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Volek M, Kurfürst J, Drexler M, Svoboda M, Srb P, Veverka V, Curtis EA. Aurora: a fluorescent deoxyribozyme for high-throughput screening. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae467. [PMID: 38860424 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence facilitates the detection, visualization, and tracking of molecules with high sensitivity and specificity. A functional DNA molecule that generates a robust fluorescent signal would offer significant advantages for many applications compared to intrinsically fluorescent proteins, which are expensive and labor intensive to synthesize, and fluorescent RNA aptamers, which are unstable under most conditions. Here, we describe a novel deoxyriboyzme that rapidly and efficiently generates a stable fluorescent product using a readily available coumarin substrate. An engineered version can detect picomolar concentrations of ribonucleases in a simple homogenous assay, and was used to rapidly identify novel inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 ribonuclease Nsp15 in a high-throughput screen. Our work adds an important new component to the toolkit of functional DNA parts, and also demonstrates how catalytic DNA motifs can be used to solve real-world problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Volek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kurfürst
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Matúš Drexler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Svoboda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Srb
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Veverka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Edward A Curtis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
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Ronzheimer A, Ringelmann AE, Morlock GE. Fast and sustainable planar yeast-based bioassay for endocrine disruptors in complex mixtures: Start of cell cultivation to result within one day. Talanta 2024; 272:125746. [PMID: 38447467 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography hyphenated with planar multiplex bioassays and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry contributes to the non-target detection or even identification of active compounds in complex mixtures such as food, feed, cosmetics, commodities, and environmental samples. It can be used to discover previously unknown harmful or active substances in complex samples and to tentatively assign molecular formulas. This method is already faster than the commonly used in vitro assays along with liquid chromatographic separations, but overnight cell cultivation still prevents a planar bioassay from being performed within one day. There is also still potential for optimization in terms of sustainability. To achieve this, the planar bioassay protocols for the detection of androgen-like and estrogen-like compounds were harmonized. The successful minimization of the cell culture volume enabled accelerated cell cultivation, which allowed the bioassay to be performed within one day. This was considered a milestone achieved, as up to 23 samples per plate can now be analyzed from the start of cultivation to the biological endpoint on the same day. Doubling the substrate amount and increasing the pH of the silica gel layer led to a more sensitive and selective bioassay due to the enhanced fluorescence of the formed end-product. The faster and more sustainable bioassay protocol was applied to complex samples such as sunscreen and red wine to detect estrogen-like compounds. The developed method was validated by comparison with a standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Ronzheimer
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne E Ringelmann
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany; Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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3
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Šuchová K, Fehér C, Ravn JL, Bedő S, Biely P, Geijer C. Cellulose- and xylan-degrading yeasts: Enzymes, applications and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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4
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Sensitive fluorogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:247-52. [PMID: 21827735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase serves both as a model enzyme for studies on the mechanism and kinetics of phosphomonoesterases and as a reporter in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and other biochemical methods. The tight binding of the enzyme to its inorganic phosphate product leads to strong inhibition of catalysis and confounds measurements of alkaline phosphatase activity. We have developed an alkaline phosphatase substrate in which the fluorescence of rhodamine is triggered on P-O bond cleavage in a process mediated by a "trimethyl lock." Although this substrate requires a nonenzymatic second step to manifest fluorescence, we demonstrated that the enzymatic first step limits the rate of fluorogenesis. The substrate enables the catalytic activity of alkaline phosphatase to be measured with high sensitivity and accuracy. Its attributes are ideal for enzymatic assays of alkaline phosphatase for both basic research and biotechnological applications.
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Mizukami S, Watanabe S, Kikuchi K. Development of Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes for Phosphatases by Using a pKaSwitching Mechanism. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1465-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of some new fluorogenic analogues of organophosphorus nerve agents. J Fluor Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2006.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Sugimoto T, Amano M, Tokumoto T, Ishikawa K. Unusual phosphatase activity resistant to SDS and pronase treatments in Xenopus ovary. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 264:689-95. [PMID: 10543993 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An unusual phosphatase, which is resistant to treatment by 5% SDS and proteolytic enzymes, was isolated as two types, 1 and 2, from pronase-treated homogenates of Xenopus ovary. The molecular sizes of types 1 and 2 were estimated as about 140 kDa and more than 2 x 10(4) kDa, respectively, by gel filtration, but as 140 and 130 kDa as a catalytic unit, respectively, by electrophoresis, implying that whereas type 1 might be composed of catalytic unit alone, type 2 is a multicomponent complex consisting of a 130-kDa catalytic unit. Both activities were sensitive to nucleases but resistant to tested proteolytic enzymes. These findings suggest that the unusual phosphatase activity is attributable to a polynucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugimoto
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
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Gee KR, Sun WC, Bhalgat MK, Upson RH, Klaubert DH, Latham KA, Haugland RP. Fluorogenic substrates based on fluorinated umbelliferones for continuous assays of phosphatases and beta-galactosidases. Anal Biochem 1999; 273:41-8. [PMID: 10452797 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic substrates based on 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) have been widely used for the detection of phosphatase and glycosidase activities. One disadvantage of these substrates, however, is that maximum fluorescence of the reaction product requires an alkaline pH, since 4-MU has a pK(a) approximately 8. In an initial screening of five phosphatase substrates based on fluorinated derivatives of 4-MU, all with pK(a) values lower than that of 4-MU, we found that one substrate, 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (DiFMUP), was much improved for the detection of acid phosphatase activity. When measured at the preferred acid phosphatase reaction pH (5.0), DiFMUP yielded fluorescence signals that were more than 10-fold higher than those of 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (MUP). DiFMUP was also superior to MUP for the detection of protein phosphatase 1 activity at pH 7 and was just as sensitive as MUP for the detection of alkaline phosphatase activity at pH 10. A beta-galactosidase substrate was also prepared based on 6, 8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferone. This substrate, 6, 8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d-galactopyranoside (DiFMUG), was found to be considerably more sensitive than the commonly used substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d-galactopyranoside (MUG), for the detection of beta-galactosidase activity at pH 7. DiFMUP and DiFMUG should have great utility for the continuous assay of phosphatase and beta-galactosidase activity, respectively, at neutral and acid pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Gee
- Molecular Probes, Incorporated, 4849 Pitchford Avenue, Eugene, Oregon 97402, USA
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Sun WC, Gee KR, Haugland RP. Synthesis of novel fluorinated coumarins: excellent UV-light excitable fluorescent dyes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3107-10. [PMID: 9873685 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two new fluorinated fluorescent dyes, 6,8-difluoro-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (Marina Blue) and 3-carboxy-6,8-difluoro-7-hydroxycoumarin (Pacific Blue), exhibit excellent photophysical properties among a series of novel fluorinated 7-hydroxycoumarins. Most of these fluorinated coumarins have quantum yields (0.63 to 0.89) equal to or higher than that of the parent compound (0.63), which, in combination with their lower pKaS and higher photostability, make them superior fluorescent dyes for use as reporter molecules in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Sun
- Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, Oregon 97402-9165, USA.
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Parandoosh Z, Bogowitz CA, Nova MP. A fluorometric assay for the measurement of endothelial cell density in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1998; 34:772-6. [PMID: 9870526 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-998-0031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A fluorometric assay for determining endothelial cell numbers based on the endogenous enzyme acid phosphatase is described. In preliminary studies, three substrates--p-nitrophenyl phosphate, 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate, and 2'-[2-benzthiazoyl]-6'-hydroxy-benthiazole phosphate (AttoPhos)--were compared with respect to their kinetic, optimum assay conditions, sensitivity, and detection limits. Only AttoPhos was found to have a high degree of sensitivity, reliability, and reproducibility for measuring both high and low cell numbers in the same plate. In subsequent experiments, assay conditions were validated for measuring endothelial cell density in response to basic fibroblast growth factor and fumagillin. Furthermore, the AttoPhos assay revealed a linear correlation between acid phosphatase activity and cell number in many cell types, including BALB/3T3, CHO-K1, A431, MCF7, 2008, SK-OV-3, T47-D, and OVCAR-3. This assay is potentially valuable for use in many in vitro systems in which the quantitation of cell density and proliferation is necessary. The practical advantages of AttoPhos assay for measuring endothelial cell numbers include (1) nonradioactivity, (2) simplicity, (3) economy, (4) speed of assessment of proliferation of large number of samples, and (5) amenability to high-throughput drug screening.
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Díaz A, Domínguez L, Fornés MW, Burgos MH, Mayorga LS. Acrosome content release in streptolysin O permeabilized mouse spermatozoa. Andrologia 1996; 28:21-6. [PMID: 8659710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1996.tb02753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm cell plasma membrane and the outer acrosomal membrane fuse profusely during the acrosome reaction. The process is triggered by extracellular signals that elicit several intracellular events leading ultimately to membrane fusion. We have developed a streptolysin O permeabilizing protocol that selectively affects the spermatozoon plasma membrane without causing a significant loss of the acrosomal content. Most of the acrosomal acid phosphatase remained sperm-associated even after a 20 min incubation at 37 degrees C. However, the presence of 100 microM Ca2+ in the incubation buffer stimulates the release of the enzyme. The reaction was followed biochemically, measuring the acid phosphatase activity released to the medium and morphologically by the binding of fluorescein isothiocynate-conjugated peanut agglutinin and by electron microscopy. The results show that the streptolysin O permeabilized spermatozoon is a promising model for studying the complex set of events mediating and regulating the acrosome reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Díaz
- Instituto de Histología Embriología, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Khan KM, Brooks SS, Pullarkat RK. Abnormal acid phosphatases in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 57:285-9. [PMID: 7668346 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320570234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acid phosphatases in brain and cultured lymphoblasts from patients affected with neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) were studied by starch gel electrophoresis. After electrophoresis the gel was incubated with 4-methyl umbelliferyl phosphate at pH 4.5 and the fluorescent reaction product was visualized under ultraviolet light. Control brain showed a single band with mobility of about 1 cm while NCL patients showed two additional fast moving bands. In the late-infantile, and in the adult form (Kufs disease), the middle band was prominent while the fast moving band was predominant in juvenile NCL. In long-term lymphoblasts, controls showed a single band of acid phosphatase activity while both juvenile and late-infantile NCL showed two additional fast moving bands. Obligate heterozygotes showed reduced levels of the fast moving bands. Fluorometric assay of acid phosphatase using 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate as substrate showed a 2-fold increase in activity in the patients. The increased acid phosphatase activity is completely inhibited by tartrate. Lymphocyte hexosamnidase activities were unchanged in NCL patients lymphoblasts. Studies on brains of NCL patients and on cultured lymphoblasts from families with late-infantile and juvenile form of NCL showed that abnormal acid phosphatase is characteristic of NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Khan
- New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, USA
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Slot LA, Lauridsen AM, Hendil KB. Intracellular protein degradation in serum-deprived human fibroblasts. Biochem J 1986; 237:491-8. [PMID: 2432873 PMCID: PMC1147011 DOI: 10.1042/bj2370491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IMR90 human fibroblasts were labelled by incubation of cells for 48 h in medium containing 10% serum and [3H]leucine. The labelled protein was degraded at a rate of 1%/h during a subsequent incubation in medium with 10% serum. Incubation in medium without serum caused a transient enhancement of the degradation of endogenous protein, which was also found in cells labelled in medium without serum. The degradation of micro-injected haemoglobin was enhanced by serum deprivation in a non-transient manner. These results suggest that enhanced degradation in serum-free medium occurs only for a subpopulation of cell proteins and that it appears transient because the major part of the pool of susceptible endogenous proteins is being degraded during the first 20-30 h in serum-free unlabelled medium. Protein turnover in various cell compartments was measured by a double-labelling technique. Most of the enhanced degradation in serum-deprived cultures (73-83%) was due to breakdown of cytosolic proteins. The enhanced degradation of cytosolic proteins seemed to affect several proteins irrespective of their molecular mass or metabolic stability.
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Tangerås A. Lysosomes, but not mitochondria, accumulate iron and porphyrins in porphyria induced by hexachlorobenzene. Biochem J 1986; 235:671-5. [PMID: 3753436 PMCID: PMC1146740 DOI: 10.1042/bj2350671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In female rats with porphyria induced by hexachlorobenzene, the amounts of non-haem iron and porphyrins in liver mitochondrial fractions were increased almost 3-fold and greater than 500-fold respectively compared with that of untreated animals. A considerable fraction of both iron and porphyrins in this fraction was shown to be located in lysosomes. Thus mitochondrial preparations, which were further depleted of lysosomes by Percoll-density-gradient centrifugation, contained 2.78 +/- 0.75 and 2.99 +/- 0.49 nmol of non-haem iron/mg of protein when isolated from the liver of control rats and hexachlorobenzene-treated rats respectively. Mitochondria isolated from the liver of hexachlorobenzene-treated animals contained a pool of iron (about 1 nmol/mg of protein) that was available for haem synthesis in vitro. This pool is similar to that previously reported for mitochondria isolated from the liver of rats with normal haem synthesis. Hexachlorobenzene treatment, therefore, does not affect the iron status of the mitochondria.
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Tangerås A. Mitochondrial iron not bound in heme and iron-sulfur centers and its availability for heme synthesis in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 843:199-207. [PMID: 4063392 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(85)90140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rat liver mitochondrial fractions have previously been shown to contain a pool of iron which was bound neither in cytochromes nor in iron-sulfur centers (Tangerås, A., Flatmark, T., Bãckstrõm, D. and Ehrenberg, A. (1980) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 589, 162-175), and in the present study the availability of this iron pool for heme synthesis has been studied in isolated mitochondria. A minor fraction of this iron is here shown to originate from iron-rich lysosomes present as a contaminant in mitochondrial fractions isolated by differential centrifugation, and a method for the selective quantitation of this iron pool was developed. The availability of the mitochondrial iron pool for heme synthesis by mitochondria in vitro was studied using a recently developed HPLC method for the assay of ferrochelatase activity. When deuteroporphyrin was used as the substrate, 1.04 +/- 0.13 nmol/mg protein of deuteroheme was formed after 6 h incubation at 37 degrees C when a plateau was approached, and the initial rate of heme synthesis was 0.3 nmol/h per mg protein. Heme formation from the physiological substrate protoporphyrin was also seen. The heme synthesis increased with the amount of mitochondria used and was blocked by both Fe(II) and Fe(III) chelators. The heme synthesis was independent of mitochondrial oxidizable substrates and no difference was observed between pH 7.4 and 6.5. FMN slightly stimulated the formation of heme from endogenous iron, probably by mobilization of a small amount of contaminating lysosomal iron present in the preparations. The possibility that the mitochondrial iron pool functions as the proximate iron donor for heme synthesis by ferrochelatase in vivo is discussed.
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Sanghvi A. The role of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in the regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1985; 183:311-22. [PMID: 2994408 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2459-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sanghvi A, Grassi E, Diven W. Loss of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in vitro in the presence of bivalent metal ions and by dialysis of rat liver microsomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:2175-8. [PMID: 6300898 PMCID: PMC393780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A loss in cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity [cholesterol 7 alpha-monooxygenase; cholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7 alpha-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.13.17] was seen when rat liver microsomes were incubated in the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, or Mn2+. The loss in enzyme activity was complete within only 5 min of incubation with Ca2+ and Mn2+, whereas Mg2+ required 10 to 15 min of incubation with microsomes to produce a similar inhibition. This effect of metal ions could be blocked if the incubations were carried out in phosphate buffer. Similarly, preincubation of microsomes in the presence of NaF completely prevented the loss in enzyme activity due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, but only partially the loss due to Mn2+. These results suggest metal ion activation of an endogenous microsomal phosphatase, which in turn may inactivate cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase through its dephosphorylation. Further, a dialyzable microsomal factor appears to be essential for stabilizing the enzyme, because dialysis of a microsomal suspension results in a considerable loss of enzyme activity.
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Lehrer RI, Szklarek D, Selsted ME, Fleischmann J. Increased content of microbicidal cationic peptides in rabbit alveolar macrophages elicited by complete Freund adjuvant. Infect Immun 1981; 33:775-8. [PMID: 7287180 PMCID: PMC350777 DOI: 10.1128/iai.33.3.775-778.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We measured the microbicidal peptides MCP-1 and MCP-2 in rabbit alveolar macrophages (AM), comparing rabbits pretreated with complete Freund adjuvant with untreated control animals. Levels of MCP-1 increased from 4.7 +/- 0.6 microgram/10(7) resident AM to 13.2 +/- 0.1 microgram/10(7) complete Freund adjuvant-elicited AM. MCP-2 levels rose from 1.8 +/- 0.1 microgram/10(7) resident AM to 7.3 +/- 0.4 microgram/10(7) complete Freund adjuvant-elicited AM. The activities of five lysosomal hydrolases (beta-D-glucuronidase, beta-D-galactosidase, acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) were 44 to 96% higher in complete Freund adjuvant-elicited AM, and lysozyme activity was three- to fourfold higher. As MCP-1 and MCP-2 are major constituents of rabbit AM and exhibit potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, they may contribute to the expression of microbicidal activity in both resident and activated states.
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Abstract
The activities of the lysosomal enzymes acid and neutral protease, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase were measured in the serum of patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Acid protease (cathepsin D) activity was increased about tenfold in patients who died and nearly fourfold in those who survived fulminant hepatic failure after paracetamol overdose, whereas activities were increased equally in patients with fulminant hepatic failure due to viral hepatitis whether or not they survived. A correlation was found between serum acid protease activity and prothrombin time, and the increase in cathepsin D activity was sustained over several days compared with aspartate aminotransferase, which showed a sharp early peak and then a fall. Circulating lysosomal proteases can damage other organs, and measurement of their activity may therefore be of added value in assessing prognosis in this condition.
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Steiger RF, Opperdoes FR, Bontemps J. Subcellular fractionation of Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms with special reference to hydrolases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 105:163-75. [PMID: 6245876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei have been screened for the presence of enzymes that could serve as markers for the plasma membrane, flagellar pocket, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in order to study the subcellular organization of the digestive system of the parasite. Acetylesterase, acid DNase, acid phosphatase, acid phosphodiesterase, acid proteinase, acid RNase, alanine aminotransferase, galactosyl transferase, alpha-glucosidase, inosine diphosphatase and alpha-mannosidase were partially characterized and their assays optimized for pH-dependent activity, linearity of reaction with respect to incubation time and enzyme concentration, and the effect of inhibitors and activators. The association of these enzymes with particulate material and the presence of structural latency were investigated. Acid proteinase and alpha-mannosidase are particle-bound and latent in cytoplasmic extracts; they can be activated and solubilized in part by Triton X-100. Similar results were obtained for acid phosphatase, acid phosphodiesterase and inosine diphosphatase. Neutral alpha-glucosidase, though partly sedimentable, does not show latency and is readily solubilized by the detergent. Galactosyl transferase is firmly membrane-bound even in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100. Cell fractionation by differential centrifugation and density equilibration on sucrose gradients revealed that both alpha-mannosidase and acid proteinase are associated with organelles that band at a density of about 1.20 g/cm3. Inosine diphosphatase, galactosyl transferase, acid phosphatase and acid phosphodiesterase sediment predominantly as microsomal constituents equilibrating at densities between 1.13 and 1.15 g/cm3. In addition, inosine diphosphatase and galactosyl transferase exhibit considerable activity at higher densities (1.18-1.25 g/cm3). Neutral alpha-glucosidase is mainly recovered in the nuclear and microsomal fraction; its particulate part equilibrates as a single band at rho = 1.22 g/cm3. Acetylesterase and acid DNase are largely soluble, whereas acid RNase does not produce distinct sedimentation and banding profiles. In intact cells, neutral alpha-glucosidase and acid phosphatase appear to be highly accessible to their substrates. It is tentatively concluded that (a) acid proteinase and alpha-mannosidase are lysosomal enzymes, (b) acid phosphatase and acid phosphodiesterase are associated with the flagellar pocket and part of the former enzyme probably with the endoplasmic reticulum, (c) galactosyl transferase is a constituent of the Golgi apparatus, and (d) alpha-glucosidase may serve as a marker for the plasma membrane. Inosine diphosphatase may also be derived from the latter structure.
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Meijer AE, van der Loos CM, Schuurhuizen PW. The presence of a low molecular weight acid phosphatase in liver tissue that cannot be demonstrated with the histochemical substrate naphthol AS-BI phosphate. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1980; 67:23-9. [PMID: 6156928 DOI: 10.1007/bf00490084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Meijer AE, Israël DE. The increase in activity of acid hydrolases in muscles of rats after subcutaneous administration of dimethyl-para-phenylene diamine. A combined histochemical and biochemical investigation. II. The biochemical investigation and comparison with the histochemical observations. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1979; 61:93-101. [PMID: 37197 DOI: 10.1007/bf00496521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Meijer AE, Israël DE, van der Loos C, Tigges AJ. Evaluation of histochemical observations of activity of acid hydrolases obtained with semipermeable membrane techniques. 3. The substrate specificity of isoenzymes of acid phosphatase in m.gastrocnemius of rabbits. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1979; 60:145-53. [PMID: 37196 DOI: 10.1007/bf00495750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three distinct isoenzymes of acid phosphatase have been separated from extracts of m.gastrocnemius of normal and of vitamin E deficient rabbits by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These isoenzymes, termed I, II and III, have molecular weights of: 110,000--130,000, 60,000--78,000 and 12,500--14,500. Isoenzymes I and II split the substrates 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate and naphthol AS-BI phosphate and the activity is strongly increased in the muscles of vitamin E deficient rabbits. Isoenzyme III splits only 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate and the activity is not increased in the muscles of vitamin E deficient rabbits. The pH-optimum for isoenzymes I and II is 4.8 and for isoenzyme III 5.5. It has been shown that the histochemical semipermeable membrane technique, using substrate naphthol AS-BI phosphate, is a very reliable technique for demonstrating activity of the isoenzymes I and II in tissue sections. On the other hand, activity of isoenzyme III cannot be demonstrated with this histochemical technique. In pathologically altered muscles, the activity of the isoenzymes I and II is greatly increased whilst the activity of isoenzyme III is not significantly altered.
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Vanneuville FJ, Leroy JG, Van Elsen AF. Akaline phosphatase: activity and variation in human diploid fibroblasts. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1978; 86:817-27. [PMID: 84560 DOI: 10.3109/13813457809069534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A method is introduced for the assay of alkaline phosphatase in homogenates of cultured human skin fibroblasts. In a first group of 11 strains, a four- to fifteen-fold increase of enzyme activity is consistently observed following a period of starvation. In the remaining 31 cell-strains similar specific activities of alkaline phosphatase are found irrespective of medium changes. In regularly fed cultures, an inverse exponential correlation between the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase and the age of the donor has been detected.
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Harshman S, Conlin JG. A simplified procedure for isolating plasma membranes from cultured mouse fibroblast cells: 3T3 and SV-3T3. Anal Biochem 1978; 90:98-106. [PMID: 215053 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Meijer AE, Israël DE. Evaluation of histochemical observations of activity of acid hydrolases obtained with semipermeable membrane techniques: a combined histochemical and biochemical investigation 2. The biochemical investigation and comparison with the histochemical observations. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1978; 57:23-31. [PMID: 357351 DOI: 10.1007/bf00507353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reliability of enzyme histochemical semipermeable membrane techniques for the demonstration of acid hydrolases was investigated with a combined histochemical and biochemical study. In part 1 the histochemical findings were presented. In this communication the biochemical findings are reported and compared with the histochemical findings. In m. soleus, m. plantaris, m. gastrocnemius and diaphragm of vitamin E deficient rabbits the activity of the lysosomal acid hydrolases, cathepsin D, acid maltase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase is significantly increased. This increase in activity of the investigated acid hydrolases was equal for muscles with an aerobic or an anaerobic metabolism. By means of statistical calculations the activity of the enzymes demonstrated with histochemical techniques was compared with the enzyme activity determined with biochemical techniques. From the results of this investigation it can be concluded that the histochemical semipermeable membrane techniques for the demonstration of activity of acid hydrolases are very reliable. Considering the fact that these techniques are also tissue-saving, they are therefore extremely suitable for the study of catabolic wasting processes in skeletal muscle tissues of patients with inherited or acquired muscular diseases.
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28
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Reijngoud DJ, Tager JM. The permeability properties of the lysosomal membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 472:419-49. [PMID: 20954 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(77)90005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Kempson SA, Ellis BG, Price RG. Changes in rat renal cortex, isolated plasma membranes and urinary enzymes following the injection of mercuric chloride. Chem Biol Interact 1977; 18:217-34. [PMID: 142583 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(77)90008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Some of the biochemical changes in rat kidney following the administration of mercuric chloride have been determined. Mercuric chloride had an immediate effect on the renal brush border resulting in rapid loss of the microvilli. Plasma membranes were isolated and characterised at various stages in the necrotic process, mircovilli were absent from these preparations and the activities of marker enzymes for the brush border were significantly decreased. In contrast the basal plasma membranes were unaffected by the nephrotoxin during the early stages and no change occurred in the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, a marker enzyme for the basal membranes. The change in the pattern of urinary enzyme excertion closely paralleled the ultrastructural changes in the tubular cells. The sequence of subcellular change following the administration of mercuric chloride is discussed in relation to the known mechanism of action of this agent.
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Meijer AE, Benson D, Scholte HR. The influence of freezing and freeze-drying of tissue specimens on enzyme activity. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1977; 51:297-303. [PMID: 870461 DOI: 10.1007/bf00494365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the presented study the influence of freezing and freeze-drying on enzyme activity is described. Attention is paid to 16 enzymes which can be used for quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques. With the exception of succinate dehydrogenase only, no significant inactivation during freezing and freeze-drying procedures could be demonstrated with lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (NAD+), malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, NADH-oxydoreductase, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, phosphoglucomutase, glucosephosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and non specific aryl esterase. Therefore, the results supply a sound foundation for those quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques in which tissue specimens are frozen or frozen-dried before enzyme estimations are performed.
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31
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Sheahan BJ, Roche E, Donnelly WJ. Studies on cultured skin fibroblasts from calves with GM1 gangliosidosis. J Comp Pathol 1977; 87:205-11. [PMID: 16043 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(77)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Taylor DG, Williams VM, Crawford N. Bis-(4-methylumbelliferyl) phosphate as a substrate for the surface membrane-associated phosphodiesterase activity of pig platelets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 465:667-71. [PMID: 13836 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It was found that the newly-available compound, bis-(4-methylumbelliferyl) phosphate, could be used as a substrate for the pig platelet surface membrane-associated phosphodiesterase activity, usually assayed with bis-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate. This enzyme activity is distinct from the phosphodiesterase activity towards 5'-dTMP-P-nitrophenyl ester, which is probably associated with intracellular membrane structures in platelets. Consequently, the use of the 4-methylumbelliferyl derivative as substrate for the phosphodiesterase activity provides a sensitive, fluorimetric assay for this marker enzyme of the platelet surface membrane.
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Taylor DG, Crawford N. Enzymatic and chemical analyses of pig platelet membrane subfractions isolated by zonal centrifugation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 436:77-94. [PMID: 1276216 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(76)90221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. A mixed membrane fraction prepared from pig platelets was subfractionated, using the "B 14" zonal rotor, into two distinct subpopulations of membrane vesicles, each associated with a different phosphodiesterase activity. 2. The lighter subfraction (MI) was enriched 7-8 fold with bis-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate phosphodiesterase activity and the denser subfraction (MII) showed a similar degree of enrichment of 5'dTMP-p-nitrophenyl ester phosphodiesterase activity. 3. Assays for other enzyme activities revealed slight enrichement (approx. 2 fold) of acid phosphatase, 3'-dTMP-p-nitrophenyl ester phosphodiesterase and beta-glucuronidase activities in MI, and beta-galactosidase in MII. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase showed negligible activity in both MI and MII, and succinate dehydrogenase activity could not be detected in either subfraction. 4. Chemical analyses of the membrane subfractions demonstrated that MI contained approx. twice as much cholesterol, phospholipid, sialic acid and hexosamine per unit weight of protein than MII. These results are consistent with our previously reported observations from surface-labelling experiments, which indicated that MI was derived principally from the platelet surface-exposed membranes and that MII was probably intracellular in origin. 5. Analysis of the membrane polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of 12-15 components, in each subfraction, in the mol. wt. range 12000-200000, including a prominent band of approx. mol. wt. 46000, which has beeen identified to be actin. Qualitative as well as possible quantitative differences were apparent in that MII contained three components in addition to those present in MI. 6. Analysis of the periodate-Schiff staining components by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of 4 major glycoproteins in both subfractions with apparent mol. wt. ranging from approx. 95000 to 150000; in addition two minor components were also present. Further, a very fast-migrating band, which did not stain with Coomassie blue, was observed in both MI and MII and probably represents lipid material.
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Hasegawa K, Cimasoni G, Vuagnat P. Inflamed gingivae contain more free lysosomal enzyme. EXPERIENTIA 1975; 31:765-6. [PMID: 1140307 DOI: 10.1007/bf01938450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Patel V, Luft FC, Yum MN, Patel B, Zeman W, Kleit SA. Enzymuria in gentamicin-induced kidney damage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975; 7:364-9. [PMID: 1137389 PMCID: PMC429139 DOI: 10.1128/aac.7.3.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess their potential value as early indicators of gentamicin-induced kidney damage, lysosomal hydrolases were measured in the 24-h urines of rats receiving 30 or 60 mg of gentamicin per kg per day for 15 days. Proteinuria, urine osmolality, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine clearance were also measured. Kidney tissue was examined by both light and electron microscopy. Beta-galactosidase, beta-n-acetyl-hexosaminidase, and alpha-fucosidase were sensitive indicators and were significantly elevated above control values by day 3 at both doses (P < 0.01). Proteinuria, urine osmolality, and tests reflecting glomerular filtration rate were later indicators of nephron damage. Changes by light microscopy were detected on day 5. Necrosis was most prominent in the proximal convoluted tubules on day 10. Electron microscopy revealed numerous cytosomes with myeloid bodies within the proximal tubular epithelium on day 5. Lysosomal enzymuria appears to be an early manifestation of gentamicin nephrotoxicity and may possibly be related to the lysosomal abnormalities seen on electron microscopy.
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Abstract
1. Structure-linked latency, a trait for most lysosome hydrolase activities, is customarily ascribed to the permeability-barrier function performed by the particle-limiting membrane, which shields enzyme sites from externally added substrates. 2. The influence of various substrate concentrations on the reaction rate has been measured for both free (non-latent) and total (completely unmasked by Triton X-100) hydrolase activities in rat liver cell-free preparations. The substrates were: beta-glycerophosphate, phenolphthalein mono-beta-glucuronide. p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside. The ratio (free activity/total activity) X 100 is called fractional free activity at any given substrate concentration. 3. The fractional free activity of beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were clearly independent of substrate concentration, over the range examined, in both homogenates and lysosome-rich fractions. The fractional free activity of acid phosphatase appeared to be either unaffected (homogenate) or even depressed (lysosome-rich fraction) by increasing the beta-glycerophosphate concentration. The fractional free activity of beta-galactosidase consistently showed a non-linear increase with increasing substrate concentration in both homogenates and lysosome-rich fractions. 4. Procedures such as treatment with digitonin, hypo-osmotic shock and acid autolysis, although effective in causing varying degrees of resolution of the latency of lysosome hydrolase activities, were unable to modify appreciably the pattern of dependence or independence of their fractional free activities on substrate concentration, as compared with that exhibited by control preparations. Ouabain did not affect the free beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity of liver homogenates at all. 5. Preincubation of control preparations with beta-glycerophosphate or p-nitrophenyl beta-galactoside did not result in any significant stimulation of the free hydrolytic activity toward these substrates. 6. The results consistently support the view that the membrane of "intact" lysosomes is virtually impermeable to all the substrates tested, except for p-nitrophenyl beta-galactoside, for which the evidence is contradictory. Moreover the progressive unmasking of the hydrolase activities produced by these procedures in vitro reflects the increasing proportion of enzyme sites that are fully accessible to their substrates rather than a graded increase in the permeability of the lysosomal membrane.
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Jansen GS, Vrensen GF, Van Kempen GM. Intracellular localization of phenol sulphotransferase in rat brain. J Neurochem 1974; 23:329-35. [PMID: 4417540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb04362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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38
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Ellis BG, Price RG, Topham JC. The effect of tubular damage by mercuric chloride on kidney function and some urinary enzymes in the dog. Chem Biol Interact 1973; 7:101-13. [PMID: 4766939 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(73)90019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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40
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Meijer AE. Semipermeable membranes for improving the histochemical demonstration of enzyme activities in tissue sections. I. Acid phosphatase. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1972; 30:31-9. [PMID: 4115910 DOI: 10.1007/bf00303934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Taylor DG, Price RG, Robinson D. The distribution of some hydrolases in glomeruli and tubular fragments prepared from rat kidney by zonal centrifugation. Biochem J 1971; 122:641-5. [PMID: 4331586 PMCID: PMC1176831 DOI: 10.1042/bj1220641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. A collagenase digest of rat kidney cortex was separated into four bands by zonal centrifugation. 2. Two of these bands were shown by light-microscopy to contain glomeruli and tubular fragments, which were free from each other and well separated from other renal material. 3. Protein, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, 5'-nucleotidase, l-leucine beta-naphthylamidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were assayed across the gradient. 4. The greater proportion of these enzyme activities was recovered in the tubular fragments and acid phosphatase was the only enzyme detected in significant amounts in the glomeruli. 5. Tubular fragments and glomeruli were sedimented and multiple forms of beta-naphthylamidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were investigated by starch-gel electrophoresis.
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