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Guo Z. The Structural Diversity of Natural Glycosphingolipids (GSLs). J Carbohydr Chem 2022; 41:63-154. [PMID: 36561362 PMCID: PMC9770679 DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2022.2063308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids made of a glycan and a ceramide that, in turn, is composed of a sphingoid base moiety and a fatty acyl group. GSLs represent the vast majority of glycolipids in eukaryotes, and as an essential component of the cell membrane, they play an important role in many biological and pathological processes. Therefore, they are useful targets for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods for human diseases. Since sphingosine was first described by J. L. Thudichum in 1884, several hundred GSL species, not including their diverse lipid forms that can further amplify the number of individual GSLs by many folds, have been isolated from natural sources and structurally characterized. This review tries to provide a comprehensive survey of the major GSL species, especially those with distinct glycan structures and modification patterns, and the ceramides with unique modifications of the lipid chains, that have been discovered to date. In particular, this review is focused on GSLs from eukaryotic species. This review has listed 251 GSL glycans with different linkages, 127 glycans with unique modifications, 46 sphingoids, and 43 fatty acyl groups. It should be helpful for scientists who are interested in GSLs, from isolation and structural analyses to chemical and enzymatic syntheses, as well as their biological studies and applications.
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Wang Q, Li S, Wan F, Xu Y, Wu Z, Cao M, Lan P, Lei M, Wu J. Structural insights into transcriptional regulation of human RNA polymerase III. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:220-227. [PMID: 33558766 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) synthesizes structured, essential small RNAs, such as transfer RNA, 5S ribosomal RNA and U6 small nuclear RNA. Pol III, the largest nuclear RNA polymerase, is composed of a conserved core region and eight constitutive regulatory subunits, but how these factors jointly regulate Pol III transcription remains unclear. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of human Pol III in both apo and elongating states, which unveil both an orchestrated movement during the apo-to-elongating transition and an unexpected apo state in which the RPC7 subunit tail occupies the DNA-RNA-binding cleft of Pol III, suggesting that RPC7 plays important roles in both autoinhibition and transcription initiation. The structures also reveal a proofreading mechanism for the TFIIS-like subunit RPC10, which stably retains its catalytic position in the secondary channel, explaining the high fidelity of Pol III transcription. Our work provides an integrated picture of the mechanism of Pol III transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaobai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Futang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youwei Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Steil D, Schepers CL, Pohlentz G, Legros N, Runde J, Humpf HU, Karch H, Müthing J. Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors of Vero-B4 kidney epithelial cells and their membrane microdomain lipid environment. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2322-36. [PMID: 26464281 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), which cause human infections with an often fatal outcome. Vero cell lines, derived from African green monkey kidney, represent the gold standard for determining the cytotoxic effects of Stxs. Despite their global use, knowledge about the exact structures of the Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and their assembly in lipid rafts is poor. Here we present a comprehensive structural analysis of Stx receptor GSLs and their distribution to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), which were prepared from Vero-B4 cells and used as lipid raft equivalents. We identified globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) as the GSL receptors for Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2e subtypes using TLC overlay detection combined with MS. The uncommon Stx receptor, globopentaosylceramide (Gb5Cer, Galβ3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer), which was specifically recognized (in addition to Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer) by Stx2e, was fully structurally characterized. Lipoforms of Stx receptor GSLs were found to mainly harbor ceramide moieties composed of sphingosine (d18:1) and C24:0/C24:1 or C16:0 fatty acid. Moreover, co-occurrence with lipid raft markers, SM and cholesterol, in DRMs suggested GSL association with membrane microdomains. This study provides the basis for further exploring the functional impact of lipid raft-associated Stx receptors for toxin-mediated injury of Vero-B4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Steil
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Nadine Legros
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Runde
- Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Helge Karch
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Tsuboi N, Utsunomiya Y, Kawamura T, Kawano T, Hosoya T, Ohno T, Yamada H. Ganglioside as an endogenous growth suppressor for glomerular mesangial cells. Kidney Int 2001; 60:1378-85. [PMID: 11576351 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerular mesangial cells potentially secrete many growth-modulating substances that could regulate mesangial cell proliferation. To date, however, the properties of such factors have not been fully evaluated. METHODS For that purpose, conditioned medium (CM) from mesangial cells was used for cross-feeding experiments. Cell proliferation was evaluated by 3H-thymidine incorporation assay and direct cell counting. The growth-regulatory molecule was further characterized using biochemical techniques. RESULTS Cross-feeding this CM to mesangial cells in vitro, despite stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), effectively suppressed the cells' synthesis of DNA in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory substance derived from mesangial cells was less than 3 kD in molecular mass, was heat stable, and was insensitive to proteinase K. After neuraminidase digestion, this inhibitory activity was lost. These data indicated that the inhibiting substance bore the typical features of gangliosides, which are multifunctional glycolipids that reside in cell membrane. Gangliosides were abundant in the CM from mesangial cells, as detected by metabolic radiolabeling and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This result suggested that mesangial cells constitutively shed gangliosides. The growth suppressive activity in the CM was blunted when mesangial cells were pretreated with the ganglioside synthesis inhibitor d-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol-HCl (d-threo-PDMP; 20 micromol/L) in accordance with the decreased ganglioside content in cells. Finally, gangliosides isolated from CM of mesangial cells suppressed PDGF-induced DNA synthesis of mesangial cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mesangial cells constitutively shed gangliosides that then suppress the division of these cells in an autocrine-like manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tsuboi
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo Japan.
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Zou W, Brisson JR, Larocque S, Gardner RL, Jennings HJ. Synthesis and NMR assignments of galactosylgloboside and its beta-D-GalNAc-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Gal-linked positional isomer in a conjugatable form. Carbohydr Res 1999; 315:251-61. [PMID: 10399298 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two pentasaccharides suitable for conjugation, namely 3-aminopropyl glactosylgloboside and its beta-D-GalNAc-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Gal-linked positional isomer, were synthesized from 3III,4III-di-O-unprotected globotrioside and the trichloroacetimidate of beta-D-Gal-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalNPhth derivative. Glycosylation at both positions led to the formation of beta-D-GalNPhth-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Gal and beta-D-GalNPhth-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Gal-linked products in a ratio of 1:1 without selectivity. Complete NMR spectral assignments are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zou
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Nilsson U, Magnusson G. Synthesis of the saccharide moiety of galactosylgloboside (SSEA-3) and its conjugation to bovine serum albumin and Sepharose. Carbohydr Res 1995; 272:9-16. [PMID: 7648586 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00044-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The pentasaccharide glycoside corresponding to galactosylgloboside (SSEA-3), beta-D-Gal p-(1-->3)-beta-D-Gal pNAc-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Gal p-(1-->4)-beta-D-Gal p-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glc p-1-OCH2CH2Si-(CH3)3 (4), was synthesized via glycosylation (87%) of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-4-O-[2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-4-O-(2,4, 6-tri-O-benzyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl]-beta-D - glucopyranoside (2) with the glycosyl donor methyl 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-3-O-(2,3,4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranosid e (1), followed by removal of protecting groups. Compound 4 was transformed into the spacer glycoside beta-D-Gal p(1-->3)-beta-D-Gal pNAc-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Gal p-(1-->4)-beta-D-Gal p-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glc p-1-SCH2CH2COOH (10), which was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and Sepharose beads, to give the corresponding neoglycoprotein (11, 6 mol of saccharide/mol of BSA), and glycosylated Sepharose (12, 2.7 mumol of saccharide/mL of sedimented beads), respectively. An improved synthesis of a protected globotetraoside beta-D-Gal pNAc-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Gal p-(1-->4)-beta-D-Gal p-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glc p-1-OCH2CH2SiMe3 is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Nilsson
- Chemical Center, Lund Institute of Technology, University of Lund, Sweden
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Common tetrasaccharide epitope NeuAc alpha 2–>3Gal beta 1–>3(Neu-Ac alpha 2–>6)GalNAc, presented by different carrier glycosylceramides or O-linked peptides, is recognized by different antibodies and ligands having distinct specificities. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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9
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Strömberg N, Karlsson KA. Characterization of the binding of propionibacterium granulosum to glycosphingolipids adsorbed on surfaces. An apparent recognition of lactose which is dependent on the ceramide structure. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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10
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Strömberg N, Karlsson KA. Characterization of the binding of Actinomyces naeslundii (ATCC 12104) and Actinomyces viscosus (ATCC 19246) to glycosphingolipids, using a solid-phase overlay approach. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hakomori
- Biomembrane Institute, Seattle, Washington 98119
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Stromberg N, Deal C, Nyberg G, Normark S, So M, Karlsson KA. Identification of carbohydrate structures that are possible receptors for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:4902-6. [PMID: 2898784 PMCID: PMC280545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.13.4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Different strains and isogenic variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were assayed for their ability to bind glycolipids extracted from various sources. Among a large number of reference glycolipids, binding was observed only to lactosylceramide [Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer], isoglobotriaosylceramide [Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer], gangliotriaosylceramide [GalNAc(beta 1-4)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer], and gangliotetraosylceramide [Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc(beta 1-4)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer]. The latter two glycolipids bound gonococci with the highest affinity. Lactosylceramide and gangliotriaosylceramide were found in glycolipid preparations from ME180 cells, an epithelial cell line derived from a human cervical carcinoma, and thus are possible receptors for gonococci. The gonococcal surface component that bound the above glycolipids is a protein distinct from pilin and protein II.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stromberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Goteborg, Sweden
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Hansson GC, Wazniowska K, Rock JA, Ness PM, Kickler TS, Shirey RS, Niebyl JR, Zopf D. The glycosphingolipid composition of the placenta of a blood group P fetus delivered by a blood group Pk1 woman and analysis of the anti-globoside antibodies found in maternal serum. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 260:168-76. [PMID: 3341739 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To further define the molecules that may mediate spontaneous abortion due to maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility within the P blood group system, we have examined the fine specificities of maternal antibodies and the glycolipid antigens from the placenta of a P infant born to a Pk1 mother. Maternal antibodies obtained during therapeutic plasmapheresis were analyzed to determine their reactivities with placental glycolipid extracts on thin-layer plates. Second antibodies specific for IgM, IgG, and IgA revealed immunoglobulins of all of these classes strongly reactive with one major placental glycolipid that comigrates with globoside. GC/MS analysis confirmed that the major P-active pentaglycosylceramide of placenta has the same structure as that previously shown for the P antigen of red blood cells: GalNAc beta 1-3Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc-Cer. Serum antibodies partially purified by affinity chromatography on globoside-octyl-Sepharose specifically recognize glycolipids that contain terminal GalNAc beta 1-3Gal . . . residues and also recognize the same sequence as an internal determinant in some, but not all, glycolipids with extended globoside core regions. Thus, in the blood group P incompatible fetus, the major P antigen present in placenta has the same carbohydrate structure as the P antigen present in fetal and adult erythrocytes and might be a target for the maternal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Hansson
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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A total synthesis of a stage specific embryonic antigen-3 (SSEA-3), globopentaosyl ceramide, IV3GalGb4Cer. Use of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl group as a stereocontrolling auxiliary. Tetrahedron Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)80845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hansson GC, Bouhours JF, Angström J. Characterization of neutral blood group B-active glycosphingolipids of rat gastric mucosa. A novel type of blood group active glycosphingolipid based on isogloboside. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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New globoseries glycosphingolipids in human teratocarcinoma reactive with the monoclonal antibody directed to a developmentally regulated antigen, stage-specific embryonic antigen 3. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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