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Wenger MJ, Murray Kolb LE, Scott SP, Boy E, Haas JD. Modeling relationships between iron status, behavior, and brain electrophysiology: evidence from a randomized study involving a biofortified grain in Indian adolescents. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1299. [PMID: 35794587 PMCID: PMC9260997 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are highly-prevalent nutrient deficiencies and have been shown to have a range of negative effects on cognition and brain function. Human intervention studies including measures at three levels—blood, brain, and behavior—are rare and our objective was to model the relationships among measures at these three levels in school-going Indian adolescents. Methods Male and female adolescents in rural India were screened for ID/IDA. Subjects consumed 2 meals/day for 6 months; half were randomly assigned to consume meals made from a standard grain (pearl millet) and half consumed meals made from an iron biofortified pearl millet (BPM). Prior to and then at the conclusion of the feeding trial, they completed a set of cognitive tests with concurrent electroencephalography (EEG). Results Overall, serum ferritin (sFt) levels improved over the course of the study. Ten of 21 possible measures of cognition showed improvements from baseline (BL) to endline (EL) that were larger for those consuming BPM than for those consuming the comparison pearl millet (CPM). Critically, the best model for the relationship between change in iron status and change in cognition had change in brain measures as a mediating factor, with both change in serum ferritin as a primary predictor and change in hemoglobin as a moderator. Conclusions A dietary intervention involving a biofortified staple grain was shown to be efficacious in improving blood iron biomarkers, behavioral measures of cognition, and EEG measures of brain function. Modeling the relationships among these variables strongly suggests multiple mechanisms by which blood iron level affects brain function and cognition. Trial registration Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02152150, 02 June 2014. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s12889-022-13612-z).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wenger
- Department of Psychology, Cellular and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. .,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | | | - Samuel P Scott
- Poverty Health and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Erick Boy
- HarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jere D Haas
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Pino JMV, da Luz MHM, Antunes HKM, Giampá SQDC, Martins VR, Lee KS. Iron-Restricted Diet Affects Brain Ferritin Levels, Dopamine Metabolism and Cellular Prion Protein in a Region-Specific Manner. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:145. [PMID: 28567002 PMCID: PMC5434142 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for several physiological functions, including the regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. On the other hand, both iron, and dopamine can affect the folding and aggregation of proteins related with neurodegenerative diseases, such as cellular prion protein (PrPC) and α-synuclein, suggesting that deregulation of iron homeostasis and the consequential disturbance of dopamine metabolism can be a risk factor for conformational diseases. These proteins, in turn, are known to participate in the regulation of iron and dopamine metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary iron restriction on brain ferritin levels, dopamine metabolism, and the expression levels of PrPC and α-synuclein. To achieve this goal, C57BL/6 mice were fed with iron restricted diet (IR) or with normal diet (CTL) for 1 month. IR reduced iron and ferritin levels in liver. Ferritin reduction was also observed in the hippocampus. However, in the striatum of IR group, ferritin level was increased, suggesting that under iron-deficient condition, each brain area might acquire distinct capacity to store iron. Increased lipid peroxidation was observed only in hippocampus of IR group, where ferritin level was reduced. IR also generated discrete results regarding dopamine metabolism of distinct brain regions: in striatum, the level of dopamine metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) was reduced; in prefrontal cortex, only HVA was increased along with the enhanced MAO-A activity; in hippocampus, no alterations were observed. PrPC levels were increased only in the striatum of IR group, where ferritin level was also increased. PrPC is known to play roles in iron uptake. Thus, the increase of PrPC in striatum of IR group might be related to the increased ferritin level. α-synuclein was not altered in any regions. Abnormal accumulation of ferritin, increased MAO-A activity or lipid peroxidation are molecular features observed in several neurological disorders. Our findings show that nutritional iron deficiency produces these molecular alterations in a region-specific manner and provide new insight into the variety of molecular pathways that can lead to distinct neurological symptoms upon iron deficiency. Thus, adequate iron supplementation is essential for brain health and prevention of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M V Pino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio H M da Luz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hanna K M Antunes
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kil S Lee
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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Song S, Yang L, Ye M, Chen X, Shi F, Shaikh F. Antioxidant activity of a Lachnum YM226 melanin-iron complex and its influence on cytokine production in mice with iron deficiency anemia. Food Funct 2016; 7:1508-14. [PMID: 26887341 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01274k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the protective effects of an orally administered Lachnum YM226 melanin-iron complex (LM-Fe) against iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in mice. The IDA mouse model was established by feeding mice with iron-deficient food. Different doses of LM-Fe were given to the anaemic mice via intragastric administration, with FeCl3 and FeSO4 used as positive controls. After the iron supplement administration, it was observed that LM-Fe could significantly improve the decreased haemoglobin (Hb) level, and normalize the serum iron (SI) level, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and serum ferritin (SF) of the anaemic mice in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with LM-Fe significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in plasma to normal or better. Furthermore, the levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were obviously decreased in the LM-Fe supplemented groups compared with the model group, while the level of interleukin-2 (IL-2) was significantly increased. In conclusion, LM-Fe was efficient at ameliorating the anemia symptoms, improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes and adjusting the immune dysfunction of anaemic mice. Thus, these results demonstrated that LM-Fe might be exploited as an efficient and multifunctional iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Song
- College of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Ming Ye
- College of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Processing, Xuancheng Campus, Hefei University of Technology, Xuancheng 242000, China
| | - Fang Shi
- College of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Farnaz Shaikh
- College of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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Tang N, Chen LQ, Zhuang H. Effects of heme iron enriched peptide on iron deficiency anemia in rats. Food Funct 2014; 5:390-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60292c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hare D, Ayton S, Bush A, Lei P. A delicate balance: Iron metabolism and diseases of the brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:34. [PMID: 23874300 PMCID: PMC3715022 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is the most abundant transition metal within the brain, and is vital for a number of cellular processes including neurotransmitter synthesis, myelination of neurons, and mitochondrial function. Redox cycling between ferrous and ferric iron is utilized in biology for various electron transfer reactions essential to life, yet this same chemistry mediates deleterious reactions with oxygen that induce oxidative stress. Consequently, there is a precise and tightly controlled mechanism to regulate iron in the brain. When iron is dysregulated, both conditions of iron overload and iron deficiencies are harmful to the brain. This review focuses on how iron metabolism is maintained in the brain, and how an alteration to iron and iron metabolism adversely affects neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of TechnologySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Ashley Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Peng Lei
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
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Modepalli N, Jo S, Repka MA, Murthy SN. Microporation and 'iron'tophoresis for treating iron deficiency anemia. Pharm Res 2012. [PMID: 23187864 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iontophoretic mediated transdermal delivery of ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) in combination with microneedle pretreatment was investigated as a potential treatment for iron deficiency anemia (IDA). METHODS In vitro transdermal delivery studies were performed using hairless rat skin and pharmacodynamic studies were performed in hairless anemic rat model. The hematological and biochemical parameters like hemoglobin, hematocrit and % serum transferrin were monitored in rats at healthy, anemic condition and post treatment. Micropores created by the microneedles were visualized in histological skin sections after staining with hemotoxylin and eosin. The recovery of micropores was investigated in vivo by measuring Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at different time points. RESULTS The passive, microneedle and iontophoresis mediated delivery did not lead to significant improvement in hematological and biochemical parameters in anemic rats, when used individually. When iontophoresis (0.15 mA/cm(2) for 4 hours) was combined with microneedle pretreatment (for 2 min), therapeutically adequate amount of FPP was delivered and there was significant recovery of rats from IDA. CONCLUSIONS Microneedle and iontophoresis mediated delivery of iron via transdermal route could be developed as a potential treatment for IDA. The transdermal controlled delivery of iron could become a potential, safe and effective alternative to parenteral iron therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Modepalli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, 113 Faser Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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Walter PB, Knutson MD, Paler-Martinez A, Lee S, Xu Y, Viteri FE, Ames BN. Iron deficiency and iron excess damage mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:2264-9. [PMID: 11854522 PMCID: PMC122353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.261708798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately two billion people, mainly women and children, are iron deficient. Two studies examined the effects of iron deficiency and supplementation on rats. In study 1, mitochondrial functional parameters and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage were assayed in iron-deficient (< or =5 microg/day) and iron-normal (800 microg/day) rats and in both groups after daily high-iron supplementation (8,000 microg/day) for 34 days. This dose is equivalent to the daily dose commonly given to iron-deficient humans. Iron-deficient rats had lower liver mitochondrial respiratory control ratios and increased levels of oxidants in polymorphonuclear-leukocytes, as assayed by dichlorofluorescein (P < 0.05). Rhodamine 123 fluorescence of polymorphonuclear-leukocytes also increased (P < 0.05). Lowered respiratory control ratios were found in daily high-iron-supplemented rats regardless of the previous iron status (P < 0.05). mtDNA damage was observed in both iron-deficient rats and rats receiving daily high-iron supplementation, compared with iron-normal rats (P < 0.05). Study 2 compared iron-deficient rats given high doses of iron (8,000 microg) either daily or every third day and found that rats given iron supplements every third day had less mtDNA damage on the second and third day after the last dose compared to daily high iron doses. Both inadequate and excessive iron (10 x nutritional need) cause significant mitochondrial malfunction. Although excess iron has been known to cause oxidative damage, the observation of oxidant-induced damage to mitochondria from iron deficiency has been unrecognized previously. Untreated iron deficiency, as well as excessive-iron supplementation, are deleterious and emphasize the importance of maintaining optimal iron intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Walter
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Abstract
A report from the World Health Organization estimates that 46% of the world's 5- to 14-year-old children are anemic. In addition, 48% of the world's pregnant women are anemic. A majority of these cases of anemia are due to iron deficiency. Our aim here is to review the latest data on iron regulatory mechanisms, iron sources and requirements. Human and animal studies have shown that amino acids and peptides influence iron absorption from the intestinal lumen. Inter-organ transport and uptake of nonheme iron is largely performed by the complex transferring-transferring receptor system. Moreover, the discovery of cytoplasmic iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) has provided a molecular framework from which we understand the coordination of cellular iron homeostasis in mammals. IRPs and the iron responsive elements (IREs) to which they bind allow mammals to make use of the essential properties of iron while reducing its potentially toxic effect. Physiologic iron requirements are three times higher in pregnancy than they are in menstruating women (approximately 1200 mg must be acquired from the body's iron store or from the diet by the end of pregnancy). The administration of iron supplements weekly instead of daily in humans has been proposed and is being actively investigated as a viable means of controlling iron deficiency in populations, including pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tapiero
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire & Moléculaire, Université de Paris Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Chatenay Malabry, France.
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Knutson MD, Walter PB, Ames BN, Viteri FE. Both iron deficiency and daily iron supplements increase lipid peroxidation in rats. J Nutr 2000; 130:621-8. [PMID: 10702595 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.3.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that iron-loaded diets increase markers of lipid peroxidation in rats, but few have addressed the effects of oral iron supplements on these markers. We investigated the effects of daily and intermittent iron supplements on iron and vitamin E status, and lipid peroxidation. Iron supplements were administered in doses equivalent to those often given to pregnant women in the developing world. In Study 1, iron-deficient (D) and iron-normal (N) rats were fed either 0 or 8000 microgram of supplemental iron daily for 21 d. In Study 2, D rats were fed either the same supplements daily or once every 3 d (8 supplements total). Lipid peroxidation was assessed by breath ethane and pentane and by malondialdehyde (MDA) (using GC-MS). In Study 1, daily supplemented N and D rats had liver nonheme iron concentrations that were 1.8- and 2.7-fold higher, respectively, than those in unsupplemented N rats. Breath ethane levels were also higher in supplemented rats (P < 0.05), but MDA (in plasma, liver, kidney) and liver vitamin E did not differ. Unexpectedly, severely D, anemic rats had significant elevations in the levels of breath ethane, liver MDA and kidney MDA. In Study 2, liver iron and breath ethane decreased progressively (P < 0.05) from 1 d to 3 d after the last iron dose in intermittently supplemented rats. We conclude that iron deficiency results in lipid peroxidation, but that its correction with daily iron supplements results in abnormal iron accumulation and increased lipid peroxidation in rats. These effects are mitigated by intermittent iron supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Knutson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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