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Levis AG, Bianchi V, Celotti L, Furlan D, Tamino G. Alcuni Aspetti del Differenziamento Muscolare in Coltura. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250007109431391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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O'Loughlin J, Lehr L, Havaranis A, Heywood SM. Encapsulation of "core" eIF3, regulatory components of eIF3 and mRNA into liposomes, and their subsequent uptake into myogenic cells in culture. J Cell Biol 1981; 90:160-8. [PMID: 7251672 PMCID: PMC2111846 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.90.1.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), encapsulated in liposomes, is taken up by chick muscle cells in culture. The exogenously supplied factor (isolated from 14-d embryonic muscle) rapidly associated with 40S ribosomal subunits and particles sedimenting at 80-120S (the known sedimentation value of myosin heavy chain [MHC] mRNPs). In addition, exogenously supplied eIF3 has a specific stimulatory effect on myofibrillar protein synthesis. This stimulation is most apparent at the onset of cell fusion and after the accumulation of MHC-mRNPs. As previously reported (8), total eIF3 can be fractionated on an MHC-mRNA affinity column into a "core" eIF3 and a high affinity component (HAF) which dictates the discriminatory activity of core eIF3. Liposome-encapsulated core eIF3 delivered to cells is found predominantly in 40S ribosomal subunits and gives only a slight stimulation of total protein synthesis. When 3H-MHC-mRNA, preincubated with HAF, is introduced into myoblasts via liposomes, the mRNA is found in heavy polysomes. On the other hand, when the messenger alone or with core eIF3 is taken up by the cells, it is found only on small polysomes. Similar experiments, using viral RNA with the HAF, show no increase in the size class of polysomes. These results mimic the differences observed between myoblast and myotube utilization of MHC-mRNA previously observed (17). These results demonstrate the mRNA discriminatory activity of specific proteins associated with muscle eIF3 and suggest that these proteins play a role in mRNA activation and translation during muscle differentiation.
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Mroczkowski B, Dym HP, Siegel EJ, Heywood SM. Uptake and utilization of mRNA by myogenic cells in culture. J Cell Biol 1980; 87:65-71. [PMID: 7419601 PMCID: PMC2110704 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.87.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary chick myoblast cultures demonstrate the ability to take up exogenously supplied polyadenylated RNA and express the encoded information in a specific manner. This expression is shown to exhibit tissue specificity. Analysis of creatine kinase activity monitored at various times of incubation in the presence of either polyadenylated or nonpolyadenylated RNA indicates that only the poly(A)+ mRNA is capable of being actively translated. Radioactively labled poly(A)+ mRNA is taken up by the cell cultures in a time-dependent manner and subsequently shown to be associated with polysomes. This association with polysomes does not occur in the presence of puromycin and is unaffected by actinomycin D. Thus, nonspecific interaction with polysomes and induction of new RNA synthesis are ruled out and the association of the exogenously supplied poly(A)+ mRNA with polysomes is indicative of its translation in the recipient cells. When heterologous mRNA (globin) is supplied to the myoblasts, it is also taken up and properly translated. In addition, exogenously supplied myosin heavy chain mRNA is found associated with polysomes consisting of 4-10 ribosomes in myoblast cell cultures while in myotubes it is associated with very large polysomes, thus reflecting the different translational efficiencies that this message exhibits at two very different stages of myogenesis. The results indicate that muscle cell cultures can serve as an in vitro system to study translational controls and their roles in development.
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Doetschman TC, Dym HP, Siegel EJ, Heywood SM. Myoblast stored myosin heavy chain transcripts are precursors to the myotube polysomal myosin heavy chain mRNAs. Differentiation 1980; 16:149-62. [PMID: 7429074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1980.tb01071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Radioactively labeled myosin heavy chain messenger ribonucleic acid (MHC mRNA) synthesized during the pre-fusion stage of chick embryo breast muscle cell culture is transferred from messenger ribonucleic acid proteins (mRNPs) to the polysomal MHC mRNA during the period of rapid increase in the rate of MHC synthesis (mid-to late-fusion). This transfer constitutes a major contribution to the rate of incorporation of 3H-labeled transcripts into polysomal MHC mRNA at this time. As the increase in the rate of MHC synthesis levels off (late-to post-fusion) the contribution to the rate of incorporation of 3H-labeled transcripts into polysomal MHC mRNA from newly synthesized transcripts increases until it becomes predominant. In vivo, the level of MHC mRNP increases during early stages of embryonic development and then decreases when MHC synthesis and the level of polysomal MHC mRNA has been shown to increase.
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Dym HP, Kennedy DS, Heywood SM. Sub-cellular distribution of the cytoplasmic myosin heavy chain mRNA during myogenesis. Differentiation 1979; 12:145-55. [PMID: 467857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1979.tb01000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the light of earlier work [1] which demonstrated the presence of a large number of myosin heavy chain (MHC) transcripts in chick myoblasts prior to cell fusion and the burst of MHC synthesis it was of great interest to determine the subcellular localization of the still inactive transcripts. It has been determined in differentiating muscle cells in culture. Two populations of cells were examined -- monucleated myoblasts just prior to cell fusion and myotubes where at least 80% of the cells were fused. Utilizing a myosin complementary DNA (cDNA) probe [2] it is observed that just prior to cell fusion, when the "burst" of myosin synthesis has not yet occurred, the vast majority of cytoplasmic myosin mRNA transcripts are found in a stored messenger RNA protein complex with a minimal amount found in the heavy polysome fraction. In differentiated myotube cultures, when myosin synthesis is progressing at a high rate, the reverse is found, i.e, the amount of stored myosin messenger RNA (mRNA) is minimal while the largest amount of myosin mRNA transcripts are localized in the polysome fraction. The number of total cytoplasmic myosin transcripts is found to decrease after cell fusion at a time when myosin synthesis is maximal suggesting that the efficiency of translation of myosin mRNA increases during terminal differentiation.
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Robbins J, Heywood SM. Quantification of myosin heavy-chain mRNA during myogenesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 82:601-8. [PMID: 564267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from a 26-S poly(A)-containing RNA fraction consisting predominately of myosin mRNA, and used to quantitate the amounts of myosin mRNA during development. RNA . cDNAmyosin hybridizations were performed with RNA isolated from tertiary cultures of chick fibroblasts, and the proportion of myosin RNA determined. The levels of myosin RNA present in primary chick myoblast cultures undergoing development were also analyzed by RNA . cDNAmyosin hybridizations. Correlation of these values with the rate of myosin heavy chain synthesis indicates that myosin mRNA is subject to post-transcriptional or translational control.
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Brown PC, Papaconstantinou J. Identification of albumin-synthesizing polysomes from mouse liver and a mouse hepatoma cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 76:121-8. [PMID: 194589 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tepperman K, Morris G, Essien F, Heywood SM. A mechanical dissociation method for preparation of muscle cell cultures. J Cell Physiol 1975; 86:561-5. [PMID: 1202033 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040860313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A cell preparation method by which large numbers of embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells may be obtained is described. The procedure requires fewer manipulations and much less time than standard trypsinization. By the criteria used, both methods are comparable with respect to percent viable cells and survival of plated cells. However, in addition to the ease of preparation, the mechanical dissociation method offers the significant advantage that the cell suspension is greatly enriched for myoblasts without the necessity of an additional preplating step.
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Tepperman K, Essien F, Heywood SM. Polysomes from cultured muscle cells: the cell-free synthesis of myosin. J Cell Physiol 1975; 86:553-60. [PMID: 811675 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040860312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The results reported here have shown that there are significant differences between polysome patterns obtained from cultured cells and from freshly isolated muscle tissue. Polysomes from embryonic homogenates show different patterns with different levels of myosin synthesis, but this does not appear to be the case with cultured cells. Experiments utilizing cell-free protein synthesizing systems indicate that the polysomes isolated from myoblast cultures can synthesize myosin at levels similar to those obtained from myotube cultures, suggesting that the myoblasts contain significant amounts of the messenger RNA for myosin. In contrast, the polysomes isolated from BrdUrd-inhibited cultures synthesize a comparatively low level of myosin. These findings illustrate a significant difference between myoblasts and BrdUrd-inhibited cells.
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Young RB, Goll DE, Stromer MH. Isolation of myosin-synthesizing polysomes from cultures of embryonic chicken myoblasts before fusion. Dev Biol 1975; 47:123-35. [PMID: 1204927 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Morse RK, Vergnes JP, Malloy J, McManus IR. Sites of biological methylation of proteins in cultured chick muscle cells. Biochemistry 1975; 14:4316-25. [PMID: 1101948 DOI: 10.1021/bi00690a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The methylation of myosin and other proteins has been studied using primary cultures of 12-day-old embryonic chick leg muscle. The methyl group of [Me-3H] methionine is incorporated into basic amino acid residues with the formation of Nepsilon-monomethyllysine, Nepsilon-dimethyllysine, Nepsilon-trimethyllysine, 3-methylhistidine, NG-monomethylarginine, and NG-dimethylarginine which are isolated from acid hydrolysates of purified myosin, and of proteins from polysomes and from the cytosol of the cultured muscle cells. In the presence of 0.1 mM cycloheximide, incorporation of [Me-3H] methionine into the polysome-bound proteins was decreased to 16.3% of control levels with no change in the pattern of incorporation into the basic amino acid residues, although protein synthesis was inhibited 97.5%. When protein synthesis was allowed to resume in such cultures by the removal of cycloheximide, polypeptides containing labeled N-methylated residues were released from polysomes into the soluble fraction. Polypeptides containing N-methylated amino acids were also released from polysomes following treatment with 2 mM puromycin. Peptidyl-tRNA, isolated from ribosomes after exposure of cultures to [Me-3H] methionine, contained labeled N-methylated amino acids. When [Me-3H] methionine was incorporated in the presence of cycloheximide, the isolated peptidyl-tRNA still contained N-methylated amino acids although the amount of methylation was 22.4% of control levels. These experiments demonstrate that N-methylation of basic amino acid residues in proteins may occur while the polypeptide is still being synthesized on the ribosome. In addition, N-methylation can occur on the nascent polypeptides in the absence of protein synthesis.
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Bitte L, Kabat D. Isotopic labeling and analysis of phosphoproteins from mammalian ribosomes. Methods Enzymol 1974; 30:563-90. [PMID: 4212117 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(74)30056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Katze JR, Mason KH. Comparison of the acceptance activity of the ribosome-bound and the total cellular transfer ribonucleic acids from SV40-transformed mouse fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 331:369-81. [PMID: 4360078 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Heywood SM, Havaranis AS, Herrmann H. Myoglobin synthesis in cell cultures of red and white muscle. J Cell Physiol 1973; 82:319-21. [PMID: 4753425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040820220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chlebowski JS, Przbylski RJ, Cox PG. Ultrastructural studies of lizard (Anolis carolinensis) myogenesis in vitro. Dev Biol 1973; 33:80-99. [PMID: 4363800 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Birckbichler PJ, Pryme IF. Fractionation of membrane-bound polysomes, free polysomes, and nuclei from tissue-cultured cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 33:368-73. [PMID: 4735093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Eaton BT, Donaghue TP, Faulkner P. Presence of poly (A) in the polyribosome-associated RNA of Sindbis-infected BHK cells. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 238:109-11. [PMID: 4505424 DOI: 10.1038/newbio238109a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Armstrong JA, Edmonds M, Nakazato H, Phillips BA, Vaughn MH. Polyadenylic acid sequences in the virion RNA of poliovirus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus. Science 1972; 176:526-8. [PMID: 4338097 DOI: 10.1126/science.176.4034.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Poliovirus virion RNA contains a single covalently bound sequence of polyadenylic acid which is approximately 49 nucleotides long. A single, slightly longer polyadenylic acid sequence is contained in Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus RNA. Since these viruses are otherwise dissimilar these sequences may play a common role in viral replication, possibly in translation of the viral RNA.
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Ornellas MR, Jones DA. Distribution of ribosomal material in incubated and electrically stimulated cerebral slices. J Neurochem 1972; 19:791-800. [PMID: 5030984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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