1
|
Tookmanian EM, Belin BJ, Sáenz JP, Newman DK. The role of hopanoids in fortifying rhizobia against a changing climate. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2906-2918. [PMID: 33989442 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are a globally sustainable source of fixed nitrogen, which is essential for life and crucial for modern agriculture. Many nitrogen-fixing bacteria are agriculturally important, including bacteria known as rhizobia that participate in growth-promoting symbioses with legume plants throughout the world. To be effective symbionts, rhizobia must overcome multiple environmental challenges: from surviving in the soil, to transitioning to the plant environment, to maintaining high metabolic activity within root nodules. Climate change threatens to exacerbate these challenges, especially through fluctuations in soil water potential. Understanding how rhizobia cope with environmental stress is crucial for maintaining agricultural yields in the coming century. The bacterial outer membrane is the first line of defence against physical and chemical environmental stresses, and lipids play a crucial role in determining the robustness of the outer membrane. In particular, structural remodelling of lipid A and sterol-analogues known as hopanoids are instrumental in stress acclimation. Here, we discuss how the unique outer membrane lipid composition of rhizobia may underpin their resilience in the face of increasing osmotic stress expected due to climate change, illustrating the importance of studying microbial membranes and highlighting potential avenues towards more sustainable soil additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Tookmanian
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Brittany J Belin
- Department of Embryology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - James P Sáenz
- B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Tatzberg 41, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Dianne K Newman
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Division of Geology & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luong TSV, Moir C, Bowman JP, Chandry PS. Heat resistance and genomics of spoilage Alicyclobacillus spp. Isolated from fruit juice and fruit-based beverages. Food Microbiol 2020; 94:103662. [PMID: 33279087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is a spore-forming bacterium of importance to the fruit juice industry due to its remarkable heat resistance and production of guaiacol taint. Whole genome sequencing analysis reveals species demarcation corresponds to the two major genotypic groups to which A. acidoterrestris isolates belong. Heat resistance was significantly different between genotypic groups 1 and 2 with D90 values of 15.5 and 9.3 min, respectively (p < 0.01). Comparison of squalene-hopene cyclase (shc) encoding sequences reveals non-synonymous changes and the alteration of glutamine residues. Glutamine absence may link to the stability reinforcement of the enzyme structure against thermal denaturation. Genomic islands harbouring heavy metal resistance genes are found in the majority of genotypic group 1 genomes (63%) but occurs in only one genome (5%) of genotypic group 2. Distribution of the genomic islands in the genotypic groups 1 and 2 is also consistent with phylogenetic trees and ANI and dDDH values. Subsequently, we propose genotypic group 1 as a new species closely related to A. acidoterrestris that possesses enhanced heat resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Song Van Luong
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, North Ryde, 2113, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Agriculture Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7005, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Catherine Moir
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, North Ryde, 2113, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John P Bowman
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Agriculture Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7005, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - P Scott Chandry
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, 3030, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mangiarotti A, Genovese DM, Naumann CA, Monti MR, Wilke N. Hopanoids, like sterols, modulate dynamics, compaction, phase segregation and permeability of membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:183060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
4
|
Perez-Lopez MI, Mendez-Reina R, Trier S, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Bernal A, Forero-Shelton M, Leidy C. Variations in carotenoid content and acyl chain composition in exponential, stationary and biofilm states of Staphylococcus aureus, and their influence on membrane biophysical properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:978-987. [PMID: 30771288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are often found in close association with surfaces, resulting in the formation of biofilms. In Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), biofilms are implicated in the resilience of chronic infections, presenting a serious clinical problem world-wide. Here, S. aureus biofilms are grown under flow within clinical catheters at 37 °C. The lipid composition and biophysical properties of lipid extracts from these biofilms are compared with those from exponential growth and stationary phase cells. Biofilms show a reduction in iso and anteiso branching compensated by an increase in saturated fatty acids compared to stationary phase. A drastic reduction in carotenoid levels is also observed during biofilm formation. Thermotropic measurements of Laurdan GP and DPH polarization, show a reduction of lipid packing at 37 °C for biofilms compared to stationary phase. We studied the effects of carotenoid content on DMPG and DPPG model membranes showing trends in thermotropic behavior consistent with those observed in bacterial isolates, indicating that carotenoids participate in modulating lipid packing. Additionally, bending elastic constant (kc) measurements using vesicle fluctuation analysis (VFA) show that the presence of carotenoids can increase membrane bending rigidity. The antimicrobial peptide Magainin H2 was less activity on liposomes composed of stationary phase compared to biofilms or exponential growth isolates. This study contributes to an understanding of how Staphylococcus aureus modulates the composition of its membrane lipids, and how those changes affect the biophysical properties of membranes, which in turn may play a role in its virulence and its resistance to different membrane-active antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Perez-Lopez
- Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Steve Trier
- Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Adriana Bernal
- Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Chad Leidy
- Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu CH, Bialecka-Fornal M, Newman DK. Methylation at the C-2 position of hopanoids increases rigidity in native bacterial membranes. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25599566 PMCID: PMC4337730 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedimentary rocks host a vast reservoir of organic carbon, such as 2-methylhopane biomarkers, whose evolutionary significance we poorly understand. Our ability to interpret this molecular fossil record is constrained by ignorance of the function of their molecular antecedents. To gain insight into the meaning of 2-methylhopanes, we quantified the dominant (des)methylated hopanoid species in the membranes of the model hopanoid-producing bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1. Fluorescence polarization studies of small unilamellar vesicles revealed that hopanoid 2-methylation specifically renders native bacterial membranes more rigid at concentrations that are relevant in vivo. That hopanoids differentially modify native membrane rigidity as a function of their methylation state indicates that methylation itself promotes fitness under stress. Moreover, knowing the in vivo (2Me)-hopanoid concentration range in different cell membranes, and appreciating that (2Me)-hopanoids' biophysical effects are tuned by the lipid environment, permits the design of more relevant in vitro experiments to study their physiological functions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05663.001 The cell membrane that separates the inside of a cell from its outside environment is not a fixed structure. A cell can change the amount and type of different molecules in its membrane, which can alter the rigidity and permeability of the membrane and allow the cell to adapt to changing conditions. The cell membranes of many bacteria contain molecules called hopanoids. Hopanes are the fossilized forms of these molecules and many hopanes are found extensively in sedimentary rocks. For example, 2-methylated hopanes—the fossilized forms of hopanoids that have a methyl group added to a particular carbon atom—have been found in ancient rocks that formed up to 1.6 billion years ago. Many researchers have suggested that 2-methylated hopanes (and other molecular fossils) in sedimentary rocks could act as ‘biomarkers’ and be used to deduce what primitive life and ancient living conditions were like. Millions of years ago, several periods occurred where the Earth's oceans lost almost all of their oxygen; this likely placed all life on Earth under great stress. A greater proportion of the hopanes found in rocks formed during those periods are methylated than those seen in rocks from other time periods. However, it was difficult to interpret this observation about the fossil record, as the role of 2-methylated hopanoids in living bacterial cells was unknown. Wu et al. have now investigated the role of 2-methylated hopanoids by performing experiments on bacterial membranes and found that 2-methylated hopanoids help the other molecules that make up the membrane to pack more tightly together. This makes the membrane more rigid, and the extent of this stiffening depends on the length of the 2-methylated hopanoid and on the other molecules that are present in the membrane. A more rigid membrane would protect the bacteria more in times of stress; therefore, rock layers containing an increased amount of 2-methylhopane are likely to indicate times when the bacteria living at that time were under a great deal of stress. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05663.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Wu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Maja Bialecka-Fornal
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Dianne K Newman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Rashby SE, Sessions AL, Summons RE, Newman DK. Biosynthesis of 2-methylbacteriohopanepolyols by an anoxygenic phototroph. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15099-104. [PMID: 17848515 PMCID: PMC1986619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704912104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedimentary 2-methyhopanes have been used as biomarker proxies for cyanobacteria, the only known bacterial clade capable of oxygenic photosynthesis and the only group of organisms found thus far to produce abundant 2-methylbacteriohopanepolyols (2-MeBHPs). Here, we report the identification of significant quantities of 2-MeBHP in two strains of the anoxygenic phototroph Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Biosynthesis of 2-MeBHP can occur in the absence of O(2), deriving the C-2 methyl group from methionine. The relative abundance of 2-MeBHP varies considerably with culture conditions, ranging from 13.3% of total bacteriohopanepolyol (BHP) to trace levels of methylation. Analysis of intact BHPs reveals the presence of methylated bacteriohopane-32,33,34,35-tetrol but no detectable methylation of 35-aminobacteriohopane-32,33,34-triol. Our results demonstrate that an anoxygenic photoautotroph is capable of generating 2-MeBHPs and show that the potential origins of sedimentary 2-methylhopanoids are more diverse than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roger E. Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Dianne K. Newman
- Divisions of *Geological and Planetary Sciences and
- Biology, California Institute of Technology and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA 91125; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 68-380, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Talbot HM, Rohmer M, Farrimond P. Rapid structural elucidation of composite bacterial hopanoids by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:880-92. [PMID: 17294511 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) are membrane lipids produced by a wide range of eubacteria. Their use, however, as molecular markers of bacterial populations and processes has until recently been hampered by the lack of a suitable rapid method for fingerprinting their composition in complex environmental matrices. New analytical procedures employing ion trap mass spectrometry now allow us to investigate the occurrence of BHPs in diverse biological and environmental samples including bacterial cultures, soils, and recent and ancient sediments. Here, we describe the structural characterisation using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (APCI-LC/MS(n)) of a number of previously identified but less commonly occurring BHPs such as adenosylhopane and ribonylhopane. Many of the structures described here have previously only been reported in one or just a small number of cultured organisms having been isolated from large amounts of cellular mass (4-26 g) and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques after purification of individual compounds. Now, having established characteristic APCI fragmentation patterns, it is possible to rapidly screen many more bacterial cultures using only small amounts of material (<50 mg) as well as environmental samples for these atypical structures and a rapidly growing suite of novel structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Talbot
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Devonshire Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Duvold T, Rohmer M. Synthesis of ribosylhopane, the putative biosynthetic precursor of bacterial triterpenoids of the hopane series. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Pisch S, Bornscheuer UT, Meyer HH, Schmid RD. Properties of unusual phospholipids IV: Chemoenzymatic synthesis of phospholipids bearing acetylenic fatty acids. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)01043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
Rürup J, Mannova M, Brezesinski G, Schmid RD. Properties of unusual phospholipids: I. Synthesis, monolayer investigations and calorimetry of diacylglycerophosphocholines containing monoacetylenic acyl chains. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 70:187-98. [PMID: 8033290 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)90086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Isomeric diacylglycerophosphocholines containing various octadecynoic acids (4-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 14- and 17-octadecynoic acid) were synthesized and purified to homogeneity. Their behaviour in monolayers, when studied by the Langmuir-Blodgett film balance technique, revealed systematic relationships between structure and packing properties. The thermotropic phase behaviour of these novel phospholipids, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry, depended in a systematic fashion on the position of the triple bond: the gel-to-liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature (Tm) passed through a minimum of -3.4 degrees C for a triple bond in position 9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rürup
- Bereich Enzymtechnologie/Naturstoffchemie der GBF, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sahm H, Rohmer M, Bringer-Meyer S, Sprenger GA, Welle R. Biochemistry and physiology of hopanoids in bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 1993; 35:247-73. [PMID: 8310881 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Sahm
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Krajewski-Bertrand MA, Milon A, Nakatani Y, Ourisson G. The interaction of various cholesterol 'ancestors' with lipid membranes: a 2H-NMR study on oriented bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1105:213-20. [PMID: 1586660 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90197-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of putative cholesterol 'precursors' on model membranes has been studied by deuterium nuclear, magnetic resonance (2H-NMR) spectroscopy. Oriented bilayers were prepared from 1-myristoyl-2-[2H27 myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC-d27) and tricyclohexaprenols or octaprenediols. Order parameter profiles were determined and showed that tricyclohexaprenols and octaprenediols increase the acyl chain order in DMPC bilayers, but to a smaller extent than cholesterol. The order parameter increases, depending on the chain position, from 5% to 7% in the presence of ditertiary octaprenediol, and from 16% to 21% in the presence of tricyclohexaprenol-Z,Z. Aqueous multilamellar dispersions of DMPC-d27 and of DMPC-d27 containing 30 mol% tricyclohexaprenol-E,E were prepared, and the first moments calculated from 2H-NMR spectra over the temperature range 5-55 degrees C. Tricyclohexaprenol-E,E almost abolishes the phase transition of DMPC. Thus, as predicted, tricyclohexaprenols and octaprenediols have a cholesterol-like behaviour in lipid membranes; however their effect on the model DMPC system is weak. On the contrary, isoarborinol has no effect on the lipid chain order in the liquid-crystalline phase of DMPC bilayers. 2H-NMR spectra of aqueous dispersions of DMPC-d27 and 30 mol% isoarborinol between 25 and 60 degrees C showed the coexistence of two lamellar phases over a wide temperature range, which was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. This absence of ordering effect of isoarborinol might be related to some inherent structural features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Krajewski-Bertrand
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique des Substances Naturelles, associé au CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hermans MA, Neuss B, Sahm H. Content and composition of hopanoids in Zymomonas mobilis under various growth conditions. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:5592-5. [PMID: 1885538 PMCID: PMC208280 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.17.5592-5595.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
By using a new method for quantification of the different hopanoid derivatives, a total hopanoid content of about 30 mg/g (dry cell weight) was observed in Zymomonas mobilis. This value is the highest reported for bacteria so far. The major hopanoids in Z. mobilis were the ether and glycosidic derivatives of tetrahydroxy-bacteriohopane, constituting about 41 and 49% of the total hopanoids. Tetrahydroxybacteriohopane itself, diplopterol, and hopene made up about 6, 3, and 1%, respectively. Only minor changes in hopanoid composition were observed with changes in growth conditions. Earlier reports on a correlation between hopanoid content and ethanol concentration in the medium could not be confirmed. Over a wide range of ethanol concentrations (5 to 60 g/liter), growth rates (0.08 to 0.25 h-1), and temperatures (25 to 37 degrees C), the molar ratio of hopanoids to phospholipids in the cells amounted to about 0.7. Only at growth rates of greater than 0.30 h-1 did the molar ratio increase to about 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Hermans
- Institut für Biotechnologie der Forschungsanlage Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Horbach S, Neuss B, Sahm H. Effect of azasqualene on hopanoid biosynthesis and ethanol tolerance ofZymomonas mobilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
16
|
Flesch G, Rohmer M. Growth inhibition of hopanoid synthesizing bacteria by squalene cyclase inhibitors. Arch Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00492912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Osmotic swelling of unilamellar vesicles by the stopped-flow light scattering method. Influence of vesicle size, solute, temperature, cholesterol and three α,ω-dihydroxycarotenoids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
Characterization and partial purification of squalene-hopene cyclase from Bacillus acidocaldarius. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(86)90027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
19
|
Milon A, Wolff G, Ourisson G, Nakatani Y. Organization of Carotenoid-Phospholipid Bilayer Systems. Incorporation of Zeaxanthin, Astaxanthin, and their C50 Homologues into Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine Vesicles. Helv Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19860690104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
20
|
Kannenberg E, Blume A, McElhaney RN, Poralla K. Mixed monolayer studies of the interactions of synthetic phosphatidylcholines containing branched fatty acids and a hopane glycolipid isolated from the thermo-acidophilic bacterium bacillus acidocaldarius. Chem Phys Lipids 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(86)90108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|