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Kirschenbaum DM. MOLAR ABSORPTIVITY AND A1%1cm VALUES FOR PROTEINS AT SELECTED WAVELENGTHS OF THE ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE REGION. VII*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1973.tb02318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Purification and identification of different lipases contained in PPL commercial extracts: A minor contaminant is the main responsible of most esterasic activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Al-Ajlan A, Bailey GS. Purification and characterization of cationic chymotrypsin from the pancreas of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Mol Cell Biochem 2000; 203:73-8. [PMID: 10724334 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007097231327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the purification and characterization of a cationic enzyme with chymotryptic activity from camel pancreas. The enzyme was purified 52-fold in a 48% yield by a three-step chromatographic procedure consisting of anion-exchange, cation-exchange and affinity chromatographies. The purified enzyme was homogeneous on gel isoelectric focusing and on SDS gel electrophoresis. Its isoelectric point was estimated to be 7.3 and its molecular mass was found to be 23,600 Da. The enzyme was identified as a cationic chymotrypsin according to its physiochemical properties, substrate specificity and susceptibility to inhibition. It was active towards esters of aromatic amino acids but much less active towards a leucine ester. In all cases, the k(cat) values of the camel enzyme were less than the corresponding values of bovine chymotrypsin A. It also showed a lower level of kininase activity. Camel chymotrypsin was more susceptible than its bovine equivalent to inhibition by soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin. It showed the same pH optimum as bovine chymotrypsin A for its esterolytic activity, but was more dependent on CaCl2 for long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Ajlan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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al-Ajlan A, Bailey GS. Purification and partial characterization of camel anionic chymotrypsin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 348:363-8. [PMID: 9434749 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An anionic chymotrypsin-like enzyme was isolated from a crude extract of camel pancreas by a three-step procedure consisting of anion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified enzyme was homogeneous on native and SDS gel electrophoresis and on gel isoelectric focusing. Its molecular mass was estimated as 28.5 kDa and its isoelectric point was found to be 4.4. The enzyme differed markedly from bovine chymotrypsin A in its substrate specificity, showing considerably lower values of the specificity constant for its action on tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine esters. Its pH optimum was found to be 7.8. It showed lower kininase activity and was more susceptible to inhibition by a number of inhibitors than the bovine cationic chymotrypsin. On the other hand, the camel enzyme showed a much greater hydrolytic activity than the bovine enzyme toward a leucine ester. In terms of its size, charge, and substrate specificity the camel enzyme was very similar to anionic chymotrypsins that have been isolated from other species and thus appears to be a camel anionic chymotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A al-Ajlan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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Tsai IH, Lu PJ, Chuang JL. The midgut chymotrypsins of shrimps (Penaeus monodon, Penaeus japonicus and Penaeus penicillatus). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1080:59-67. [PMID: 1657178 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90112-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The midgut chymotrypsins (EC 3.4.4.5) of three species of shrimps, Penaeus monodon, Penaeus japonicus and Penaeus penicillatus were purified and studied in detail to clarify previous ambiguity in their identification. In each of the species there are two major forms of chymotrypsin, both single-chained with three disulfide bonds. One has a pI of 3.2 and Mr 27,000 or 28,000, while the other has a pI of 3.0 and Mr 25,000 or 26,000. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the P. monodon enzymes are homologous to those of the crab (Uca pugilator) collagenase and to the other chymotrypsins. However, the active sites of the shrimp chymotrypsins are different from that of the well studied bovine alpha-chymotrypsin in some respects: (1) in spite of showing the typical specificity of chymotrypsin, the shrimp enzymes are more stringently selective for substrates with extended polypeptide chain; (2) some titration agents of alpha-chymotrypsin, including t-cinnamoylimidazole, 4-nitrophenyl guanidinobenzoate and its fluorescent derivative, do not react with the shrimp enzymes, neither do some of the alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitors: Tosyl-PheCH2Cl, methyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonate and benzeneboronic acid; (3) the shrimp chymotrypsins are more reactive than the bovine enzyme toward native protein substrates including collagen; (4) the kinetic-salt-effects of the shrimp enzyme toward N-succinyl- and acetyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-4-nitroanilide mainly reflect electrostatic rather than hydrophobic interactions between the substrates and the enzyme. The shrimp enzymes are acid-labile but resistent to autolysis. Our results suggest that most Crustacea decapods contain chymotrypsins as one of the major digestive endopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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6
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HEU MINSOO, PYEUN JAEHYEUNG, KIM HYEUNGRAK, GODBER JSAMUEL. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ALKALINE PROTEINASES FROM THE VISCERA OF ANCHOVY, ENGRAVLIS JAPONICA. J Food Biochem 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1991.tb00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Burgos FJ, Pascual R, Vendrell J, Cuchillo CM, Avilés FX. The separation of pancreatic procarboxypeptidases by high-performance liquid chromatography and chromatofocusing. J Chromatogr A 1989; 481:233-43. [PMID: 2592494 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Different experimental conditions and chromatographic supports have been selected for the most efficient and rapid purification of procarboxypeptidases from porcine and human pancreas by different high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) variants (anion exchange, reversed phase and gel filtration). Anion-exchange chromatography was found to be the most capable and permitted the isolation, in a single step, of three different porcine procarboxypeptidases (2A + 1B forms) and five different human procarboxypeptidases (2B + 3A forms) in a native and pure state from whole pancreas extracts. Other pancreatic proproteases are also cleanly isolated in the same step. Reversed-phase chromatography under mild conditions separated porcine or human procarboxypeptidases A from other pancreatic proteins in a very short time but was unable further to subfractionate the same proteins. The sequential use of gel filtration (or anion-exchange) and reversed-phase HPLC chromatography permitted, in a simple way, the isolation and dissociation of the strongly bound components of the binary complexes between procarboxypeptidases A and proproteinase E in either porcine or human pancreas extracts. Chromatofocusing on a fast protein liquid chromatographic support was also found to be a very efficient technique, showing a slightly lower capability to separate procarboxypeptidases than anion-exchange HPLC though in a much shorter time and in larger quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Burgos
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Pascual R, Burgos FJ, Salva M, Soriano F, Mendez E, Aviles FX. Purification and properties of five different forms of human procarboxypeptidases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 179:609-16. [PMID: 2920728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Three different procarboxypeptidases A and two different procarboxypeptidases B have been isolated for the first time, in a pure and native state, from human pancreatic extracts. These proteins were purified in one or two quick steps by anion-exchange HPLC. All these forms have been biochemically characterized. Two of the procarboxypeptidases A, the A1 and A2 forms, are obtained in a monomeric state while the other, the A3 form, is obtained as a binary complex of a procarboxypeptidase A with a proproteinase E. This complex is stable in aqueous buffers at various ionic strengths and develops carboxypeptidase A and proteinase E activities in the presence of trypsin. The A1 and A2 forms show clear differences in electrophoretic mobility in SDS/polyacrylamide gels, isoelectric point, proteolytic activation process with trypsin and susceptibility to thermal denaturation. In contrast, these properties are similar in the A1 and A3 (binary complex) forms. On the other hand, with respect to the properties listed above, the B1 and B2 forms differ from each other mainly in isoelectric point. An overall comparison of the above properties reveals the unusual character of the A2 form, midway between the other A and B forms. N-terminal extended sequence analysis carried out on these proenzymes confirm that they constitute different isologous forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pascual
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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9
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van der Westhuizen N, Naudé RJ, Oelofsen W. The isolation and partial characterization of chymotrypsinogen from the pancreas of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 21:91-7. [PMID: 2753201 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(89)90031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Cationic chymotrypsinogen from the pancreas of the ostrich was purified to homogeneity by sulfuric acid extraction of pancrei, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and SP-Sephadex C-50 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. 2. The final preparation was homogeneous when subjected to SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing and sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. The Mmin value obtained from amino acid analysis was 25,572 Da. A mean sedimentation coefficient of 2.575 S was obtained by sedimentation velocity centrifugation. 3. N-terminal analysis by dansylation showed an Ala residue which is the N-terminal of a neochymotrypsinogen. 4. The effects of pH, temperature and inhibitors (LBTI, PMSF, TPCK and DFP) on the chymotryptic activity were examined. A Km-value for ATEE as substrate was found to be 0.57 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- N van der Westhuizen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Elizabeth, Republic of South Africa
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10
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Abstract
In the 1950's, the specific cleavages of the peptide bonds occurring in bovine cationic chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen were among the first examples of limited proteolyses. According to the split bond(s), the precursor is transformed into enzyme or different forms of zymogen or again into inert protein. The conversion of trypsinogen into trypsin triggers the activations of all the other enzyme precursors of pancreatic juice. In the pancreas, several factors oppose trypsinogen autoactivation, whereas, in the duodenum, all the conditions are favorable for trypsinogen activation by enteropeptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rovery
- Centre de Biochimie et de Biologie moléculaire du CNRS, Marseille, France
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11
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Ohlsson BG, Weström BR, Karlsson BW. Identification and characterization of eight porcine pancreatic proteinases, carboxypeptidase A and amylase after electrophoretic separation using specific substrates. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 19:633-9. [PMID: 2442043 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(87)90230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Porcine pancreatic hydrolases in juice and homogenate surveyed by electrophoretic separation in agarose gel, at pH 8.6 and subsequently characterized using substrates of various specificity, either directly in the gel or after transfer to nitrocellulose (enzymoblotting) showed: Anodal and cathodal trypsin with Bz-Arg-pNA. Chymotrypsin A, B, and C with similar, but not identical, activities to Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA, Bz-Tyr-pNA, Suc-Phe-pNA and Ac-Phe-beta NE and with differences in their molecular weights and electrophoretical charges. Elastase I and protease E with Suc-(Ala)3-pNA and MeO-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-pNA and elastase I also with elastin. Elastase II with the chymotrypsin substrates and with elastin. Carboxypeptidase A with CN-Phe. Amylase with blue starch polymer.
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12
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Iio-Akama K, Sasamoto H, Miyazawa K, Miura S, Tobita T. Active forms of chymotrypsin C isolated from autolyzed porcine pancreas glands. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 831:249-56. [PMID: 4041469 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Four active forms of chymotrypsin C (C1, C2A, C2B, and C3) were isolated from the autolyzed porcine pancreas glands. Their molecular weights were estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 29 100 for C1, 26 300 for C2A and C3, and 25 500 for C2B. The kinetic analyses of esterase activity of the enzymes toward Ac-LLeu-OEt and Ac-LPhe-OEt showed that chymotrypsin C1 hydrolyzed the two substrates more efficiently than did chymotrypsin C3. Chymotrypsin C1 consisted of chain A (H-Cys-...-Asn-OH, Mr 886) and chain BC (H-Val-...-Lys-OH, Mr 28 200). Chymotrypsin C3 consisted of the two components of C3L and C3S that could be dissociated in the presence of 2.3% SDS. C3L consisted of the chain A and the chain C (H-Ser-...-Lys-OH, Mr 13 600). C3S was the chain B (H-Val-...-Lys-OH, Mr 11 800). These kinetic and chemical analyses show that chymotrypsins C1 and C3 correspond to chymotrypsin A delta and A alpha, respectively.
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Vilanova M, Vendrell J, López MT, Cuchillo CM, Avilés FX. Preparative isolation of the two forms of pig pancreatic pro-(carboxypeptidase A) and their monomeric carboxypeptidases A. Biochem J 1985; 229:605-9. [PMID: 4052013 PMCID: PMC1145102 DOI: 10.1042/bj2290605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A method is reported for the preparative isolation of the two forms of pro-(carboxypeptidase A) from pig pancreas: the monomer and the binary complex with pro-(proteinase E). This method, which is mainly based on chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose at pH 5.7, allows these proenzymes to be prepared more quickly and in safer conditions than with other reported methods. Undegraded and homogeneous carboxypeptidase A1 and A2 species (peptidyl-L-amino acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.17.1), in monomeric forms with high specific activity, are also obtained in high yield by controlled trypsin activation of either of the pro-(carboxypeptidases A) followed by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose at pH 5.8 under dissociating conditions (7 M-urea).
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14
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Stöckmann F, Söling HD. Regulation of biosynthesis of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen by nutritional and hormonal factors in the rat. Eur J Clin Invest 1981; 11:121-32. [PMID: 6785096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1981.tb02049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Identification of a binary complex of procarboxypeptidase A and a precursor of protease E in porcine pancreatic secretion. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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De Caro A, Figarella C, Guy O. The two human chymotrypsinogens. Purification and characterization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 379:431-43. [PMID: 1122295 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(75)90150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The two chymotrypsinogens present in human pancreatic juice have been purified and characterized. The zymogens are two immunologically and electrophoretically different proteins. Chymotrypsinogen A, the major chymotryptic component (90% of the total potential N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester activity) is stable in acidic medium. By its molecular weight (approx. 24 000), specific activity (530) and amino acid composition, human chymotrypsinogen A resembles chymotrypsinogens A and B form bovine and porcine pancreas. Chymotrypsinogen B is a minor chymotryptic component (7% of the total potential N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester activity) unstable in acidic medium with a molecular weight slightly higher (approx. 27 000) and a specific activity slightly lower (300) than chymotrypsinogen A. The last 3% of the total potential N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester activity corresponds to a proelastase that we have partially characterized.
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17
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Louvard MN, Puigserver A. On bovine and porcine anionic trypsinogens. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 371:177-85. [PMID: 4429716 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(74)90167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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19
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Fiedler F, Leysath G, Werle E. Hdrolysis of amino-acid esters by pig-pancreatic kallikrein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 36:152-9. [PMID: 4738939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Puigserver A, Vaugoyeau G, Desnuelle P. On subunit II of bovine procarboxypeptidase A. Properties after alkaline dissociation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 276:519-30. [PMID: 5068826 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(72)91012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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23
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Keil-Dlouha V, Puigserver A, Marie A, Keil B. On subunit II of bovine procarboxypeptidase A. Enzymatic specificity after tryptic activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 276:531-5. [PMID: 4672120 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(72)91013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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25
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Zelikson R, Eilam-Rubin G, Kulka R. The Chymotrypsinogens and Procarboxypeptidases of Chick Pancreas. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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26
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Gratecos D, Desnuelle P. On a chymotrypsin C purified from autolyzed porcine pancreas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 42:857-64. [PMID: 5103327 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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28
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Shotton DM, Hartley BS. Amino-acid sequence of porcine pancreatic elastase and its homologies with other serine proteinases. Nature 1970; 225:802-6. [PMID: 5415108 DOI: 10.1038/225802a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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29
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31
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Uram M, Lamy F. Purification of two proelastases from porcine pancreas. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 194:102-11. [PMID: 5353120 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(69)90185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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Verger R, de Haas GH, Sarda L. Purification from porcine pancreas of two molecular species with lipase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 188:272-82. [PMID: 5823025 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(69)90075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- C Figarella
- Unité de Recherches de Pathologie Digestive, Marseille, France
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Peanasky RJ, Gratecos D, Baratti J, Rovery M. Mode of activation of N-terminal sequence of subunit II in bovine procarboxypeptidase A and of porcine chymotrypsinogen C. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 181:82-92. [PMID: 5792601 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(69)90229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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