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Dwivedi A, Mazumder A, Pullmannová P, Paraskevopoulou A, Opálka L, Kováčik A, Macháček M, Jančálková P, Svačinová P, Peterlik H, Maixner J, Vávrová K. Lipid Monolayer on Cell Surface Protein Templates Functional Extracellular Lipid Assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307793. [PMID: 38243890 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
When the ancestors of men moved from aquatic habitats to the drylands, their evolutionary strategy to restrict water loss is to seal the skin surface with lipids. It is unknown how these rigid ceramide-dominated lipids with densely packed chains squeeze through narrow extracellular spaces and how they assemble into their complex multilamellar architecture. Here it is shown that the human corneocyte lipid envelope, a monolayer of ultralong covalently bound lipids on the cell surface protein, templates the functional barrier assembly by partly fluidizing and rearranging the free extracellular lipids in its vicinity during the sculpting of a functional skin lipid barrier. The lipid envelope also maintains the fluidity of the extracellular lipids during mechanical stress. This local lipid fluidization does not compromise the permeability barrier. The results provide new testable hypotheses about epidermal homeostasis and the pathophysiology underlying diseases with impaired lipid binding to corneocytes, such as congenital ichthyosis. In a broader sense, this lipoprotein-mediated fluidization of rigid (sphingo)lipid patches may also be relevant to lipid rafts and cellular signaling events and inspire new functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupma Dwivedi
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Anisha Mazumder
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pullmannová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Paraskevopoulou
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Opálka
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Kováčik
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jančálková
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Svačinová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Jaroslav Maixner
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
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Shabani Dargah M, Hadjizadeh A. Improvement of ascorbic acid delivery into human skin via hyaluronic acid-coated niosomes. J Microencapsul 2022; 39:552-562. [PMID: 36251964 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2022.2135783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) as a covering agent was incorporated into the ascorbic acid (AA)-niosomes to improve the performance of AA delivery systems into the skin. The preparation method: Thin film hydration. Characterisation tests: Field emission scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV-Visible, zeta potential, Franz diffusion cell, and flowcytometry. The niosomes with 10% w/w HA possessed the largest mean particle diameter of 341.0 ± 48.09 nm with PDI value of 0.29 ± 0.05, and the lowest zeta potential of -38.70 ± 0.27 mv. The drug encapsulation efficiency of this sample was 56.55 ± 0.99%, and in-vitro drug release test showed AA released in two slow and fast phases. Moreover, the highest amount of drug penetration and accumulation was related to this sample, recorded 116.55 ± 7.54 and 134.8 ± 10.04 µg/cm2, respectively. Niosomes coated with 10% w/w HA showed the greatest potential for improving the antioxidant activity of AA penetration into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afra Hadjizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Jiao Z, Wang X, Han S, Zha X, Xia J. Preparation of vitamin C liposomes by rapid expansion of supercritical solution process: Experiments and optimization. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Wichayapreechar P, Anuchapreeda S, Phongpradist R, Rungseevijitprapa W, Ampasavate C. Dermal targeting ofCentella asiaticaextract using hyaluronic acid surface modified niosomes. J Liposome Res 2019; 30:197-207. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2019.1614952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panikchar Wichayapreechar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Songyot Anuchapreeda
- Division of Clinical Microscopy, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rungsinee Phongpradist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wandee Rungseevijitprapa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Chadarat Ampasavate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Jiao Z, Wang X, Yin Y, Xia J, Mei Y. Preparation and evaluation of a chitosan-coated antioxidant liposome containing vitamin C and folic acid. J Microencapsul 2018; 35:272-280. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2018.1467509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiudong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Chengxian College, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Chengxian College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Chengxian College, Nanjing, China
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6
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Jiao Z, Wang X, Yin Y, Xia J. Preparation and evaluation of vitamin C and folic acid-coloaded antioxidant liposomes. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2017.1391907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiudong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Chenxian College, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Chenxian College, Nanjing, China
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7
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Deng P, Teng F, Zhou F, Song Z, Meng N, Liu N, Feng R. Y-shaped methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (epsilon-caprolactone)-based micelles for skin delivery of ketoconazole: in vitro study and in vivo evaluation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:296-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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İzgü F, Bayram G, Tosun K, İzgü D. Stratum corneum lipid liposome-encapsulated panomycocin: preparation, characterization, and the determination of antimycotic efficacy against Candida spp. isolated from patients with vulvovaginitis in an in vitro human vaginal epithelium tissue model. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5601-5611. [PMID: 28831255 PMCID: PMC5548276 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s141949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a liposomal lyophilized powder formulation of panomycocin was developed for therapeutic purposes against vulvovaginal candidiasis which affects 80% of women worldwide. Panomycocin is a potent antimycotic protein secreted by the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus NCYC 434. This study involved the preparation of panomycocin-loaded stratum corneum lipid liposomes (SCLLs), characterization of the SCLLs, and determination of antimycotic efficacy of the formulation against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata clinical vaginal isolates in a human vaginal epithelium tissue model. The encapsulation and loading efficiencies of SCLLs were 73% and 76.8%, respectively. In transmission electron microscopy images, the SCLLs appeared in the submicron size range. Dynamic light scattering analyses showed that the SCLLs had uniform size distribution. Zeta potential measurements revealed stable and positively charged SCLLs. In Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses, no irreversible interactions between the encapsulated panomycocin and the SCLLs were detected. The SCLLs retained >98% of encapsulated panomycocin in aqueous solution up to 12 hours. The formulation was fungicidal at the same minimum fungicidal concentration values for non-formulated pure panomycocin when tested on an in vitro model of vaginal candidiasis. This is the first study in which SCLLs and a protein as an active ingredient have been utilized together in a formulation. The results obtained in this study led us to conduct further preclinical trials of this formulation for the development of an effective topical anti-candidal drug with improved safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih İzgü
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Günce Bayram
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kübra Tosun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Demet İzgü
- Biology Department, TED Ankara College, Ankara, Turkey
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9
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Ephrem E, Elaissari H, Greige-Gerges H. Improvement of skin whitening agents efficiency through encapsulation: Current state of knowledge. Int J Pharm 2017; 526:50-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Enhancement of 8-methoxypsoralen topical delivery via nanosized niosomal vesicles: Formulation development, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of skin deposition. Int J Pharm 2017; 517:256-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Abdelbary AA, AbouGhaly MH. Design and optimization of topical methotrexate loaded niosomes for enhanced management of psoriasis: Application of Box–Behnken design, in-vitro evaluation and in-vivo skin deposition study. Int J Pharm 2015; 485:235-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Al-Mahallawi AM, Abdelbary AA, Aburahma MH. Investigating the potential of employing bilosomes as a novel vesicular carrier for transdermal delivery of tenoxicam. Int J Pharm 2015; 485:329-40. [PMID: 25796122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bilosomes represent an evolving vesicular carrier that have been explored for oral vaccines delivery based on its ability to resist enzymes and bile salts in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Bilosomes vesicles are formed of bilayer membrane of non-ionic surfactant molecules encompassing bile salts. Although, bilosomes have not been proposed for transdermal drug delivery, this carrier seems to have promising potential in this regard. Accordingly, the aim of this investigation was to assess the capability and safety of utilizing bilosomes for transdermal delivery of tenoxicam (TX) as a model drug. A 3(1)2(2) full factorial design was adopted to study the effects of different formulation parameters on bilosomes properties and select the optimal formulation using Design-Expert(®) software. The selected formulation displayed nano-sized spherical vesicles (242.5 ± 6.43nm) with reasonable entrapment efficiency percent (68.33 ± 2.33%). Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the capability of the flourolabeled bilosomes to penetrate deep within the skin. Both, ex vivo permeation and in vivo skin deposition studies confirmed the superiority of bilosomes over drug solution in delivering TX transdermally. In addition, in vivo histopathological study proved the safety of topically applied bilosomes. In summary, the highlighted results confirmed that bilosomes can be further adopted for delivering drugs transdermally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz M Al-Mahallawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aly A Abdelbary
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona H Aburahma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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13
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Tokudome Y, Endo M, Hashimoto F. Application of Glucosylceramide-Based Liposomes Increased the Ceramide Content in a Three-Dimensional Cultured Skin Epidermis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27:18-24. [DOI: 10.1159/000351350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Permatasari F, Zhou B, Luo D. Epidermal barrier: Adverse and beneficial changes induced by ultraviolet B irradiation depending on the exposure dose and time (Review). Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:287-292. [PMID: 24137176 PMCID: PMC3786920 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces various harmful effects in the tissues, particularly disruption of the epidermal barrier. However, ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation has been applied in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, a skin disease in which the epidermal barrier is defective. We reviewed the homeostasis of the epidermal barrier and several studies investigating the adverse and beneficial effects caused by different doses of UVB irradiation in the epidermal barrier. It may be concluded that, despite the harmful effects of UVB irradiation on the skin, UVB irradiation is able to exert beneficial effects in the epidermal barrier when administered in suberythemal doses and over a relatively short period of time, with no clinically evident inflammation or barrier disruption. This may be a useful therapeutic strategy for the use of UVB irradiation in the treatment of skin diseases with a disrupted epidermal barrier, such as atopic dermatitis, while reducing or avoiding the side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Permatasari
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Maheshwari C, Pandey R, Chaurasiya A, Kumar A, Selvam D, Prasad G, Dixit V. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles mediated transcutaneous immunization against hepatitis B. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1516-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Geusens B, Strobbe T, Bracke S, Dynoodt P, Sanders N, Gele MV, Lambert J. Lipid-mediated gene delivery to the skin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:199-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Skin penetration and deposition of carboxyfluorescein and temoporfin from different lipid vesicular systems: In vitro study with finite and infinite dosage application. Int J Pharm 2011; 408:223-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Tokudome Y, Uchida R, Yokote T, Todo H, Hada N, Kon T, Yasuda J, Hayashi H, Hashimoto F, Sugibayashi K. Effect of topically applied sphingomyelin-based liposomes on the ceramide level in a three-dimensional cultured human skin model. J Liposome Res 2010; 20:49-54. [PMID: 19555158 DOI: 10.3109/08982100903062597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin-based liposomes were prepared and applied to the stratum corneum side or basal layer side of a three-dimensional (3D) cultured human skin model, and the increase in the type II ceramide (ceramide II) content of the cultured skin model was evaluated. The sphingomyelin-based liposomes were prepared by a high-pressure emulsification method, and the obtained liposomes were characterized; the particle diameter and zeta potential of the liposomes were 155.3 nm and -11.4 mV, respectively. Their spherical shape and lamella structure were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The sphingomyelin-based liposomes or saline were applied to the cultured skin model, and ceramide II was extracted from the skin model. The extracted ceramide II was separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and quantified by a densitometer. The amount of ceramide II in the cultured skin model was significantly increased by the application of the sphingomyelin-based liposomes, compared with the nonapplication group. Thus, sphingomyelin-based liposomes are useful for enriching the ceramide level in 3D cultured skin models.
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Foldvari M, Badea I, Wettig S, Baboolal D, Kumar P, Creagh AL, Haynes CA. Topical delivery of interferon alpha by biphasic vesicles: evidence for a novel nanopathway across the stratum corneum. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:751-62. [PMID: 20349952 DOI: 10.1021/mp900283x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive delivery of macromolecules across intact skin is challenging but would allow for needle-free administration of many pharmaceuticals. Biphasic vesicles, a novel lipid-based topical delivery system, have been shown to deliver macromolecules into the skin. Investigation of the delivery mechanism of interferon alpha (IFN alpha), as a model protein, by biphasic vesicles could improve understanding of molecular transport through the stratum corneum and allow for the design of more effective delivery systems. The interaction of biphasic vesicles with human skin and isolated stratum corneum membrane was investigated by confocal microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS). Confocal microscopy revealed that biphasic vesicles delivered IFN alpha intercellularly, to a depth of 70 microm, well below the stratum corneum and into the viable epidermis. DSC and SAXS/WAXS data suggest that the interaction of biphasic vesicles with SC lipids resulted in the formation of a three-dimensional cubic Pn3m polymorphic phase by the molecular rearrangement of intercellular lipids. This cubic phase could be an intercellular permeation nanopathway that may explain the increased delivery of IFN alpha by biphasic vesicles. Liposomes and submicrometer emulsion (the individual building blocks of biphasic vesicles) separately and methylcellulose gel, an alternative topical vehicle, did not induce a cubic phase and delivered low amounts of IFN alpha below the stratum corneum. Molecular modeling of the cubic Pn3m phase and lamellar-to-cubic phase transitions provides a plausible mechanism for transport of IFN alpha. It is hypothesized that induction of a Pn3m cubic phase in stratum corneum lipids could make dermal and transdermal delivery of other macromolecules also possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Karande P, Mitragotri S. Enhancement of transdermal drug delivery via synergistic action of chemicals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:2362-73. [PMID: 19733150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive alternative to conventional techniques for administration of systemic therapeutics. One challenge in designing transdermal drug delivery systems is to overcome the natural transport barrier of the skin. Chemicals offer tremendous potential in overcoming the skin barrier to enhance transport of drug molecules. Individual chemicals are however limited in their efficacy in disrupting the skin barrier at low concentrations and usually cause skin irritation at high concentrations. Multicomponent mixtures of chemicals, however, have been shown to provide high skin permeabilization potency as compared to individual chemicals without necessarily causing irritation. Here we review systems employing synergistic mixtures of chemicals that offer superior skin permeation enhancement. These synergistic systems include solvent mixtures, microemulsions, eutectic mixtures, complex self-assembled vesicles and inclusion complexes. Methods for design and discovery of such synergistic systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Karande
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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22
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Wu X, Guy R. Applications of nanoparticles in topical drug delivery and in cosmetics. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(09)50080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Kumar R, Singh B, Bakshi G, Katare OP. Development of Liposomal Systems of Finasteride for Topical Applications: Design, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 12:591-601. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450701481181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Hofland HEJ, Bouwstra JA, Spies F, Boddé HE, Nagelkerke JF, Cullander C, Junginger HE. Interactions Between non-ionic Surfactant Vesicles and human stratum corneumin vitro. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109509018629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Huang HC, Chang TM. Ceramide 1 and ceramide 3 act synergistically on skin hydration and the transepidermal water loss of sodium lauryl sulfate-irritated skin. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47:812-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Dubey V, Mishra D, Nahar M, Jain NK. Vesicles as tools for the modulation of skin permeability. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2007; 4:579-93. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.4.6.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
The aims of this study were to encapsulate arbutin (AR) in liposome to enhance the skin-whitening activity, and to investigate the effect of liposome formulation on the entrapment efficiency (EE%), skin permeation rate and skin deposition. The liposomes were prepared by a film dispersion method with several different formulations and were separated from the solution by using the gel-filtration method. The physical (size distribution, morphology) and chemical (drug entrapment efficiency, hairless mouse skin permeation and deposition) properties of liposomes were characterized. The entrapment efficiency in all liposome formulations varied between 4.35% and 17.63%, and was dependent on the lipid content. The particle sizes of liposomes were in the range of 179.9-212.8 nm in all liposome formulations. Although the permeation rate of AR in the liposome formulations decreased compared with AR solution, the deposition amount of AR in the epidermis/dermis layers increased in AR liposomal formulation. These results suggest that liposomal formulation could enhance the skin deposition of hydrophilic skin-whitening agents, thereby enhancing their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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Montanari J, Perez AP, Di Salvo F, Diz V, Barnadas R, Dicelio L, Doctorovich F, Morilla MJ, Romero EL. Photodynamic ultradeformable liposomes: Design and characterization. Int J Pharm 2007; 330:183-94. [PMID: 17157460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic ([tetrakis(2,4-dimetil-3-pentyloxi)-phthalocyaninate]zinc(II)) (ZnPc) and hydrophilic ([tetrakis(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumetoxi)-phthalocyaninate]zinc(II) tetraiodide) (ZnPcMet) phthalocyanines were synthesized and loaded in ultradeformable liposomes (UDL) of soybean phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate (6:1, w/w, ratio), resulting 100 nm mean size vesicles of negative Zeta potential, with encapsulation efficiencies of 85 and 53%, enthalpy of phase transition of 5.33 and 158 J/mmol for ZnPc and ZnPcMet, respectively, indicating their deep and moderate partition into UD matrices. Matrix elasticity of UDL-phthalocyanines resulted 28-fold greater than that of non-UDL, leaking only 25% of its inner aqueous content after passage through a nanoporous barrier versus 100% leakage for non-UDL. UDL-ZnPc made ZnPc soluble in aqueous buffer while kept the monomeric state, rendering singlet oxygen quantum yield (Phi(Delta)) similar to that obtained in ethanol (0.61), whereas UDL-ZnPcMet had a four-fold higher Phi(Delta) than that of free ZnPcMet (0.21). Free phthalocyanines were non-toxic at 1 and 10 microM, both in dark or upon irradiation at 15 J/cm2 on Vero and J-774 cells (MTT assay). Only liposomal ZnPc at 10 microM was toxic for J-774 cells under both conditions. Additionally, endo-lysosomal confinement of the HPTS dye was kept after irradiation at 15 J/cm2 in the presence of UDL-phtalocyanines. This could lead to improve effects of singlet oxygen against intra-vesicular pathogen targets inside the endo-lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Montanari
- Laboratorio de Diseño de Estrategias de Targeting de Drogas (LDTD), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 180, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Elsayed MMA, Abdallah OY, Naggar VF, Khalafallah NM. Lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs: reviewing three decades of research. Int J Pharm 2006; 332:1-16. [PMID: 17222523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since liposomes were first shown to be of potential value for topical therapy by Mezei and Gulasekharam in 1980, studies continued towards further investigation and development of lipid vesicles as carriers for skin delivery of drugs. Despite this long history of intensive research, lipid vesicles are still considered as a controversial class of dermal and transdermal carriers. Accordingly, this article provides an overview of the development of lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs, with special emphasis on recent advances in this field, including the development of deformable liposomes and ethosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M A Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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Choi MJ, Maibach HI. Liposomes and niosomes as topical drug delivery systems. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 18:209-19. [PMID: 16015019 DOI: 10.1159/000086666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin acts as a major target as well as a principle barrier for topical/transdermal (TT) drug delivery. The stratum corneum plays a crucial role in barrier function for TT drug delivery. Despite major research and development efforts in TT systems and the advantages of these routes, low stratum corneum permeability limits the usefulness of topical drug delivery. To overcome this, methods have been assessed to increase permeation. One controversial method is the use of vesicular systems, such as liposomes and niosomes, whose effectiveness depends on their physicochemical properties. This review focuses on the effect of liposomes and niosomes on enhancing drug penetration, and defines the effect of composition, size and type of the vesicular system on TT delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Choi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143-0989, USA
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31
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Honeywell-Nguyen PL, Bouwstra JA. Vesicles as a tool for transdermal and dermal delivery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2005; 2:67-74. [PMID: 24981757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal and dermal drug delivery is problematic because the skin, as a natural barrier, has a very low permeation rate. Therefore several methods have been assessed to increase this rate locally and temporarily. One approach is the use of vesicle formulations. In this paper the effectiveness of conventional and deformable vesicles as drug delivery systems as well as their possible mode of action as permeation enhancers or transdermal drug carriers will be discussed.:
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Gasser P, Peno-Mazzarino L, Lati E, Djian B. Original semiologic standardized evaluation of stratum corneum hydration by DiagnoskinR stripping sample. Int J Cosmet Sci 2004; 26:117-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Honeywell-Nguyen PL, de Graaff AM, Groenink HWW, Bouwstra JA. The in vivo and in vitro interactions of elastic and rigid vesicles with human skin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1573:130-40. [PMID: 12399022 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elastic vesicles are the most novel development in vesicular systems design for dermal and transdermal drug delivery. However, interactions between these vesicles and human skin are not yet fully understood. In this study, the in vivo and in vitro interactions between elastic-, rigid vesicles and micelles with human skin were investigated. Vesicle and micelle solutions were applied onto human skin in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, a series of tape strippings were performed, which were visualised by freeze fracture electron microscopy (FFEM). The results showed no ultrastructural changes in skin treated with rigid vesicles. Skin treated with elastic vesicles, however, showed a fast partitioning of intact vesicles into the deeper layers of the stratum corneum (SC), where they accumulated in channel-like regions. Only little vesicle material was found in the deepest layers of the SC, suggesting that the partitioning of intact vesicles from the SC into the viable epidermis is unlikely to happen. Treatment with micelles resulted in rough, irregular fracture planes. Similar results were obtained in vitro and in vivo, indicating an excellent in vitro/in vivo correlation. These results support the hypothesis that elastic vesicles have superior characteristics to rigid vesicles for the interaction with human skin. Elastic vesicles and micelles demonstrated very different interactions with human skin and hence probably also have different mechanisms of action for the enhancement of drug transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Loan Honeywell-Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Yang TZ, Wang XT, Yan XY, Zhang Q. Phospholipid deformable vesicles for buccal delivery of insulin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:749-53. [PMID: 12045327 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the possibility of the enhancing effect of deformable vesicles on buccal delivery of insulin, two kinds of vesicles with and without the presence of sodium deoxycholate (deformable vesicles and conventional vesicles) were prepared by reverse phase evaporation methods. The liposomal entrapment efficiency was determined by column chromatography. The particle size and morphology of the vesicles were also evaluated. The hypoglycemic effects, insulin concentrations, and residual amounts of insulin deposited in the buccal membrane after buccal administration of insulin vesicles to rabbits were investigated. Compared with subcutaneous administration of insulin solution, the relative pharmacological bioavailability and the relative bioavailability of buccal administration of insulin vesicles were determined. The results showed that the entrapment efficiencies of the deformable and conventional vesicles were 18.87+/-1.78% (n=3) and 22.07+/-2.16% (n=3), respectively. The particle sizes of the deformable and conventional vesicles were 42.5+/-20.5 nm and 59.7+/-33.8 nm, respectively. There were no significant differences in appearance between the two types of vesicle. Compared with subcutaneous administration of insulin solution, the relative pharmacological bioavailability and the relative bioavailability in the insulin-deformable vesicles group were 15.59% and 19.78%, respectively, which were higher than in the conventional insulin vesicles (p<0.05), blank deformable vesicles and insulin mixture groups (p<0.05). Deformable vesicles have an enhancing effect on buccal delivery of insulin and may be a better carrier than conventional vesicles for buccal delivery of protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Abstract
The interaction of liposome formulations consisting of Phospholipon 80 and sphingomyelin with human skin was investigated. These formulations were shown previously to have a composition-dependent effect on the penetration of Heparin into the skin. Fluorescence labelled phosphatidylethanolamine (PE-NBD) was incorporated in the liposomes and the depth in which the fluorescent phospholipid label enters into epidermal membrane and full thickness skin was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Confocal sections parallel to the surface of the skin were recorded in heat separated epidermis. An even distribution of phospholipid in the lipid matrix of the stratum corneum surrounding the corneocytes was observed with Phospholipon 80 but not when sphingomyelin was included in the formulation. The addition of Heparin which formed a coating around the liposomes, caused a strong localization of fluorescence within the epidermis. For full thickness skin, mechanical cross sections of skin were made and optical sections were recorded parallel to the plane of cut. Phospholipid penetrated and was distributed fairly homogeneously in the lower dermis layers within 30 min of application regardless of liposome composition and the presence of Heparin. This rather quick penetration process seemed to follow distinct pathways along the epidermis and the upper dermis, notably the hair follicle route. Thus, a strong and in some respects composition-dependent interaction of phospholipids with skin is evident. These observations, however, are limited to the level of phospholipid molecules, rather than of entire liposomes interacting with skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Betz
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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36
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López O, Cócera M, de la Maza A, Coderch L, Parra JL. Different stratum corneum lipid liposomes as models to evaluate the effect of the sodium dodecyl sulfate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1508:196-209. [PMID: 11090826 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The stability of stratum corneum (SC) liposomes against the action of surfactants has been revised. To this end, two types of vesicles were used; vesicles formed with the lipid and protein material extracted from SC, and lipid mixtures approximating the SC composition. In this case, the proportion of ceramides (Cer) and cholesteryl sulfate (Chol-sulf) was varied and the relative proportion of the other lipids remained constant. The increasing presence of these two lipids increased the resistance of liposomes against the action of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The rise in the cell-to-cell cohesion that occurred in recessive X-linked ichthyosis due to the accumulation of Chol-sulf could be associated in part to the enhanced stability of (Chol-sulf)-enriched bilayers. It is noteworthy that the surfactant partitioning between bilayers and the aqueous phase increased and decreased, respectively, as the proportion of Cer and Chol-sulf increased. This effect may be attributed to the variations in both the electrostatic interactions lipid-surfactant (electrostatic repulsion between the sulfate groups of both Chol-sulf and SDS), and the hydrophilic lipophilic balance of the lipid mixtures, in which Cer is replaced by the major polar lipid of the mixture (Chol-sulf). The fact that the free surfactant concentration was always smaller than its critical micelle concentration indicates that the permeability alterations were mainly ruled by the action of surfactant monomers, in agreement with the results reported for sublytic interactions of this surfactant with PC liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O López
- Departamento de Tensioactivos, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas y Ambientales de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Two kinds of vesicles with and without the presence of sodium cholate (flexible vesicles and conventional vesicles) were prepared, using cyclosporin A as model drug. When applied onto the excised abdominal skin of mice non-occlusively, the enhancing effects of vesicles on the penetration of cyclosporin A were assessed by an in vitro permeation technique. The effect of sodium cholate micelles was also studied. In vivo study was carried out by topical application of vesicles onto the mice skin and drug serum concentration was detected. Results showed that after 8 h of administration, flexible vesicles transported 1.16 microg of cyclosporin A through per cm(2) mice skin and amounted to 1.88 microg 24 h later. The residual amount in the skin was 1.78+/-0.51 microg/cm(2). However, flexible vesicles failed to transport measurable amount of drug through pre-hydrated skin while deposited 2.39+/-0.26 microg/cm(2) into the skin. Conventional vesicles failed to transfer cyclosporin A into the receiver while accumulated 0. 72+/-0.19 microg/cm(2) of drug in the skin. Furthermore, 1 and 40% sodium cholate micelles precluded the transport of cyclosporin A. In vivo studies indicated that with the application of flexible vesicles, serum drug concentration of 53.43+/-9.24 ng/ml was detected 2 h later. After the stratum corneum of mouse skin has been destroyed by shaving, flexible vesicles transferred large amount of drug into blood, up to 187.32+/-53.21 ng/ml after 1 h of application. Conventional vesicles failed to deliver measurable amount of drug into the blood under normal skin condition. In conclusion, flexible vesicle is better than conventional vesicle as the carrier for transdermal delivery of cyclosporin A. Penetration and fusion have been suggested to be two major functional mechanisms. Hydration is detrimental to the enhancement effect. Stratum corneum constitutes main barrier to the transport of lipophilic cyclosporin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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39
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Interactions between liposomes and human stratum corneum studied by freeze-substitution electron microscopy. Int J Pharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Meuwissen ME, Janssen J, Cullander C, Junginger HE, Bouwstra JA. A cross-section device to improve visualization of fluorescent probe penetration into the skin by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Pharm Res 1998; 15:352-6. [PMID: 9523327 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011999509448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Meuwissen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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41
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Yu HY, Liao HM. Triamcinolone permeation from different liposome formulations through rat skin in vitro. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Hofland HE, Bouwstra JA, Boddé HE, Spies F, Junginger HE. Interactions between liposomes and human stratum corneum in vitro: freeze fracture electron microscopical visualization and small angle X-ray scattering studies. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132:853-66. [PMID: 7662563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb16940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between three liposomal formulations and human stratum corneum were visualized using freeze fracture electron microscopy. A new replica cleaning method was introduced. Human stratum corneum was submerged for 48 h in liposome suspensions prepared from commercially available phospholipid mixtures. The size, lamellarity and lipid moieties of the liposomes were similar. The main difference between the three phospholipid formulations was the hydrophilicity of the headgroups. The composition dependence of the interactions between these vesicles and human stratum corneum was investigated. In essence, two types of interaction were observed: adsorption of the liposomes on to the outer surface of the stratum corneum, and ultrastructural changes in deeper layers of the stratum corneum caused by mixing of the liposomal constituents and the stratum corneum lipids. The electron microscopic observations were verified with small-angle X-ray scattering. It was found that liposomes composed of phospholipids containing relatively small hydrophilic headgroups showed a marked interaction with the skin lipids of human stratum corneum in vitro. The complexity of the phospholipid mixtures, however, made it very difficult to determine the exact effect each of these headgroups has on the interactions between these vesicles and human stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Hofland
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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43
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Touitou E, Junginger HE, Weiner ND, Nagai T, Mezei M. Liposomes as carriers for topical and transdermal delivery. J Pharm Sci 1994; 83:1189-203. [PMID: 7830230 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600830902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of active agents to the skin by liposome carriers is an interdisciplinary topic of great interest today. Data accumulated over the last decade strongly point to important advantages of these drug delivery systems. A symposium devoted to classic and new approaches in the use of liposomal systems was organized and chaired by M. Mezei and E. Touitou as a part of the Jerusalem Conference on Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology, held on May 24-30, 1992, in Jerusalem, Israel. The presentations focused on liposomes as tools in the mechanistic study of absorption promoters (T. Nagai), drug liposomal delivery in the skin strata and structures (N. Weiner), interaction of liposomes and niosomes with the human skin (H.E. Junginger), and design and characterization of caffeine liposomal systems for use in hyperproliferative diseases (E. Touitou). Mezei reviewed biodisposition and clinical studies on liposomal dosage forms containing various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Touitou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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44
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Moghimi SM, Patel HM. Current progress and future prospects of liposomes in dermal drug delivery. J Microencapsul 1993; 10:155-62. [PMID: 8331490 DOI: 10.3109/02652049309104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes were introduced first in 1980 for topical drug delivery and since then have attracted considerable interest and generated many speculative claims concerning their potential utility both as a drug carrier and reservoir for controlled release of drugs within various layers of the skin. A number of clinical studies have now demonstrated the superiority of liposomal drug formulations over conventional delivery systems. In this respect, liposomal formulations have been successful in treatment of a number of dermatological diseases and disorders such as psoriasis, mycoses, idiopathic hirsutism and cutaneous infections. This review emphasizes the evaluation of topically applied liposomal formulation both at experimental and clinical levels. Mechanism(s) by which liposomes facilitate deposition of drugs in various layers of the skin is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moghimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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45
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Downing DT, Abraham W, Wegner BK, Willman KW, Marshall JL. Partition of sodium dodecyl sulfate into stratum corneum lipid liposomes. Arch Dermatol Res 1993; 285:151-7. [PMID: 8503695 DOI: 10.1007/bf01112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic detergents produce deleterious effects on human skin as the result of being taken up by the stratum corneum (SC). The present study aimed to determine to what extent a typical detergent enters the SC lipid lamellae, and what effect this might have on the physical properties of the lipids. These effects were studied in large unilamellar liposomes prepared from SC lipids (50% by weight of epidermal ceramides, 28% cholesterol, 17% free fatty acids, and 5% cholesteryl sulfate) by extrusion through successive polycarbonate filters of decreasing pore size, finally 400 nm. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy and light-scattering particle size analysis indicated a uniform liposome diameter averaging 230 nm. Partitioning of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) into the lipid phase from aqueous buffer solutions was measured using the SC lipid liposomes and [U-14C]SDS. The partition coefficient was 416, 450, and 588 at pH 8.5 and 524, 507, and 807 at pH 7 for three different concentrations (0.1%, 0.02%, and 0.004%) of SDS. This high degree of partitioning into the liposomes is consistent with the high level of SDS partitioning seen in full SC. At the maximum, the SDS represented 18% of the liposomal lipids. Preparation of stable liposomes from SC lipids to which 10% or 20% of SDS had been added confirmed the ability of the liposomes to survive these high concentrations of surfactant. The permeability of the liposomes was enhanced as a result of SDS partitioning into the bilayers, as measured by the increased release of trapped [U-14C]glucose from these vesicles, and by their increased permeability to water in osmotic shock experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Downing
- Marshall Dermatology Research Laboratories, Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242
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46
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48
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Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) provides the barrier to water loss for the skin of mammals. A significant body of evidence now exists suggesting that extracellular SC lipids are primarily responsible for this barrier. We have measured the permeability (P) and lag-time (Tlag) for water vapor transport through the SC and found that P is about 1000 times less than the values obtained for most other lipid membranes. In addition, we have measured the water partitioning into the lipid microdomain of the SC using a differential scanning calorimetry technique. These combined data provide an estimate of the diffusion coefficient (D) and diffusion pathlength (delta). The results show that the intrinsic diffusion of water is comparable to values obtained with other lipid membranes. The value obtained for delta, however, is fiftyfold greater than the sample thickness. These results are interpreted in terms of the unique morphology of the SC, where lipids form an extracellular continuum that is highly tortuous. Thus, the exceedingly low permeability of the SC may be due, in large part, to its unique morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Potts
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Groton, Connecticut
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49
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Schurer NY, Elias PM. The biochemistry and function of stratum corneum lipids. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1991; 24:27-56. [PMID: 1763715 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024924-4.50006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Y Schurer
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine Universitat Dusseldorf, Germany
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