and the terminal low activity due to limiting ascorbate from the effects of chloroplast membranes barriers and a light-dependent process. A five-fold difference between the initial and final activities was observed for light-induced de-epoxidation in chloroplasts pre-incubated with 120 mM ascorbate for 40 min. The light-dependent activity is ascribed to the competitive use of ascorbic acid by ascorbate peroxidase in the Mehler-peroxidase reaction. Thus, stimulating ascorbic peroxidase with H2O2 transiently inhibited de-epoxidase activity and concomitantly increased photochemical quenching. Also, the effects inhibiting ascorbate peroxidase with KCN, and the KM values for ascorbate peroxidase and violaxanthin de-epoxidase of 0.36 and 3.1 mM, respectively, support this conclusion. These results indicate that regulation of xanthophyll-dependent non-radiative energy dissipation in the pigment bed of Photosystem II is modulated not only by lumen acidification but also by ascorbate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Neubauer
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 503, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Non-photochemical energy dissipation in photosystem II: Theoretical modelling of the “energy-dependent quenching” of chlorophyll fluorescence emission from intact plant leaves. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)87102-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ruban AV, Walters RG, Horton P. The molecular mechanism of the control of excitation energy dissipation in chloroplast membranes. Inhibition of delta pH-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. FEBS Lett 1992; 309:175-9. [PMID: 1380472 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-radiative dissipation of absorbed excitation energy in chloroplast membranes is induced in the presence of the trans-thylakoid proton motive force; this dissipation is measured as high energy state quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, qE. It has been suggested that this results from a low pH-induced structural alteration in the light harvesting complex of photosystem II, LHCII [(1991) FEBS Letters 292, 1-4]. The effect of the carboxyl-modifying agent, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), on energy dissipation in chloroplast membranes has been investigated. At concentrations below that required to inhibit electron transport, DCCD caused a decrease in the steady state delta pH, completely inhibited qE and also inhibited the low pH-dependent induction of qE. DCCD binding to polypeptides in the 22-28 kDa range correlated with inhibition of qE. It is suggested that DCCD reacts with amino acid residues in LHCII whose protonation is the primary event in the induction of energy dissipation. This LHCII domain may be identical to one forming a proton channel linking the site of PSII-dependent water oxidation to the thylakoid lumen [(1990) Eur. J. Biochem. 193, 731-736].
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Ruban
- Robert Hill Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
Photosynthesis is largely to do with energy transduction; the conversion of light energy into electrical energy into chemical energy. Precisely how much light energy is needed to bring about the reduction of one molecule of carbon dioxide and the release of one molecule of oxygen (the quantum requirement) is a matter of fundamental importance and one which has attracted much past controversy. This article concludes that a minimum quantum requirement of eight, as demanded by the Z-scheme, is obviously consistent with much contemporary work which puts the measured value for C3 leaves close to nine. Moreover, while values of less than eight (obtained in some circumstances with micro-organisms), are a reminder that nothing is beyond challenge they are not, in the absence of confirmation and extension, sufficiently compelling to demand rejection of either the Z-scheme or current measuring procedures. This article also shows why, even if the underlying minimum requirement was now accepted beyond all reasonable doubt, there would still be very good reasons for continuing, indefinitely, to measure actual photosynthetic efficiency in the natural environment. It discusses some of the implications of the fact that all plants, if not stressed, appear to photosynthesize at the same rate in low light. It explains the role of fluorescence in its relation to quantum yield, the possibility that the rate of photosynthesis might be determined from fluorescence measurements alone, and that a combination of fluorescence and gas exchange measurements could provide new information about the manner in which 'dark respiration' is affected by light. It indicates how contemporary interest in all of these matters has focused attention on the necessity for safe dissipation of excitation energy by leaves and on the manner by which this might be achieved. CONTENTS Summary 325 I. Excitation 325 II. Quantum requirement 326 III. Learning from fluorescence 335 IV. Safely dissipated 340 Acknowledgements 342 References 342.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Walker
- Robert Hill Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Ehrenheim AM, Vianelli A, Finazzi G, Forti G. Regulation by localized protons of Photosystem II photochemical efficiency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90485-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Topf J, Gong H, Timberg R, Mets L, Ohad I. Thylakoid membrane energization and swelling in photoinhibited Chlamydomonas cells is prevented in mutants unable to perform cyclic electron flow. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1992; 32:59-69. [PMID: 24408155 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/1991] [Accepted: 01/03/1992] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoinhibition of Photosystem II in unicellular algae in vivo is accompanied by thylakoid membrane energization and generation of a relatively high ΔpH as demonstrated by (14)C-methylamine uptake in intact cells. Presence of ammonium ions in the medium causes extensive swelling of the thylakoid membranes in photoinhibited Chlamydomonas reinhardtii but not in Scenedesmus obliquus wild type and LF-1 mutant cells. The rise in ΔpH and the related thylakoid swelling do not occur at light intensities which do not induce photoinhibition. The rise in ΔpH and membrane energization are not induced by photoinhibitory light in C. reinhardtii mutant cells possessing an active Photosystem II but lacking cytochrome b6/f, plastocyanin or Photosystem I activity and thus being unable to perform cyclic electron flow around Photosystem I. In these mutants the light-induced turnover of the D1 protein of Reaction Center II is considerably reduced. The high light-dependent rise in ΔpH is induced in the LF-1 mutant of Scenedesmus which can not oxidize water but otherwise possesses an active Reaction Center II indicating that PS II-linear electron flow activity and reduction of plastoquinone are not required for this process. Based on these results we conclude that photoinhibition of Photosystem II activates cyclic electron flow around Photosystem I which is responsible for the high membrane energization and ΔpH rise in cells exposed to excessive light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Topf
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
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Dissipation of excitation energy by Photosystem II particles at low pH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Noctor G, Rees D, Young A, Horton P. The relationship between zeaxanthin, energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, and trans-thylakoid pH gradient in isolated chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Carotenoids and photoprotection in plants: A role for the xanthophyll zeaxanthin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90088-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1117] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rees D, Horton P. The mechanisms of changes in Photosystem II efficiency in spinach thylakoids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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