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Dissecting capture and twisting of aureolysin and pseudolysin: functional amino acids of the Dispase autolysis-inducing protein. Biochem J 2020; 477:2595-2606. [PMID: 32602533 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Dispase autolysis-inducing protein (DAIP) from Streptomyces mobaraensis attracts M4 metalloproteases, which results in inhibition and autolysis of bacillolysin (BL) and thermolysin (TL). The present study shows that aureolysin (AL) from Staphylococcus aureus and pseudolysin (LasB) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are likewise impaired by DAIP. Complete inhibition occurred when DAIP significantly exceeded the amount of the target protease. At low DAIP concentrations, AL and BL performed autolysis, while LasB and TL degradation required reductants or detergents that break intramolecular disulfide bonds or change the protein structure. Site directed mutagenesis of DAIP and removal of an exposed protein loop either influenced binding or inhibition of AL and TL but had no effect on LasB and BL. The Y170A and Δ239-248 variants had completely lost affinity for TL and AL. The exchange of Asn-275 also impaired the interaction of DAIP with AL. In contrast, DAIP Phe-297 substitution abolished inhibition and autolysis of both target proteases but still allowed complex formation. Our results give rise to the conclusion that other, yet unknown DAIP amino acids inactivate LasB and BL. Obviously, various bacteria in the same habitat caused Streptomyces mobaraensis to continuously optimize DAIP in inactivating the tackling metalloproteases.
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Erban T, Rybanska D, Harant K, Hortova B, Hubert J. Feces Derived Allergens of Tyrophagus putrescentiae Reared on Dried Dog Food and Evidence of the Strong Nutritional Interaction between the Mite and Bacillus cereus Producing Protease Bacillolysins and Exo-chitinases. Front Physiol 2016; 7:53. [PMID: 26941650 PMCID: PMC4764834 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781) is an emerging source of allergens in stored products and homes. Feces proteases are the major allergens of astigmatid mites (Acari: Acaridida). In addition, the mites are carriers of microorganisms and microbial adjuvant compounds that stimulate innate signaling pathways. We sought to analyze the mite feces proteome, proteolytic activities, and mite-bacterial interaction in dry dog food (DDF). Proteomic methods comprising enzymatic and zymographic analysis of proteases and 2D-E-MS/MS were performed. The highest protease activity was assigned to trypsin-like proteases; lower activity was assigned to chymotrypsin-like proteases, and the cysteine protease cathepsin B-like had very low activity. The 2D-E-MS/MS proteomic analysis identified mite trypsin allergen Tyr p3, fatty acid-binding protein Tyr p13 and putative mite allergens ferritin (Grp 30) and (poly)ubiquitins. Tyr p3 was detected at different positions of the 2D-E. It indicates presence of zymogen at basic pI, and mature-enzyme form and enzyme fragment at acidic pI. Bacillolysins (neutral and alkaline proteases) of Bacillus cereus symbiont can contribute to the protease activity of the mite extract. The bacterial exo-chitinases likely contribute to degradation of mite exuviae, mite bodies or food boluses consisting of chitin, including the peritrophic membrane. Thus, the chitinases disrupt the feces and facilitate release of the allergens. B. cereus was isolated and identified based on amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA and motB genes. B. cereus was added into high-fat, high-protein (DDF) and low-fat, low-protein (flour) diets to 1 and 5% (w/w), and the diets palatability was evaluated in 21-day population growth test. The supplementation of diet with B. cereus significantly suppressed population growth and the suppressive effect was higher in the high-fat, high-protein diet than in the low-fat, low-protein food. Thus, B. cereus has to coexist with the mite in balance to be beneficial for the mite. The mite-B. cereus symbiosis can be beneficial-suppressive at some level. The results increase the veterinary and medical importance of the allergens detected in feces. The B. cereus enzymes/toxins are important components of mite allergens. The strong symbiotic association of T. putrescentiae with B. cereus in DDF was indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Erban
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Biologically Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Rybanska
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Biologically Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research InstitutePrague, Czech Republic; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Harant
- Biology Section, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Service Labs, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bronislava Hortova
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Biologically Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hubert
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Biologically Active Substances in Crop Protection, Crop Research Institute Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Abstract
SummaryA milk-clotting proteolytic enzyme was isolated and purified from the culture filtrate ofBacillus cereusstrain x29 by fractionation with acetone or ammonium sulphate and subsequent column chromatography employing DEAE cellulose and DEAE Sephadex. The purified enzyme was found to be homogeneous by acrylamide gel electrophoresis from pH 3·5 to 8·6, with, a molecular weight of about 50000. The single absorption maximum of the native enzyme was at 277 nm and the value ofat 280 nm was 7·79. Purification resulted in a 9-fold enhancement of activity with 24 % yield. The optimum activity of the enzyme was at pH 8·0 at 40 °C with casein as the substrate. The enzyme was found to be most stable at pH 6·0 and was stable to freezing and freeze-drying. Heavy metal ions were found to inactivate the enzyme, but no metal ion activation was found. Enzyme activity was inhibited irreversibly by EDTA and reversibly by 1,10-phenanthroline. The enzyme has been identified as a Zn-containing neutral protease.
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GRANDI CLAUDIO, VITA CLAUDIO, DALZOPPO DANIELE, FONTANA ANGELO. THERMOLYSIN AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS NEUTRAL PROTEASE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1980.tb02594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sousa F, Jus S, Erbel A, Kokol V, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gubitz G. A novel metalloprotease from Bacillus cereus for protein fibre processing. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Saghatelian A, Guckian KM, Thayer DA, Ghadiri MR. DNA detection and signal amplification via an engineered allosteric enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:344-5. [PMID: 12517141 PMCID: PMC2453066 DOI: 10.1021/ja027885u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, and sequence-specific DNA detection can be achieved in one step using an engineered intrasterically regulated enzyme. The semi-synthetic inhibitor-DNA-enzyme (IDE) construct (left) rests in the inactive state but upon exposure to a complementary DNA sequence undergoes a DNA hybridization-triggered allosteric enzyme activation (right). The ensuing rapid substrate turnover provides the built-in signal amplification mechanism for detecting approximately 10 fmol DNA in less than 3 min under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Saghatelian
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Kevin M. Guckian
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Desiree A. Thayer
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
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de Kreij A, Venema G, van den Burg B. Substrate specificity in the highly heterogeneous M4 peptidase family is determined by a small subset of amino acids. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31115-20. [PMID: 10869357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003889200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the M4 peptidase family are involved in processes as diverse as pathogenicity and industrial applications. For the first time a number of M4 family members, also known as thermolysin-like proteases, has been characterized with an identical substrate set and a uniform set of assay conditions. Characterization with peptide substrates as well as high performance liquid chromatography analysis of beta-casein digests shows that the M4 family is a homogeneous family in terms of catalysis, even though there is a significant degree of amino acid sequence variation. The results of this study show that differences in substrate specificity within the M4 family do not correlate with overall sequence differences but depend on a small number of identifiable amino acids. Indeed, molecular modeling followed by site-directed mutagenesis of one of the substrate binding pocket residues of the thermolysin-like proteases of Bacillus stearothermophilus converted the catalytic characteristics of this variant into that of thermolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Kreij
- Department of Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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8
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Production and purification of protease from a Bacillus subtilis that can deproteinize crustacean wastes*. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 26:406-413. [PMID: 10713215 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A protease-producing microorganism was isolated in northern Taiwan and identified as a strain of Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis Y-108 thus isolated can be used for deproteinization of crustacean wastes in the preparation of chitin. For deproteinization tests, liquid phase fermentation of untreated shrimp shell, crab shell, and lobster shell wastes with this microbe showed protein removal of 88, 67, and 83%, respectively. In contrast, the protein removal of the acid treated wastes was 76, 62, 56%, respectively. The optimized conditions for protease production was found when the culture was shaken at 30 degrees C for 3 days in 100 ml of medium (phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 6.0) containing 7% shrimp and crab shell powder (SCSP), 0.1% K(2)HPO(4), 0.05% MgSO(4), 1.0% arabinose, 1.5% NaNO(3), and 1.5% CaCl(2). Under such conditions, the protease of B. subtilis Y-108 attained the highest activity. It was as high as 20.2 U/ml. The protease was purified in a three-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ionic exchange chromatography, and Sephacryl S-200 gel permeation chromatography. The enzyme was shown to have a relative molecular weight of 44 kDa by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protease was most active at pH 8.0 and 50 degrees C with casein as substrate. The protease was activated by Mn(+2), Fe(+2), Zn(+2), Mg(+2), Co(+2), but inhibited completely by Hg(+2). The protease was also inhibited by metal-chelating agent such as EDTA, sulfhydryl reagents as beta-mercaptoethanol, and by cysteine hydrochloride, histidine, glycerol. The EDTA was the most effective inhibitor that caused complete inhibition of protease. It was concluded that this enzyme is a metal-chelator-sensitive neutral protease.
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Sierecka JK. Purification and partial characterization of a neutral protease from a virulent strain of Bacillus cereus. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998; 30:579-95. [PMID: 9693959 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(98)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The factors involved in the pathogenesis of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) in non-gastrointestinal diseases are poorly investigated. Some researchers suggest that B. cereus proteases may be involved in these illnesses. The aim of this work was to purify and characterize a protease isolated from a virulent strain of B. cereus to explain its assumptive damaging effect. The enzyme was purified in a four-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, acetone precipitation, Bio-Gel filtration and column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose (DE-52 cellulose). The enzyme appeared homogenous using disc electrophoresis. The specific activity of the protease was 72 U/mg of protein. The enzyme was shown to have a relative molecular mass of 29 kDa. The protease was most active at pH 7.0 and 40 degrees C with haemoglobin as the substrate. The enzyme was made completely inactive by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), beta-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol (DTT) and benzamidine (at a concentration of 1 mM) and by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DIPF), L-cysteine, L-histidine, 1,10-phenanthroline (at a concentration of 10 mM). Divalent cations, especially Ca2+ increased enzyme activity. The enzyme hydrolysed haemoglobin, albumin and casein as the substrates. With haemoglobin and albumin as the substrates Michaelis-Menten kinetics was observed. The obtained Km values were 86 +/- 40 microM (SD, n = 3) and 340 +/- 100 microM (SD, n = 3) for haemoglobin and albumin, respectively. The corresponding Vmax values were 1.26 +/- 0.1 (SD, n = 3) and 0.38 +/- 0.07 (SD, n = 3) mumol of tyrosine liberated per min, per ml, and per mg, while those for casein were not determined. It is concluded that this enzyme is a metal-chelator-sensitive, neutral protease damaging haemoglobin and albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Sierecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lódź, Poland
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11
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Stark W, Pauptit RA, Wilson KS, Jansonius JN. The structure of neutral protease from Bacillus cereus at 0.2-nm resolution. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 207:781-91. [PMID: 1633827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the neutral protease from Bacillus cereus has been refined to an R factor of 17.5% at 0.2-nm resolution. The enzyme, an extracellular metalloendopeptidase, consists of two domains and binds one zinc and four calcium ions. The structure is very similar to that of thermolysin, with which the enzyme shares 73% amino-acid sequence identity. The active-site cleft between the two domains is wider in neutral protease than in thermolysin. This suggests the presence of a flexible hinge region between the two domains, which may assist enzyme action. The high-resolution analysis allows detailed examination of possible causes for the difference in thermostability between neutral protease and thermolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Stark
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Tran L, Wu XC, Wong SL. Cloning and expression of a novel protease gene encoding an extracellular neutral protease from Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:6364-72. [PMID: 1917867 PMCID: PMC208968 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.20.6364-6372.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned from Bacillus subtilis a novel protease gene (nprB) encoding a neutral protease by using a shotgun cloning approach. The gene product was determined to have a molecular mass of 60 kDa. It has a typical signal peptide-like sequence at the N-terminal region. The expression of nprB can be stimulated by using a B. subtilis strain, WB30, carrying a sacU(h)h mutation. Expression of this protease gene results in production of a 37-kDa protease in the culture medium. The first five amino acid residues from the N terminus of the mature protease were determined to be Ala-Ala-Gly-Thr-Gly. This indicates that the protease is synthesized in a preproenzyme form. The purified protease has a pH optimum of around 6.6, and its activity can be inhibited by EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline (a zinc-specific chelator), and dithiothreitol. It retained 65% of its activity after treatment at 65 degrees C for 20 min. Sequence comparison indicates that the mature form of this protease has 66% homology with the two thermostable neutral proteases from B. thermoproteolyticus and B. stearothermophilus. It also shares 65, 61, and 56% homology with the thermolabile neutral proteases from B. cereus, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. subtilis, respectively. The zinc-binding site and the catalytic residues are all conserved among these proteases. Sequence homology extends into the "propeptide" region. The nprB gene was mapped between metC and glyB and was not required for growth or sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Croux C, Paquet V, Goma G, Soucaille P. Purification and characterization of acidolysin, an acidic metalloprotease produced by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:3634-42. [PMID: 2082818 PMCID: PMC185045 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.12.3634-3642.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidolysin an extracellular protease produced by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was purified to homogeneity by anion-exchange chromatography with a recovery of 91%. The enzyme was a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of 44,000 as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an acidic isoelectric point of 3.3. Acidolysin was very sensitive to metal-chelating agents and phosphoramidon and was unaffected by sulfhydryl reagents. It was shown to be a calcium- and zinc-containing protease. It exhibited optimal activity against Azocoll at pH 5 and 45 degrees C. It was stable at low pH and heat labile above 50 degrees C. It exhibited specificity toward peptide bonds formed by the amino group of hydrophobic amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine) and its NH2-terminal amino acid sequence showed a high degree of similarity with that of Bacillus subtilis neutral metalloprotease A. Acidolysin is the first phosphoramidon-sensitive, acidic zinc metalloprotease reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Croux
- Département de Génie Biochimique et Alimentaire, UA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique no. 544, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse, France
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14
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Pauptit RA, Karlsson R, Picot D, Jenkins JA, Niklaus-Reimer AS, Jansonius JN. Crystal structure of neutral protease from Bacillus cereus refined at 3.0 A resolution and comparison with the homologous but more thermostable enzyme thermolysin. J Mol Biol 1988; 199:525-37. [PMID: 3127592 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutral protease from Bacillus cereus exhibits a 73% amino acid sequence homology to thermolysin, for which an accurate crystal structure exists. The B. cereus enzyme is, however, markedly less thermostable. The neutral protease was crystallized and diffraction data to 3.0 A resolution were recorded by oscillation photography. The crystal structure was solved by molecular replacement methods using thermolysin as a trial molecule. The solution was improved by rigid-body refinement and model rebuilding into electron density omit-maps. The atomic co-ordinates were refined to R = 21.7% at 3.0 A resolution. Comparison of the resultant model with the thermolysin structure shows that the two enzymes are very similar with a root-mean-square deviation between equivalent C alpha-atoms of 0.88 A. The gamma-turn found in thermolysin is transformed into a beta-turn in the neutral protease by the insertion of a glycine residue. There appear to be no contributions to the enhanced thermostability of thermolysin from additional salt bridges, whereas contributions in the form of extra hydrogen bonding interactions could be important. Other factors that may affect thermostability include the two glycine to alanine exchanges and perturbations in the environment of the double calcium site.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Pauptit
- Department of Structural Biology, The Biocentre, University of Basel, Switzerland
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15
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A neutral proteinase produced by Bacillus cereus with high sequence homology to thermolysin: Production, isolation and characterization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00252506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Cell wall lytic enzyme released by mating gametes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a metalloprotease and digests the sodium perchlorate-insoluble component of cell wall. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Biochemistry of Aging. Clin Biochem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-657102-8.50014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Maurizi MR, Switzer RL. Proteolysis in bacterial sporulation. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1980; 16:163-224. [PMID: 6772379 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152816-4.50010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Seltzer JL, Jeffrey JJ, Eisen AZ. Evidence for mammalian collagenases as zinc ion metalloenzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 485:179-87. [PMID: 199265 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Collagenases (EC 3.4.24.3) from human skin, rat skin and rat uterus were inhibited by the chelating agents EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and tetraethylene pentamine in the presence of excess Ca2+, suggesting that a second metal ion participates in the activity of the enzyme. Collagenase inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline could be both prevented and reversed by a number of transition metal ions, specifically Zn2+, Co2+, Fe2+ and Cu2+. However, Zn2+ is effective in five-fold lower molar concentrations (1-10(-4) M) than the other ions. Furthermore, Zn2+ was the only ion tested able to prevent and reverse the inhibition of collagenase by EDTA in the presence of excess Ca2+. Atomic absorption analysis of purified collagenase for Zn2+ showed that Zn2+ was present in the enzyme preparations, and that the metal co-purifies with collagenase during column chromatography.
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20
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Osada Y, Ogawa H. Phagocytosis stimulation by an extracellular product of virulent Shigella flexneri 2a. Microbiol Immunol 1977; 21:49-55. [PMID: 323646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1977.tb02807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Saheb SA. [Purification and characterization of an extracellular protease from Staphylococcus aureus inhibited by EDTA]. Biochimie 1976; 58:793-804. [PMID: 823980 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(76)80310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A neutral protease, produced by Staphylococcus aureus, strain V8, was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and acetone, and by chromatography on D.E.A.E.-cellulose. The purified protein is homogeneous by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated to be 28.000 daltons by gel filtration and 27.400 daltons by sedimentation equilibrium study. The amino acid composition indicates 251 residues and the absence of sulphydryl groups. Arginine is the NH2-terminal amino acid, while the COOH-terminal sequence of amino acids is Ala-Gly-Leu-Gl-Val. The protease exhibits a maximum proteolytic activity on casein at pH 7,0, and its activity is increased by 30 per cent on the addition of calcium ions. E.D.T.A. and E.G.T.A. completely inhibit the protease while the reagents of serine enzymes are without effect. This enzyme, which contains mainly calcium in its molecule, hydrolyses the peptide bonds, of the insulin B-chain, in which the amino groups of hydrophobic amino acids are involved. Unlike the other metalloproteases, no hydrolysis is observed for the peptide bond Phe(24)-Phe(25) while the peptide bond Phe(1)-Val(2) is attacked.
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22
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Seltzer JL, Welgus HG, Jeffrey JJ, Eisen AZ. The function of Ca+ in the action of mammalian collagenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:355-61. [PMID: 176953 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Feder J, Aufderheide N, Wildi BS. Studies on the inhibition of thermolysin. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1976; 26:41-54. [PMID: 7470 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7675-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thei nhibition of the thermolysin catalyzed hydrolysis of FA-Gly-Leu-NH2 and FA-Gly-Phe-NH2 has been reported. The results suggest a model for substrate and inhibitor binding involving the hydrophobic specificity pocket, Arg-203 and Glu-143.
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24
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Blumberg S, Vallee BL. Superactivation of thermolysin by acylation with amino acid N-hydroxysuccinimide esters. Biochemistry 1975; 14:2410-9. [PMID: 237533 DOI: 10.1021/bi00682a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a series of active N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of aliphatic and aromatic amino acids has yielded a new class of reagents for the covalent modification of proteolytic enzymes such as thermolysin. The activities of aliphatic acyl amino acid thermolysins are from 1.7 to 3.6 times greater than that of the native enzyme when hydrolyzing durylacryloyl-Gly-Leu-NH2, the substrate employed most widely. By comparison, the aromatic acylamino acid derivatives are "superactive," their activities being as much as 70-fold greater. Apparently, the aromatic character of the amino acid introduced is a critical variable in the determination of the functional response. The increased activity is completely restored to that of the native enzyme by deacylation with nucleophiles, such as hydroxylamine, and the rate of restoration of native activity is a function of the particular acyl group incorporated. Preliminary evidence regarding the chemical properties of the modified enzyme suggests that tyrosine, rather than lysine, histidine, or arginine, may be the residue modified. The functional consequences of successive modification with different reagents, moreover, indicate that each of them reacts with the same protein residue. The competitive inhibitors beta-phenyl-propionyl-Phe and Zn-2+ do not prevent modification with these active esters. Hence, the site(s) of their inhibitory action differ(s) from that at which modification occurs. The structure of the substrate is also a significant variable which determines the rate at which each acyl amino acid thermolysin hydrolyzes peptides. Depending on the particular substrate, the activity of aromatic derivatives can be as much as 400-fold greater than that of the native enzyme, and the resultant activity patterns can be ordered in a series characteristic for each enzyme derivative.
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Osada Y, Une T, Ikeuchi T, Ogawa H. Divalent cation stimulation of the cell infectivity of Shigella flexneri 2a. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1975; 19:163-6. [PMID: 807763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1975.tb00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Walsh KA, Burstein Y, Pangburn MK. Affinity chromatography of thermolysin and other neutral metalloendopeptidases. Methods Enzymol 1974; 34:435-40. [PMID: 4217421 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(74)34053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Arvidson S. The role of calcium for stability and activity of an extracellular proteolytic enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1973; 81:545-51. [PMID: 4209174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1973.tb02240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pangburn MK, Burstein Y, Morgan PH, Walsh KA, Neurath H. Affinity chromatography of thermolysin and of neutral proteases from B. subtilis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 54:371-9. [PMID: 4200397 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Griffin PJ, Fogarty WM. Physiochemical properties of the native, zinc- and manganese-prepared metalloprotease of Bacillus polymyxa. Appl Microbiol 1973; 26:191-5. [PMID: 4743873 PMCID: PMC379749 DOI: 10.1128/am.26.2.191-195.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The neutral protease of Bacillus polymyxa had a broad pH optimum (6.0 to 7.2) for activity at 37 C. The enzyme was most stable at pH 5.6 to 5.8. The protease had an optimum temperature of 37 C and was quite thermostable up to 35 C, but at higher temperatures the stability decreased rapidly. The substrate specificity of the protease was similar to that of the neutral proteases of other members of the genus Bacillus. The enzyme was shown to be a zinc metalloprotease. However, manganous ions had a greater activating and stabilizing influence on the activity of this enzyme than zinc. Replacement of zinc in the native enzyme by manganese resulted in a 50% increase in activity. In addition, the prepared manganese metalloprotease had higher temperature and more alkaline pH optima than the native enzyme.
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Hodson PH, Scharpf LG. Immunochemical characterization of commercial protease products. Biotechnol Bioeng 1973; 15:519-32. [PMID: 4198973 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260150308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Arvidson S. Studies on extracellular proteolytic enzymes from Staphylococcus aureus. II. Isolation and characterization of an EDTA-sensitive protease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 302:149-57. [PMID: 4632563 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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