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Barreto-Bergter E, Sassaki GL, de Souza LM. Structural analysis of fungal cerebrosides. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:239. [PMID: 22164155 PMCID: PMC3230030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the ceramide monohexosides (CMHs), gluco- and galactosyl-ceramides are the main neutral glycosphingolipids expressed in fungal cells. Their structural determination is greatly dependent on the use of mass spectrometric techniques, including fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization, and energy collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. Nuclear magnetic resonance has also been used successfully. Such a combination of techniques, combined with classical analytical separation, such as high-performance thin layer chromatography and column chromatography, has led to the structural elucidation of a great number of fungal CMHs. The structure of fungal CMH is conserved among fungal species and consists of a glucose or galactose residue attached to a ceramide moiety containing 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine with an amidic linkage to hydroxylated fatty acids, most commonly having 16 or 18 carbon atoms and unsaturation between C-3 and C-4. Along with their unique structural characteristics, fungal CMHs have a peculiar subcellular distribution and striking biological properties. Fungal cerebrosides were also characterized as antigenic molecules directly or indirectly involved in cell growth or differentiation in Schizophyllum commune, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pseudallescheria boydii, Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Besides classical techniques for cerebroside (CMH) analysis, we now describe new approaches, combining conventional thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry, as well as emerging technologies for subcellular localization and distribution of glycosphingolipids by secondary ion mass spectrometry and imaging matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Park T, Park YS, Rho JR, Kim YH. Structural determination of cerebrosides isolated from Asterias amurensis starfish eggs using high-energy collision-induced dissociation of sodium-adducted molecules. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:572-578. [PMID: 21290443 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Six cerebrosides were isolated from the eggs of the starfish Asterias amurensis using solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This study demonstrated that the structures of cerebrosides could be completely characterized, based on their sodium-adducted molecules, using fast atom bombardment (FAB) tandem mass spectrometry. The high-energy collision-induced dissociation of the sodium-adducted molecule, [M + Na](+), of each cerebroside molecular species generated abundant ions, providing information on the compositions of the 2-hydroxy fatty acids and long-chain sphingoid bases, as well as the sugar moiety polar head group. Each homologous ion series along the fatty acid and aliphatic chain of the sphingoid base was useful for locating the double-bond positions of both chains and the methyl branching position of the long-chain base. The N-fatty acyl portions were primarily long-chain saturated or monoenoic acids (C16 to C24) with an α-hydroxy group. The sphingoid long-chain base portions were aliphatic chains (C18 or C22) with two or three degrees of unsaturation and with or without methyl branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeseong Park
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Korea
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Park T, Mansoor TA, Shinde PB, Bao B, Hong J, Jung JH. New cerebrosides from a marine sponge Haliclona (Reniera) sp. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:106-11. [PMID: 19122329 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A chemical investigation of the MeOH extract of a marine sponge Haliclona (Reniera) sp., collected off the coast of Ulleung Island, Korea, led to the isolation of thirteen new cerebrosides (1--3, 5--14), along with a known analogue (4). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, MS spectrometry, and chemical method. The major new features of these glucocerebrosides are C15 and C19 acyl chains, long (C24-C28) acyl chains, or the S-configuration of the acyl chains. It is noteworthy that both R- and S-configurations of the acyl chains were observed in the same specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeseong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Pinto MR, Barreto-Bergter E, Taborda CP. Glycoconjugates and polysaccharides of fungal cell wall and activation of immune system. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:195-208. [PMID: 24031202 PMCID: PMC3768395 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822008000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids and polysaccharides exposed at the most external layers of the wall are involved in several types of interactions of fungal cells with the exocellular environment. These molecules are fundamental building blocks of organisms, contributing to the structure, integrity, cell growth, differentiation and signaling. Several of them are immunologically active compounds with potential as regulators of pathogenesis and the immune response of the host. Some of these structures can be specifically recognized by antibodies from patients’ sera, suggesting that they can be also useful in the diagnosis of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pinto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brasil
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Ramamoorthy V, Cahoon EB, Li J, Thokala M, Minto RE, Shah DM. Glucosylceramide synthase is essential for alfalfa defensin-mediated growth inhibition but not for pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. Mol Microbiol 2007; 66:771-86. [PMID: 17908205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antifungal defensins, MsDef1 and MtDef4, from Medicago spp., inhibit the growth of a fungal pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, at micromolar concentrations. However, molecular mechanisms by which they inhibit the growth of this fungus are not known. We have characterized a functional role of the fungal sphingolipid glucosylceramide in regulating sensitivity of the fungus to MsDef1 and MtDef4. A null mutation of the FgGCS1 gene encoding glucosylceramide synthase results in a mutant lacking glucosylceramide. The DeltaFggcs1-null mutant becomes resistant to MsDef1, but not to MtDef4. It shows a significant change in the conidial morphology and displays dramatic polar growth defect, and its mycelia are resistant to cell wall degrading enzymes. Contrary to its essential role in the pathogenicity of a human fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, GCS1 is not required for the pathogenicity of F. graminearum. The DeltaFggcs1 mutant successfully colonizes wheat heads and corn silk, but its ability to spread in these tissues is significantly reduced as compared with the wild-type PH-1 strain. In contrast, it retains full virulence on tomato fruits and Arabidopsis thaliana floral and foliar tissues. Based on our findings, we conclude that glucosylceramide is essential for MsDef1-mediated growth inhibition of F. graminearum, but its role in fungal pathogenesis is host-dependent.
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Block P, Weskamp N, Wolf A, Klebe G. Strategies to search and design stabilizers of protein-protein interactions: A feasibility study. Proteins 2007; 68:170-86. [PMID: 17393392 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since protein-protein interactions play a pivotal role in the communication on the molecular level in virtually every biological system and process, the search and design for modulators of such interactions is of utmost importance. In recent years many inhibitors for specific protein-protein interactions have been developed, however, in only a few cases, small and druglike molecules are able to interfere in the complex formation of proteins. On the other hand, there are several small molecules known to modulate protein-protein interactions by means of stabilizing an already assembled complex. To achieve this goal, a ligand is binding to a pocket, which is located rim-exposed at the interface of the interacting proteins, for example as the phytotoxin Fusicoccin, which stabilizes the interaction of plant H+-ATPase and 14-3-3 protein by nearly a factor of 100. To suggest alternative leads, we performed a virtual screening campaign to discover new molecules putatively stabilizing this complex. Furthermore, we screen a dataset of 198 transient recognition protein-protein complexes for cavities, which are located rim-exposed at their interfaces. We provide evidence for high similarity between such rim-exposed cavities and usual ligands accommodating active sites of enzymes. This analysis suggests that rim-exposed cavities at protein-protein interfaces are druggable binding sites. Therefore, the principle of stabilizing protein-protein interactions seems to be a promising alternative to the approach of the competitive inhibition of such interactions by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Block
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35052 Marburg, Germany
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Structural and Functional Aspects of Fungal Glycosphingolipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(06)80045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Sphingosines, or sphingoids, are a family of naturally occurring long-chain hydrocarbon derivatives sharing a common 1,3-dihydroxy-2-amino-backbone motif. The majority of sphingolipids, as their derivatives are collectively known, can be found in cell membranes in the form of amphiphilic conjugates, each composed of a polar head group attached to an N-acylated sphingoid, or ceramide. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), which are the glycosides of either ceramide or myo-inositol-(1-O)-phosphoryl-(O-1)-ceramide, are a structurally and functionally diverse sphingolipid subclass; GSLs are ubiquitously distributed among all eukaryotic species and are found in some bacteria. Since GSLs are secondary metabolites, direct and comprehensive analysis (metabolomics) must be considered an essential complement to genomic and proteomic approaches for establishing the structural repertoire within an organism and deducing its possible functional roles. The glycosphingolipidome clearly comprises an important and extensive subset of both the glycome and the lipidome, but the complexities of GSL structure, biosynthesis, and function form the outlines of a considerable analytical problem, especially since their structural diversity confers by extension an enormous variability with respect to physicochemical properties. This chapter covers selected developments and applications of techniques in mass spectrometric (MS) that have contributed to GSL structural analysis and glycosphingolipidomics since 1990. Sections are included on basic characteristics of ionization and fragmentation of permethylated GSLs and of lithium-adducted nonderivatized GSLs under positive-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and collision-induced mass spectrometry (CID-MS) conditions; on the analysis of sulfatides, mainly using negative-ion techniques; and on selected applications of ESI-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to emerging GSL structural, functional, and analytical issues. The latter section includes a particular focus on evolving techniques for analysis of gangliosides, GSLs containing sialic acid, as well as on characterizations of GSLs from selected nonmammalian eukaryotes, such as dipterans, nematodes, cestodes, and fungi. Additional sections focus on the issue of whether it is better to leave GSLs intact or remove the ceramide; on development and uses of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) blotting and TLC-MS techniques; and on emerging issues of high-throughput analysis, including the use of flow injection, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Levery
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hamphsire, Durham, USA
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Jiang T, Li T, Li J, Fu HZ, Pei YH, Lin WH. Cerebroside analogues from marine-derived fungus Aspergillus flavipes. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2004; 6:249-257. [PMID: 15621583 DOI: 10.1080/1028602031000147384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
From the mycelium of the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus flavipes, isolated from the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica, two new cerebroside analogues, namely flavicerebrosides A (1): [(2S,2'R,3R,4E,8E)-N-2'-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-1-O-beta--galactopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine], and B (2): [(2S,2'R,3R,3'E,4E,8E)-N-2'-hydroxy-3'-octadecenoyl-1-O-beta--galactopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine], together with two known glycosphingolipids cerebrosides D (3) and C (4), were isolated. Their structures were identified by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis (IR, UV, 2D NMR, MS, CD) and chemical degradation. All four compounds showed cytotoxic activity against the KB cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Jin-Ming G, Wei-Ming Z, She-Qi Z, Xing Z, An-Ling Z, Hui C, Yue-Ying S, Ming T. Sphingolipids from the edible fungusTuber indicum. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200401052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Barreto-Bergter E, Pinto MR, Rodrigues ML. Structure and biological functions of fungal cerebrosides. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2004; 76:67-84. [PMID: 15048196 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652004000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide monohexosides (CMHs, cerebrosides) are glycosphingolipids composed of a hydrophobic ceramide linked to one sugar unit. In fungal cells, CMHs are very conserved molecules consisting of a ceramide moiety containing 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine in amidic linkage to 2-hydroxyoctadecanoic or 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, and a carbohydrate portion consisting of one residue of glucose or galactose. 9-Methyl 4,8-sphingadienine-containing ceramides are usually glycosylated to form fungal cerebrosides, but the recent description of a ceramide dihexoside (CDH) presenting phytosphingosine in Magnaporthe grisea suggests the existence of alternative pathways of ceramide glycosylation in fungal cells. Along with their unique structural characteristics, fungal CMHs have a peculiar subcellular distribution and striking biological properties. In Pseudallescheria boydii, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus nidulans, A. fumigatus, and Schizophyllum commune, CMHs are apparently involved in morphological transitions and fungal growth. The elucidation of structural and functional aspects of fungal cerebrosides may therefore contribute to the design of new antifungal agents inhibiting growth and differentiation of pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brasil.
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da Silva AFC, Rodrigues ML, Farias SE, Almeida IC, Pinto MR, Barreto-Bergter E. Glucosylceramides inColletotrichum gloeosporioidesare involved in the differentiation of conidia into mycelial cells. FEBS Lett 2004; 561:137-43. [PMID: 15013765 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucosylceramides (GlcCer) were extracted from the plant pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and purified by several chromatographic steps. By using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, GlcCer from C. gloeosporioides were identified as N-2'-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-1-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine and N-2'-hydroxyoctadecenoyl-1-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine. Monoclonal antibodies against these structures were produced and used as tools for the evaluation of the role of GlcCer in the morphological transition of C. gloeosporioides. In the presence of antibodies to GlcCer, the differentiation of conidia into mycelia was blocked. Since GlcCer is present in several plant pathogens, the inhibitory activity of external ligands recognizing these structures may be applicable in other models of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F C da Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco I, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
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Sperling P, Heinz E. Plant sphingolipids: structural diversity, biosynthesis, first genes and functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1632:1-15. [PMID: 12782146 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In mammals and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sphingolipids have been a subject of intensive research triggered by the interest in their structural diversity and in mammalian pathophysiology as well as in the availability of yeast mutants and suppressor strains. More recently, sphingolipids have attracted additional interest, because they are emerging as an important class of messenger molecules linked to many different cellular functions. In plants, sphingolipids show structural features differing from those found in animals and fungi, and much less is known about their biosynthesis and function. This review focuses on the sphingolipid modifications found in plants and on recent advances in the functional characterization of genes gaining new insight into plant sphingolipid biosynthesis. Recent studies indicate that plant sphingolipids may be also involved in signal transduction, membrane stability, host-pathogen interactions and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sperling
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg D-22609, Germany.
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Liu JK, Hu L, Dong ZJ. A glucosylceramide with a novel ceramide and three novel ceramides from the basidiomycete Cortinarius umidicola. Lipids 2003; 38:669-75. [PMID: 12934678 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A glucosylceramide with novel ceramide and three novel ceramide homologs were isolated from the basidiomycete Cortinarius umidicola and structurally characterized. The ceramide portion of the glucocerebroside consists of a rare (4E,8E)-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine sphingoid base. In contrast, the three ceramide homologs, while having the same sphingoid base, contain as FA residues 2-hydroxydocosanoic acid, 2-hydroxytricosanoic acid, and 2-hydroxytetracosanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kai Liu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China.
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Gao JM, Hu L, Dong ZJ, Liu JK. New glycosphingolipid containing an unusual sphingoid base from the basidiomycete Polyporus ellisii. Lipids 2001; 36:521-7. [PMID: 11432466 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new 9-methyl-sphinga-4,8-dienine-containing glucocerebroside (1), together with two additional known analogs, cerebrosides B and D, was isolated from the chloroform-soluble lipid fraction of the ethanol and chloroform/methanol extract of the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Polyporus ellisii Berk. and characterized. The structure and relative stereochemistry of the new compound were identified as (2S,3R,4E,8E-1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-hydroxy-2-[(R)-2'-hydroxyheptadecanoyl]amino-9-methyl-4,8-octadecadiene by means of spectroscopic (1H,13C, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance; mass spectrometry) and chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gao
- Department of Phytochemisty, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China
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Toledo MS, Levery SB, Suzuki E, Straus AH, Takahashi HK. Characterization of cerebrosides from the thermally dimorphic mycopathogen Histoplasma capsulatum: expression of 2-hydroxy fatty N-acyl (E)-Delta(3)-unsaturation correlates with the yeast-mycelium phase transition. Glycobiology 2001; 11:113-24. [PMID: 11287398 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebroside (monohexosylceramide) components were identified in neutral lipids extracted from both the yeast and mycelial forms of the thermally dimorphic mycopathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. The components were purified from both forms and their structures elucidated by 1- and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and low energy tandem collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/CID-MS). Both components were characterized as beta-glucopyranosylceramides (GlcCers) containing (4E,8E)-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine as the long-chain base, attached to 18-carbon 2-hydroxy fatty N-acyl components. However, while the fatty acid of the yeast form GlcCer was virtually all N-2'-hydroxyoctadecanoate, the mycelium form GlcCer was characterized by almost exclusive expression of N-2'-hydroxy-(E)-delta(3)-octadecenoate. These results suggest that the yeast-mycelium transition is accompanied by up-regulation of an as yet uncharacterized ceramide or cerebroside 2-hydroxy fatty N-acyl (E)-delta(3)-desaturase activity. They also constitute further evidence for the existence of two distinct pathways for ceramide biosynthesis in fungi, since glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs), the other major class of fungal glycosphingolipids, are found with ceramides consisting of 4-hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine) and longer chain 2-hydroxy fatty acids. In addition to identification of the major glucocerebroside components, minor components (< 5%) detectable by molecular weight differences in the ESI-MS profiles were also characterized by tandem ESI-MS/CID-MS analysis. These minor components were identified as variants differing in fatty acyl chain length, or the absence of the sphingoid 9-methyl group or (E)-delta(8)-unsaturation, and are hypothesized to be either biosynthetic intermediates or the result of imperfect chemical transformation by the enzymes responsible for these features. Possible implications of these findings with respect to chemotaxonomy, compartmentalization of fungal glycosphingolipid biosynthetic pathways, and regulation of morphological transitions in H.capsulatum and other dimorphic fungi are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Toledo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu 862, 04023-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Levery SB, Toledo MS, Doong RL, Straus AH, Takahashi HK. Comparative analysis of ceramide structural modification found in fungal cerebrosides by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with low energy collision-induced dissociation of Li+ adduct ions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:551-63. [PMID: 10775088 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000415)14:7<551::aid-rcm909>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungal cerebrosides (monohexosylceramides, or CMHs) exhibit a number of ceramide structural modifications not found in mammalian glycosphingolipids, which present additional challenges for their complete characterization. The use of Li+ cationization, in conjunction with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and low energy collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/CID-MS), was found to be particularly effective for detailed structural analysis of complex fungal CMHs, especially minor components present in mixtures at extremely low abundance. A substantial increase in both sensitivity and fragmentation was observed on collision-induced dissociation of [M + Li]+ versus [M + Na]+ of the same CMH components analyzed under similar conditions. The effects of particular modifications on fragmentation were first systematically evaluated by analysis of a wide variety of standard CMHs expressing progressively more functionalized ceramides. These included bovine brain galactocerebrosides with non-hydroxy and 2-hydroxy fatty N-acylation; a plant glucocerebroside having (E/Z)-delta8 in addition to (E)-delta4 unsaturation of the sphingoid base; and a pair of fungal cerebrosides known to be further modified by a branching 9-methyl group on the sphingoid moiety, and to have a 2-hydroxy fatty N-acyl moiety either fully saturated or (E)-delta3 unsaturated. The method was then applied to characterization of both major and minor components in CMH fractions from a non-pathogenic mycelial fungus, Aspergillus niger; and from pathogenic strains of Candida albicans (yeast form); three Cryptococcus spp. (all yeast forms); and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (both yeast and mycelium forms). The major components of all species examined differed primarily (and widely) in the level of 2-hydroxy fatty N-acyl delta3 unsaturation, but among the minor components a significant degree of additional structural diversity was observed, based on differences in sphingoid or N-acyl chain length, as well as on the presence or absence of the sphingoid delta8 unsaturation or 9-methyl group. Some variants were isobaric, and were not uniformly present in all species, affirming the need for MS/CID-MS analysis for full characterization of all components in a fungal CMH fraction. The diversity in ceramide distribution observed may reflect significant species-specific differences among fungi with respect to cerebroside biosynthesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Levery
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7229, USA.
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Abstract
Many advances in our understanding of fungal sphingolipids have been made in recent years. This review focuses on the types of sphingolipids that have been found in fungi and upon the genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the common baker's yeast, that are necessary for sphingolipid metabolism. While only a small number of fungi have been examined, most contain sphingolipids composed of ceramide derivatized at carbon-1 with inositol phosphate. Further additions include mannose and then other carbohydrates. The second major class of fungal sphingolipids is the glycosylceramides, having either glucose or galactose attached to ceramide rather than inositol phosphate. The glycosylceramides sometimes contain additional carbohydrates. Knowledge of the genome sequence has expedited identification of S. cerevisiae genes necessary for sphingolipid metabolism. At least one gene is known for most steps in S. cerevisiae sphingolipid metabolism, but more are likely to be identified so that the 13 known genes are likely to grow in number. The AUR1 gene is necessary for addition of inositol phosphate to ceramide and has been identified as a target of several potent antifungal compounds. This essential step in yeast sphingolipid synthesis, which is not found in humans, appears to be an excellent target for the development of more effective antifungal compounds, both for human and for agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Dickson
- Department of Biochemistry and the Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA.
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Duarte RS, Polycarpo CR, Wait R, Hartmann R, Bergter EB. Structural characterization of neutral glycosphingolipids from Fusarium species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1390:186-96. [PMID: 9507119 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids were extracted from hyphae of Fusarium solani and from an unnamed Fusarium species, and were purified by silica and Iatrobead column chromatography. Their structures were determined by compositional analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the native and peracetylated materials, which defined their sugar, long-chain base and fatty acid compositions. The locations of the double bonds in the bases were established by 2D NMR spectroscopy and by novel mass spectrometric approaches, including collisional activation of the protonated and lithium-cationized glycosphingolipids, and of the sphingadienene-derived fragment ion at m/z 276. From these results we propose that the structures of the glycosphingolipids from F. solani and Fusarium sp. are N-2'-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4, 8-sphingadienine and N-2'-hydroxyoctadecenoyl-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4, 8-sphingadienine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Duarte
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21 944 970-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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23
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Keusgen M, Yu CM, Curtis JM, Brewer D, Ayer SW. A cerebroside from the marine fungus Microsphaeropsis olivacea (Bonord.) Höhn. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(96)88876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Sawabe A, Morita M, Okamoto T, Ouchi S. The location of double bonds in a cerebroside from edible fungi (mushroom) estimated byB/E linked scan fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200231103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Boas MH, Egge H, Pohlentz G, Hartmann R, Bergter EB. Structural determination of N-2'-hydroxyoctadecenoyl-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4, 8-sphingadienine from species of Aspergillus. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 70:11-9. [PMID: 8013053 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)90043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide monohexosides from Aspergillus fumigatus 2140 and 2109 strains and Aspergillus versicolor 550 strain, obtained by silica gel 60, and Iatrobeads chromatography were analysed using high-resolution 1D-, 2D-1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). The ceramide monohexoside fraction (CMH) from A. fumigatus 2140 and A. versicolor 550 was identified as glucosylceramide, whereas glucose and galactose were present at a ratio of 1:1 in the CMH of A. fumigatus 2109. The major glycosphingolipid has a particular ceramide composition consisting of 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine linked to a 2-hydroxyoctadec-3-enoic acid. Although the structures presently described are similar to those of monohexosylceramides from other fungi, including edible ones, this is the first report on their occurrence in species pathogenic in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Boas
- Departmento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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26
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Mineki S, Iida M, Tsutsumi T. A new cerebroside of the n-Alkane-assimilating yeast Candida deformans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(94)90366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Kawai G. Molecular species of cerebrosides in fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes and their biological activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 1001:185-90. [PMID: 2917142 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(89)90146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cerebroside fraction was obtained from fresh fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes and separated into ten molecular species by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The species were identified by GLC, GC-MS and NMR. Their component glycosides and sphingoids were uniformly glucose and (4E,8E)-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine, respectively. The component fatty acids were 2-hydroxy acids with the carbon chain length of 16, 15, 14, 18, 24, 17, 25, 26, 22 and 23 (from major to minor). The cerebrosides with the C14-18 fatty acids showed strong fruiting-inducing activity in Schizophyllum commune. Those with the C22 and C23 ones had one-eighth and one-sixteenth of the activity, respectively, and those with C24-26 had no detectable activity. 22 and 23 must be the carbon chain lengths of the component fatty acid of the sphingolipids critical for expression of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kawai
- Noda Institute for Scientific Research, Chiba, Japan
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28
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Cardoso DB, Angluster J, Travassos L, Alviano CS. Isolation and characterization of a glucocerebroside (monoglucosylceramide) from Sporothrix schenckii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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29
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Matsubara T, Hayashi A, Banno Y, Morita T, Nozawa Y. Cerebroside of the dimorphic human pathogen, Candida albicans. Chem Phys Lipids 1987; 43:1-12. [PMID: 3555875 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(87)90012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural studies on the cerebroside isolated from the yeast form of a dimorphic pathogen, Candida albicans were carried out using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB/MS), proton magnetic resonance spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and usual chemical methods. The component sugar was only glucose attached to ceramide in a beta-configuration. The major fatty acid was 2-hydroxystearic acid (62%). The predominant long chain base was identified as 9-methyl-C18-sphinga-4,8-dienine which is widely distributed in fungi and reported to be essential to the fruit-inducing activity of fungi. Therefore, the structure of the main molecular species of the cerebroside was determined to be N-2-hydroxystearoyl-1-O-beta-glucosyl-9-methyl-C18-sphinga-4 ,8-dienine. Cerebroside prepared from the mycelial form of C. albicans has the same structure.
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30
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Okamura N, Stoskopf M, Hendricks F, Kishimoto Y. Phylogenetic dichotomy of nerve glycosphingolipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:6779-82. [PMID: 3863128 PMCID: PMC390770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.20.6779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galactocerebrosides and sulfatides are major characteristic components of vertebrate myelin. In contrast, glucocerebroside is the major glycosphingolipid of shrimp nerve. In this study, the concentrations of these glycosphingolipids in the nervous systems of animals from several evolutionary branches were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. In nerves of protostome animals only glucose-containing glycosphingolipids were detected, whereas glycosphingolipids from deuterostomes contained predominantly galactose. Neither the glycolipids containing alpha-hydroxy fatty acids nor sulfate esters of the glycolipids, both of which always accompany galactocerebrosides in deuterostome myelin, were present in protostome nerves. This correlation suggests an evolutionary trend from gluco- to galactocerebrosides, which corresponds with changes in the nervous system from loosely structured membrane-enwrapped axons to multilamellar highly structured myelin.
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31
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Glycosphingolipids * *Sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids (the gangliosides) are discussed in a separate chapter (see Chapter 3). GLYCOLIPIDS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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32
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Kawai G, Ikeda Y. Chemistry and functional moiety of a fruiting-inducing cerebroside in Schizophyllum commune. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(83)90138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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