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Iaconis A, De Plano LM, Caccamo A, Franco D, Conoci S. Anti-Biofilm Strategies: A Focused Review on Innovative Approaches. Microorganisms 2024; 12:639. [PMID: 38674584 PMCID: PMC11052202 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm (BF) can give rise to systemic infections, prolonged hospitalization times, and, in the worst case, death. This review aims to provide an overview of recent strategies for the prevention and destruction of pathogenic BFs. First, the main phases of the life cycle of BF and maturation will be described to identify potential targets for anti-BF approaches. Then, an approach acting on bacterial adhesion, quorum sensing (QS), and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix will be introduced and discussed. Finally, bacteriophage-mediated strategies will be presented as innovative approaches against BF inhibition/destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Iaconis
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.I.); (L.M.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Laura Maria De Plano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.I.); (L.M.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Caccamo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.I.); (L.M.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Domenico Franco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.I.); (L.M.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.I.); (L.M.D.P.); (A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- URT Lab Sens Beyond Nano—CNR-DSFTM, Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Javed MQ, Kovalchuk I, Yevtushenko D, Yang X, Stanford K. Relationship between Desiccation Tolerance and Biofilm Formation in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2024; 12:243. [PMID: 38399647 PMCID: PMC10891874 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a major concern in the food industry and requires effective control measures to prevent foodborne illnesses. Previous studies have demonstrated increased difficulty in the control of biofilm-forming STEC. Desiccation, achieved through osmotic stress and water removal, has emerged as a potential antimicrobial hurdle. This study focused on 254 genetically diverse E. coli strains collected from cattle, carcass hides, hide-off carcasses, and processing equipment. Of these, 141 (55.51%) were STEC and 113 (44.48%) were generic E. coli. The biofilm-forming capabilities of these isolates were assessed, and their desiccation tolerance was investigated to understand the relationships between growth temperature, relative humidity (RH), and bacterial survival. Only 28% of the STEC isolates had the ability to form biofilms, compared to 60% of the generic E. coli. Stainless steel surfaces were exposed to different combinations of temperature (0 °C or 35 °C) and relative humidity (75% or 100%), and the bacterial attachment and survival rates were measured over 72 h and compared to controls. The results revealed that all the strains exposed to 75% relative humidity (RH) at any temperature had reduced growth (p < 0.001). In contrast, 35 °C and 100% RH supported bacterial proliferation, except for isolates forming the strongest biofilms. The ability of E. coli to form a biofilm did not impact growth reduction at 75% RH. Therefore, desiccation treatment at 75% RH at temperatures of 0 °C or 35 °C holds promise as a novel antimicrobial hurdle for the removal of biofilm-forming E. coli from challenging-to-clean surfaces and equipment within food processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim Javed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.Q.J.); (I.K.); (D.Y.)
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.Q.J.); (I.K.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dmytro Yevtushenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.Q.J.); (I.K.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1V7, Canada;
| | - Kim Stanford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.Q.J.); (I.K.); (D.Y.)
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Lee MJ, Kim MA, Min KS. Combined effect of electrical energy and graphene oxide on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:844-850. [PMID: 37914231 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of electrical energy and its synergistic activity with graphene oxide (GO) in Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms. The viability of E. faecalis biofilms was analyzed by colony-forming units, crystal violet staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The morphologies of the biofilms and the bacterial organelles were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission emission microscopy (TEM), respectively. Application of electrical energy combined with 0.2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on E. faecalis in biofilms significantly decreased the bacterial viability and biofilm biomass compared to the 0.2% NaOCl-only-treated group. Furthermore, additional application of GO showed similar antibacterial effects to 0.5% NaOCl. Notably, TEM observation revealed that the bacteria treated with electric energy and GO showed damaged cell membranes. The results suggest that combination of electrical energy and GO enhances antibacterial activity of NaOCl and has the potential to be applied to root canal irrigation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Jin Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Mi-Ah Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University
| | - Kyung-San Min
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University
- Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital
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Srinivasan R, Santhakumari S, Poonguzhali P, Geetha M, Dyavaiah M, Xiangmin L. Bacterial Biofilm Inhibition: A Focused Review on Recent Therapeutic Strategies for Combating the Biofilm Mediated Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676458. [PMID: 34054785 PMCID: PMC8149761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a major concern in various sectors and cause severe problems to public health, medicine, and industry. Bacterial biofilm formation is a major persistent threat, as it increases morbidity and mortality, thereby imposing heavy economic pressure on the healthcare sector. Bacterial biofilms also strengthen biofouling, affecting shipping functions, and the offshore industries in their natural environment. Besides, they accomplish harsh roles in the corrosion of pipelines in industries. At biofilm state, bacterial pathogens are significantly resistant to external attack like antibiotics, chemicals, disinfectants, etc. Within a cell, they are insensitive to drugs and host immune responses. The development of intact biofilms is very critical for the spreading and persistence of bacterial infections in the host. Further, bacteria form biofilms on every probable substratum, and their infections have been found in plants, livestock, and humans. The advent of novel strategies for treating and preventing biofilm formation has gained a great deal of attention. To prevent the development of resistant mutants, a feasible technique that may target adhesive properties without affecting the bacterial vitality is needed. This stimulated research is a rapidly growing field for applicable control measures to prevent biofilm formation. Therefore, this review discusses the current understanding of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacterial biofilm and intensely emphasized the novel therapeutic strategies for combating biofilm mediated infections. The forthcoming experimental studies will focus on these recent therapeutic strategies that may lead to the development of effective biofilm inhibitors than conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Srinivasan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fujian, China
| | - Sivasubramanian Santhakumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Mani Geetha
- PG Research and Department of Microbiology, St. Joseph's College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhu Dyavaiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Lin Xiangmin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
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Liu D, Huang Q, Gu W, Zeng XA. A review of bacterial biofilm control by physical strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3453-3470. [PMID: 33393810 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1865872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are multicellular communities of microorganisms held together by a self-produced extracellular matrix, which contribute to hygiene problems in the food and medical fields. Both spoilage and pathogenic bacteria that grow in the complex structure of biofilm are more resistant to harsh environmental conditions and conventional antimicrobial agents. Therefore, it is important to develop eco-friendly preventive methodologies to eliminate biofilms from foods and food contact equipment. The present paper gives an overview of the current physical methods for biofilm control and removal. Current physical strategies adopted for the anti-biofilm treatment mainly focused on use of ultrasound power, electric or magnetic field, plasma, and irradiation. Furthermore, the mechanisms of anti-biofilm action and application of different physical methods are discussed. Physical strategies make it possible to combat biofilm without the use of biocidal agents. The remarkable microbiocidal properties of physical strategies are promising tools for antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Quanfeng Huang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Weiming Gu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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Abstract
Microbial biofilms, which are elaborate and highly resistant microbial aggregates formed on surfaces or medical devices, cause two-thirds of infections and constitute a serious threat to public health. Immunocompromised patients, individuals who require implanted devices, artificial limbs, organ transplants, or external life support and those with major injuries or burns, are particularly prone to become infected. Antibiotics, the mainstay treatments of bacterial infections, have often proven ineffective in the fight against microbes when growing as biofilms, and to date, no antibiotic has been developed for use against biofilm infections. Antibiotic resistance is rising, but biofilm-mediated multidrug resistance transcends this in being adaptive and broad spectrum and dependent on the biofilm growth state of organisms. Therefore, the treatment of biofilms requires drug developers to start thinking outside the constricted "antibiotics" box and to find alternative ways to target biofilm infections. Here, we highlight recent approaches for combating biofilms focusing on the eradication of preformed biofilms, including electrochemical methods, promising antibiofilm compounds and the recent progress in drug delivery strategies to enhance the bioavailability and potency of antibiofilm agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Wolfmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbial Diseases
and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259
Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel Pletzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbial Diseases
and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259
Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sarah C. Mansour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbial Diseases
and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259
Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbial Diseases
and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259
Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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7
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Gene transfer and protein release of fission yeast by application of a high voltage electric pulse. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:13-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Bacteria growing in biofilms cause a wide range of human infections. Biofilm bacteria are resistant to antimicrobics at levels 500 to 5,000 times higher than those needed to kill non-biofilm bacteria. In vitro experiments have shown that electric current can enhance the activity of some antimicrobial agents against certain bacteria in biofilms; this has been termed the ''bioelectric effect''. Direct electrical current has already been safely used in humans for fracture healing. Application of direct electric current with antimicrobial chemotherapy in humans could theoretically abrogate the need to remove the device in device-related infections, a procedure associated with substantial morbidity and cost. In this article, we review what has been described in the literature with regards to the bioelectric effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Del Pozo
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota - USA
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Suga M, Kusanagi I, Hatakeyama T. High osmotic stress improves electro-transformation efficiency of fission yeast. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 225:235-9. [PMID: 12951247 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A preincubation of fission yeast cells with hyperosmotic solution improved the electro-transformation efficiency. The efficiency increased approximately five-fold when the cells were preincubated with 2.0 M sorbitol and 1.5 M NaCl at 30 degrees C for 60 min before an applied high electric pulse. Losses in the efficiency of the cells after hyperosmotic stress above 2.5 M sorbitol and 2.0 M NaCl were directly related to the marked reduction of viability. The efficiency at 2.0 M sorbitol gradually increased until 60 min of the preincubation period, but longer exposure resulted in a gradual decrease. On the other hand, when the cells of the osmotic-sensitive mutant were preincubated with isosmotic solution of 0.5 M sorbitol, the efficiency was also dramatically increased by approximately 15-fold. These improvements in efficiency were observed in sublethal conditions of osmotic stress regardless of osmoticums and strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Suga
- Department of Materials and Biosystem Engineering, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku Toyama-City, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
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Suga M, Hatakeyama T. High-efficiency electroporation by freezing intact yeast cells with addition of calcium. Curr Genet 2003; 43:206-11. [PMID: 12684838 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-003-0385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Revised: 02/05/2003] [Accepted: 02/06/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel freezing method to generate competent cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae prior to electroporation. Freezing the intact cells in sorbitol with the addition of calcium at -80 degrees C allowed us to improve the transformation efficiency after freezing and thawing. The optimum concentration of CaCl(2) was found to be 5-10 mM. The addition of other cations had no effect on the efficiency, while the addition of calcium meant that a broad concentration of sorbitol (0.6-2.5 M) could be used, independent of strain. Moreover, increasing the cell concentration to 2 x 10(9) cells/ml during an applied electric pulse further increased the efficiency after freezing and resulted in a wide range of electric field strength (9.0-11.5 kV/cm). Therefore, there was no need to optimize both the concentration of cryoprotectant and the electric field strength of the applied pulse. This procedure for electroporation allows the frozen competent cells to be stored long-term without any significant loss of efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Suga
- Department of Materials and Biosystem Engineering, Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku Toyama-City, 930-8555 Toyama, Japan.
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Abstract
The calA, calC, and calD mutants of Escherichia coli are known to be sensitive to Ca2+ (R. N. Brey and B. P. Rosen, J. Bacteriol. 139:824-834, 1979). In the absence of any added stimuli for chemotaxis, both the calC and the calD mutants swam with a tumbly bias. Both the calC and the calD mutants were defective in chemotaxis as measured by computer analysis, use of swarm plates, and capillary assays. The calA mutant was only slightly defective in motility and only slightly impaired in chemotaxis. Chemotactically wild-type cells had an intra-cellular free-Ca2+ level of about 105 nM. The intracellular free-Ca2+ levels of the mutants, as determined by use of the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator dye fura-2 or fluo-3, were about 90, about 1,130, and about 410 nM for calA, calC, and calD, respectively. Lowering the intracellular free-Ca2+ levels in wild-type cells and in the tumbly cal mutants by use of Ca2+ chelators promoted running (smooth swimming). Overexpression of CheZ (which causes dephosphorylation of CheY-phosphate) in the wild type and in the tumbly cal mutants decreased the level of tumbliness (which is caused by CheY-phosphate). The calA mutant was 4- to 10-fold more resistant than the wild type to the inhibitory effect of omega-conotoxin on chemotaxis. omega-Conotoxin had no effect on Ca2+ extrusion by wild-type E. coli; that result suggests that omega-conotoxin affects Ca2+ transport at the point of entry instead of exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Tisa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin--Madison 53706, USA
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Costerton JW, Ellis B, Lam K, Johnson F, Khoury AE. Mechanism of electrical enhancement of efficacy of antibiotics in killing biofilm bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:2803-9. [PMID: 7695266 PMCID: PMC188289 DOI: 10.1128/aac.38.12.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioelectric effect, in which electric fields are used to enhance the efficacy of biocides and antibiotics in killing biofilm bacteria, has been shown to reduce the very high concentrations of these antibacterial agents needed to kill biofilm bacteria to levels very close to those needed to kill planktonic (floating) bacteria of the same species. In this report, we show that biofilm bacteria are readily killed by an antibiotic on all areas of the active electrodes and on the surfaces of conductive elements that lie within the electric field but do not themselves function as electrodes. Considerations of electrode geometry indicate that very low (< 100 microA/cm2) current densities may be effective in this electrical enhancement of antibiotic efficacy against biofilm bacteria, and flow experiments indicate that this bioelectric effect does not appear to depend entirely on the possible local electrochemical generation of antibacterial molecules or ions. These data are expected to facilitate the use of the bioelectric effect in the prevention and treatment of device-related bacterial infections that are caused by bacteria that grow in biofilms and thereby frustrate antibiotic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Costerton
- Center for Biofilm Engineering Montana State University, Bozeman. 59717-0398
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Sabelnikov AG. Nucleic acid transfer through cell membranes: towards the underlying mechanisms. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 62:119-52. [PMID: 7524111 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(94)90009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Various cases of DNA (RNA) transfer through membranes of living cells are reviewed. They are classified into two major categories: those which occur in Nature (natural transfer) and those imposed by various physical and chemical treatments of cells (induced transfer). Among the examples of natural transfer surveyed are the transfer during bacterial conjugation, genetic transformation, viral infection of bacteria, and nuclear membrane trafficking. Consideration of the induced transfer is focused on the two methods most widely used at present to introduce foreign genetic information into pro- and eukaryotic cells: Ca2+ (and some other divalent cations)-induced and calcium phosphate-induced transfer, and transfer during electroporation of cells. Emphasis is made on the underlying mechanisms of transfer, or rather on what is currently known about them. Energetic aspects of transfer are also discussed and different tentative models of transfer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Sabelnikov
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y. 11973
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