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McAfee JG, Soltaninassab SR, Lindsay ME, LeStourgeon WM. Proteins C1 and C2 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes bind RNA in a highly cooperative fashion: support for their contiguous deposition on pre-mRNA during transcription. Biochemistry 1996; 35:1212-22. [PMID: 8573576 DOI: 10.1021/bi951974k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Proteins C1 and C2 together comprise about one-third the protein mass of mammalian core 40S heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (40S hnRNP) and exist as heterotetramers of (C1)3C2. On the basis of nonequilibrium binding studies, it has been suggested that the C proteins specifically bind oligo(U)- and poly(U)-rich sequences, and preferentially associate with uridine-rich regions near the 3' termini of many introns. We describe here a more quantitative characterization of the equilibrium binding properties of native and recombinant C protein to homoribopolymers using fluorescence spectroscopy. Like C protein from HeLa cells, the recombinant proteins spontaneously oligomerize to form tetramers with the same hydrodynamic properties as native protein. Near-stoichiometric binding titrations of the fluorescent homoribopolymer polyethenoadenosine (poly[r(epsilon A)]) with recombinant (C1)4 and (C2)4 homotetramers along with competition binding assays with poly(A) and poly(C) indicate that the binding site size (n) is between 150 and 230 nucleotides. This site size range is in close agreement with that previously determined for native C protein through hydrodynamic and ultrastructural studies (approximately 230 nucleotides). (C1)4 and (C2)4 bind poly(G) with intrinsic affinities (Ki) of 10(9) M-1, which are a hundredfold higher than their affinities for poly(U). In opposition to reports that C protein does not bind poly(A) and poly(C), we find that the C proteins bind these substrates with moderate Ki, but with high cooperativity (omega). The overall affinity (K omega) for the binding of both proteins to poly(A) and poly(C) is 10-fold higher (> 10(8) but < 10(9) M-1) than their affinities for poly(U). The highly cooperative binding of C protein to these substrates provides a mechanistic basis for the distribution of C protein along the length of nucleic acid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G McAfee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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The C-protein tetramer binds 230 to 240 nucleotides of pre-mRNA and nucleates the assembly of 40S heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 8264621 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.1.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of in vitro protein-RNA binding studies using purified native (C1)3C2 and (A2)3B1 tetramers, total soluble heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP), and pre-mRNA molecules differing in length and sequence have revealed that a single C-protein tetramer has an RNA site size of 230 to 240 nucleotides (nt). Two tetramers bind twice this RNA length, and three tetramers fold monoparticle lengths of RNA (700 nt) into a unique 19S triangular complex. In the absence of this unique structure, the basic A- and B-group proteins bind RNA to form several different artifactual structures which are not present in preparations of native hnRNP and which do not function in hnRNP assembly. Three (A2)3B1 tetramers bind the 19S complex to form a 35S assembly intermediate. Following UV irradiation to immobilize the C proteins on the packaged RNA, the 19S triangular complex is recovered as a remnant structure from both native and reconstituted hnRNP particles. C protein-RNA complexes composed of three, six, or nine tetramers (one, two, or three triangular complexes) nucleate the stoichiometric assembly of monomer, dimer, and trimer hnRNP particles. The binding of C-protein tetramers to RNAs longer than 230 nt is through a self-cooperative combinatorial mode. RNA packaged in the 19S complex and in 40S hnRNP particles is efficiently spliced in vitro. These findings demonstrate that formation of the triangular C protein-RNA complex is an obligate first event in the in vitro and probably the in vivo assembly the 40S hnRNP core particle, and they provide insight into the mechanism through which the core proteins package 700-nt increments of RNA. These findings also demonstrate that unless excluded by other factors, the C proteins are likely to be located along the length of nascent transcripts.
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Huang M, Rech JE, Northington SJ, Flicker PF, Mayeda A, Krainer AR, LeStourgeon WM. The C-protein tetramer binds 230 to 240 nucleotides of pre-mRNA and nucleates the assembly of 40S heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:518-33. [PMID: 8264621 PMCID: PMC358402 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.1.518-533.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of in vitro protein-RNA binding studies using purified native (C1)3C2 and (A2)3B1 tetramers, total soluble heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP), and pre-mRNA molecules differing in length and sequence have revealed that a single C-protein tetramer has an RNA site size of 230 to 240 nucleotides (nt). Two tetramers bind twice this RNA length, and three tetramers fold monoparticle lengths of RNA (700 nt) into a unique 19S triangular complex. In the absence of this unique structure, the basic A- and B-group proteins bind RNA to form several different artifactual structures which are not present in preparations of native hnRNP and which do not function in hnRNP assembly. Three (A2)3B1 tetramers bind the 19S complex to form a 35S assembly intermediate. Following UV irradiation to immobilize the C proteins on the packaged RNA, the 19S triangular complex is recovered as a remnant structure from both native and reconstituted hnRNP particles. C protein-RNA complexes composed of three, six, or nine tetramers (one, two, or three triangular complexes) nucleate the stoichiometric assembly of monomer, dimer, and trimer hnRNP particles. The binding of C-protein tetramers to RNAs longer than 230 nt is through a self-cooperative combinatorial mode. RNA packaged in the 19S complex and in 40S hnRNP particles is efficiently spliced in vitro. These findings demonstrate that formation of the triangular C protein-RNA complex is an obligate first event in the in vitro and probably the in vivo assembly the 40S hnRNP core particle, and they provide insight into the mechanism through which the core proteins package 700-nt increments of RNA. These findings also demonstrate that unless excluded by other factors, the C proteins are likely to be located along the length of nascent transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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Faiferman I, Koffler D. Reaction of antipolynucleotide antibody from systemic lupus erythematosus patient serum with double-stranded DNA complexed to protein. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1987; 30:814-8. [PMID: 2441712 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780300712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antipolynucleotide antibody from systemic lupus erythematosus patient serum was found to interact with common determinants of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) complexed to protein within nucleosomes, and with protein-free denatured DNA. In contrast, purified dsDNA isolated from nucleosomes manifested decreased reactivity with antipolynucleotide antibody. These data suggest that immunoassays using denatured DNA antigen substrate are useful for identifying a broad spectrum of antipolynucleotide antibodies that are reactive with dsDNA complexed to protein.
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Abstract
Eucaryotic messenger RNA precursors are processed in nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (hnRNP). Here recent work on the structure of hnRNP is reviewed, with emphasis on function. Detailed analysis of a specific case, the altered assembly of hnRNP in heat-shocked Drosophila and mammalian cells, leads to a general hypothesis linking hnRNP structure and messenger RNA processing.
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Zieve G, Penman S. Subnuclear particles containing a small nuclear RNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA. J Mol Biol 1981; 145:501-23. [PMID: 6167725 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Northemann W, Gross V, Scheurlen M, Heinrich PC. Studies on the preparation and properties of ribonucleoprotein particles from rat liver nuclei. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 519:406-17. [PMID: 667073 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleoprotein particles of 38 S were extracted from rat liver nuclei with isotonic salt buffer under concomitant sonication. The fate of the endogeneous nuclear RNAases assayed with poly(A), high molecular weight yeast RNA and rapidly labeled hnRNA was followed during the preparation of 38-S nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP) particles. Essentially all the RNAase activity could be removed from the particle preparation. The effect of synthetic RNAase inhibitors on the nRNP particles was studied. Upon extraction of nuclei with 0.14 M NaCl, approximately 38% of the total nuclear radioactivity was found in the 38-S nRNP particles. By two successive extractions of the remaining chromatin with either isotonic or 0.22 and 0.3 M NaCl, an additional 25 and 9% of rapidly labeled hnRNA of 38 S particle were dissociated from chromatin, respectively. The chromatin components, DNA, nonhistone proteins, histones and RNA were determined after successive salt extractions. Particularly alterations in the nonhistone proteins and RNA were found. The protein patterns upon SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the salt-extracted chromatin preparations were compared with those of the 38-S nRNP particles. Particularly proteins in the molecular weight range of 32 000-43 000 were dissociated from chromatin after treatment with 0.22 or 0.3 M NaCl.
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Augenlicht L. Staphylococcal nuclease digestion of relatively stable RNA in the chromatin and nuclear ribonucleoprotein fractions of human carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Heinrich PC, Gross V, Northemann W, Scheurlen M. Structure and function of nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 81:101-34. [PMID: 347552 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0034092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Preobrazhensky AA, Spirin AS. Informosomes and their protein components: the present state of knowledge. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1978; 21:1-38. [PMID: 358275 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Koffler D, Faiferman I, Gerber MA. Radioimmunoassay for antibodies to cytoplasmic ribosomes in human serum. Science 1977; 198:741-3. [PMID: 910157 DOI: 10.1126/science.910157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies in human serum to tritium-labeled HeLa cell cytoplasmic ribosomes was developed with the use of Macaloid for the inhibition of endogenous ribonuclease activity. Antibodies were observed in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in high incidence and titer. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic active hepatitis manifested a lower incidence and titer of antibodies to ribosomes, whereas serums from normal individuals and from patients with sarcoidosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, and malignant tumors showed no significant reactivity with cytoplasmic ribosomes. Maximum inhibition of the reaction was achieved with unlabeled HeLa cell ribosomes or rat liver ribosomes and partial inhibition by purified ribosomal RNA.
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Gross V, Weiss E, Northemann W, Scheurlen M, Heinrich PC. Comparative studies of the effects of galactosamine and actinomycin D on nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles from rat liver. Exp Cell Res 1977; 109:331-9. [PMID: 913496 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(77)90012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Abstract
A model of cytoplasm-governed transcription is presented. The nuclear membrane has a selective permeability towards nuclear pre-mRNA molecules which are provided with group-specific non-translated "passwords". RNA transcription on the chromatin proceeds under a dual control. One of them is gene regulation according to the Britten-Davidson and Georgiev models. The other is cytoplasm-governed regulation mediated through the selective transport of mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm. Pre-mRNA molecules which are not "in immediate demand" by the cytoplasm and therefore accumulating the nucleus repress their own synthesis by end-product inhibition. The interrelationship of the two types of regulation in the course of cell development is discussed.
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Patel NT, Holoubek V. Protein composition of liver nuclear ribonucleoportein particles of rats fed carcinogenic aminoazo dyes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 73:112-9. [PMID: 826249 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)90504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Stewart LE, Krueger RC. Nuclear ribonucleoproteins as inhibitors of mammalian RNA polymerase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 425:322-33. [PMID: 1259974 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A ribonucleoprotein complex isolated from rabbit thymus nuclear lysates was found to be an inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II. The inhibition appeared to be of a competitive type and was completely reversed by high concentration of DNA. Highest inhibition was observed when enzyme and complex were preincubated before addition of DNA while there was little inhibition after enzyme had started synthesis on the DNA template. The RNA isolated from the complex was equally inhibitory and was a more effective inhibitor than either tRNA or rRNA.
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Gallinaro-Matringe H, Stevenin J, Jacob M. Salt dissociation of nuclear particles containing DNA-like RNA. Distribution of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated species. Biochemistry 1975; 14:2547-54. [PMID: 1138872 DOI: 10.1021/bi00682a039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoresis of proteins from nuclear particles containing DNA-like RNA gave a pattern with 45 bands. The possibility that some of these proteins arose by contamination with ribosomes, chromatin, or soluble nuclear proteins was examined and eliminated. The fate of the proteins of the particles was studied after partial dissociation with 0.25 and 0.70 M NaCl. The individual proteins were released progressively and in different quantities. A group of easily released species (75 and 95% removed with 0.25 and 0.70 M NaCl) was demonstrated. This group contained 8 species between 29,000 and 39,000 daltons which represented approximately one-half of the total number of molecules. It is suggested that they are bound to repetitive sequences of the RNA. At least 30 and 60% of the other proteins were released at 0.25 and 0.70 M NaCl, respectively. There were no specific proteins tightly bound to the RNA, unless the nature of the remaining species is different from that of the released ones of the same molecular weight. The phosphorylated proteins were more tightly bound to the RNA than the nonphosphorylated species of similar molecular weight. In several instances, the 32-P radioactivity was associated with quantitatively minor bands of proteins.
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Dissous C, Caner F, Krembel J. Isopycnic centrifugation of free and membrane-bound polysomes from rat liver. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 44:161-70. [PMID: 4852603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wilt FH, Anderson M, Ekenberg E. Centrifugation of nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles of sea urchin embryos in cesium sulfate. Biochemistry 1973; 12:959-66. [PMID: 4686809 DOI: 10.1021/bi00729a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Cornudella L, Faiferman I, Pogo AO. Polyadenylic acid sequences in ascites cells nuclear particles and membrane-bound messenger RNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 294:541-6. [PMID: 4540966 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Rosso P, Diggs J, Winick M. Changes in alkaline ribonuclease activity during compensatory renal growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:169-72. [PMID: 4509647 PMCID: PMC433208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.1.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Unilateral nephrectomy in rats produces an increase in ribonuclease activity in both nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of the contralateral kidney. The timing of this increase and the changes in the proportion of free activity to protein-bound activity are different in each fraction. A peak in inhibitor-bound ribonuclease, suggesting a higher amount of inhibitor, was found in the cytoplasmic fraction before the increase in RNA/DNA ratio. Ninety-six hours after the operation, ribonuclease was still significantly increased in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. The inhibitor-bound activity was increased in proportion to cellular RNA, maintaining a ribonuclease activity per mug of RNA similar to the controls.
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Wall R. Physiological gradients in development. A possible role for messenger ribonucleoprotein. ADVANCES IN MORPHOGENESIS 1973; 10:41-114. [PMID: 4199889 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-028610-2.50006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Stévenin J, Jacob M. [Dissociation of nuclear ribonucleoprotein polyparticles from rat brain by sodium desoxycholate]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 29:480-8. [PMID: 5083506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb02012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Martin TE, McCarthy BJ. Synthesis and turnover of RNA in the 30-S nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes of mouse ascites cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 277:354-67. [PMID: 4116416 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Sánchez de Jiménez E, de la Léon de Miles M, Román PR. Characterization of chicken red-cell RNAase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 28:538-45. [PMID: 4673234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Franze-Fernández MT, Pogo AO. Regulation of the nucleolar DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by amino acids in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:3040-4. [PMID: 4108870 PMCID: PMC389586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.12.3040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments were performed to ascertain the degree to which the amount of amino acids might be one of the regulatory factors that control the activity of the nucleolar RNA polymerase. Assays of the enzymatic activity were done with isolated nuclei from cells incubated with low and high concentrations of amino acids. Soon after the cells were exposed to a medium enriched in amino acids, a rapid increase of nucleolar RNA polymerase activity occurred. A similar result was obtained in cells incubated with lower concentrations of amino acids. However, the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesized was regularly much higher in cells incubated in a medium enriched with amino acids than in a medium low in amino acids. Apparently, the amino acids only controlled ribosomal RNA synthesis. Thus, neither maturation, processing, and transport of nuclear precursors into cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA, nor the synthesis of rapidly labeled RNA was affected.
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Messenger RNA Nuclear Particles and their Attachment to Cytoplasmic Membranes in Krebs Tumour Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971; 233:234-7. [DOI: 10.1038/newbio233234a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Smith CE, Mora PT. Properties of chromatin from liver and from a chemically induced minimal deviation hepatoma of the rat. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 232:643-50. [PMID: 4326671 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Hamilton MG. [55] Isodensity equilibrium centrifugation of ribosomal particles; the calculation of the protein content of ribosomes and other ribonucleo-proteins from buoyant density measurements. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)20058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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33
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Georgiev GP, Samarina OP. D-RNA containing ribonucleoprotein particles. ADVANCES IN CELL BIOLOGY 1971; 2:47-110. [PMID: 4949655 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9588-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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