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Zhang W, Zhang Y, Shi X, Wang S, Bao Y. Hemoglobin wonders: a fascinating gas transporter dive into molluscs. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 58:132-157. [PMID: 38189101 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2023.2299381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) has been identified in at least 14 molluscan taxa so far. Research spanning over 130 years on molluscan Hbs focuses on their genes, protein structures, functions, and evolution. Molluscan Hbs are categorized into single-, two-, and multiple-domain chains, including red blood cell, gill, and extracellular Hbs, based on the number of globin domains and their respective locations. These Hbs exhibit variation in assembly, ranging from monomeric and dimeric to higher-order multimeric forms. Typically, molluscan Hbs display moderately high oxygen affinity, weak cooperativity, and varying pH sensitivity. Hb's potential role in antimicrobial pathways could augment the immune defense of bivalves, which may be a complement to their lack of adaptive immunity. The role of Hb as a respiratory protein in bivalves likely originated from the substitution of hemocyanin. Molluscan Hbs demonstrate adaptive evolution in response to environmental changes via various strategies (e.g. increasing Hb types, multimerization, and amino acid residue substitutions at key sites), enhancing or altering functional properties for habitat adaptation. Concurrently, an increase in Hb assembly diversity, coupled with a downward trend in oxygen affinity, is observed during molluscan differentiation and evolution. Hb in Protobranchia, Heteroconchia, and Pteriomorphia bivalves originated from separate ancestors, with Protobranchia inheriting a relative ancient molluscan Hb gene. In bivalves, extracellular Hbs share a common origin, while gill Hbs likely emerged from convergent evolution. In summary, research on molluscan Hbs offers valuable insights into the origins, biological variations, and adaptive evolution of animal Hbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xizhi Shi
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China and National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (LMBB & LMFSFPP), Qingdao, China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
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Saur M, Moeller V, Kapetanopoulos K, Braukmann S, Gebauer W, Tenzer S, Markl J. Acetylcholine-binding protein in the hemolymph of the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata is a pentagonal dodecahedron (60 subunits). PLoS One 2012; 7:e43685. [PMID: 22916297 PMCID: PMC3423370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) play important neurophysiological roles and are of considerable medical relevance. They have been studied extensively, greatly facilitated by the gastropod acetylcholine-binding proteins (AChBP) which represent soluble structural and functional homologues of the ligand-binding domain of nAChR. All these proteins are ring-like pentamers. Here we report that AChBP exists in the hemolymph of the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata (vector of the schistosomiasis parasite) as a regular pentagonal dodecahedron, 22 nm in diameter (12 pentamers, 60 active sites). We sequenced and recombinantly expressed two ∼25 kDa polypeptides (BgAChBP1 and BgAChBP2) with a specific active site, N-glycan site and disulfide bridge variation. We also provide the exon/intron structures. Recombinant BgAChBP1 formed pentamers and dodecahedra, recombinant BgAChBP2 formed pentamers and probably disulfide-bridged di-pentamers, but not dodecahedra. Three-dimensional electron cryo-microscopy (3D-EM) yielded a 3D reconstruction of the dodecahedron with a resolution of 6 Å. Homology models of the pentamers docked to the 6 Å structure revealed opportunities for chemical bonding at the inter-pentamer interfaces. Definition of the ligand-binding pocket and the gating C-loop in the 6 Å structure suggests that 3D-EM might lead to the identification of functional states in the BgAChBP dodecahedron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Saur
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanessa Moeller
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Braukmann
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gebauer
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Markl
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Moeller V, Dürr R, Sarraf-Zadeh L, Keller S, Heinz S, Hellmann N, Moeller A, Lieb B, Markl J. Recombinant functional multidomain hemoglobin from the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:323-8. [PMID: 21491558 DOI: 10.1002/iub.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular hemoglobin multimer of the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, is presumed to be a 1.44 MDa complex of six 240 kDa polypeptide subunits, arranged as three disulfide-bridged dimers. The complete amino acid sequence of two subunit types (BgHb1 and BgHb2), and the partial sequence of a third type (BgHb3) are known. Each subunit encompasses 13 paralogus heme domains, and N-terminally a smaller plug domain responsible for subunit dimerization. We report here the recombinant expression of different functional fragments of BgHb2 in Escherichia coli, and of the complete functional subunits BgHb1 and BgHb2 in insect cells; BgHb1 was also expressed as disulfide-bridged dimer (480 kDa). Oxygen-binding measurements of the recombinant products show a P(50) of about 7 mmHg and the absence of a significant cooperativity or Bohr effect. The covalently linked dimer of BgHb1, but not the monomer, is capable to form aggregates closely resembling native BgHb molecules in the electron microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moeller
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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DeMoll E, Cox DJ, Daniel E, Riggs AF. Apparent specific volume of human hemoglobin: Effect of ligand state and contribution of heme. Anal Biochem 2007; 363:196-203. [PMID: 17331460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The apparent specific volumes of human deoxy-, oxy-, met-, and CN-met hemoglobin (Hb) were measured with a vibrating tube densitometer. The values were calculated from the difference in density between protein solutions and solvents with which they were in dialysis equilibrium. The results obtained were very similar to the value for horse HbCO often used for sedimentation studies of Hbs. The apparent specific volumes of oxy- and CN-metHb are approximately 0.0020 cm(3)/g higher than those of deoxy- and metHb. This small reproducible difference could be due either to a small conformational difference between the liganded and unliganded species or to different interactions with components of the solvent. On the basis of these results, a simple method for the determination of the contribution of the heme to the apparent specific volume is proposed. The contribution can be estimated from the difference between the measured volume of each molecular species and that calculated from the amino acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward DeMoll
- Section of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Lieb B, Dimitrova K, Kang HS, Braun S, Gebauer W, Martin A, Hanelt B, Saenz SA, Adema CM, Markl J. Red blood with blue-blood ancestry: intriguing structure of a snail hemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12011-6. [PMID: 16877545 PMCID: PMC1567689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601861103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic enigma of snail hemoglobin, its isolated occurrence in a single gastropod family, the Planorbidae, and the lack of sequence data, stimulated the present study. We present here the complete cDNA and predicted amino acid sequence of two hemoglobin polypeptides from the planorbid Biomphalaria glabrata (intermediate host snail for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni). Both isoforms contain 13 different, cysteine-free globin domains, plus a small N-terminal nonglobin "plug" domain with three cysteines for subunit dimerization (total M(r) approximately 238 kDa). We also identified the native hemoglobin molecule and present here a preliminary 3D reconstruction from electron microscopical images (3 nm resolution); it suggests a 3 x 2-mer quaternary structure (M(r) approximately 1.43 MDa). Moreover, we identified a previously undescribed rosette-like hemolymph protein that has been mistaken for hemoglobin. We also detected expression of an incomplete hemocyanin as trace component. The combined data show that B. glabrata hemoglobin evolved from pulmonate myoglobin, possibly to replace a less-efficient hemocyanin, and reveals a surprisingly simple evolutionary mechanism to create a high molecular mass respiratory protein from 78 similar globin domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lieb
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | | | - Hio-Sun Kang
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Sabrina Braun
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang Gebauer
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Martin
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Ben Hanelt
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, 269 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Steven A. Saenz
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, 269 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Coen M. Adema
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, 269 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jürgen Markl
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
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Arndt MHL, de Oliveira CLP, Régis WCB, Torriani IL, Santoro MM. Small angle x-ray scattering of the hemoglobin from Biomphalaria glabrata. Biopolymers 2003; 69:470-9. [PMID: 12879493 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hemoglobin from Biomphalaria glabrata is an extracellular respiratory protein of high molecular mass composed by subunits of 360 kDa, each one containing two 180 kDa chains linked by disulfide bridges. In this work, small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were performed with the hemoglobin at pH 5.0 and 7.5. Radii of gyration of 98.6 +/- 0.5 and 101.8 +/- 0.2 A and maximum diameters of 300 +/- 10 and 305 +/- 10 A, respectively, were obtained from Guinier plot extrapolation and analytical curve fitting. The pair distance distribution functions p(r) corresponded to globular particles with a somewhat anisotropic shape for both preparations. Computer analysis of the low angle part of the scattering curve led to the determination of the low resolution envelope of the protein, revealing a P(222) symmetry. Shape reconstruction from ab initio calculations using the complete scattering curve furnished a compact prolate three-dimensional (3D) bead model for the protein. Hydrodynamic parameters were obtained from experiments and theoretical calculations using the 3D model. The results of the structural and biochemical studies reported herein indicate that the multisubunit structure of this hemoglobin is compatible with a tetrameric arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio H L Arndt
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Físico-Química de Proteínas, Depto. de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30161-970 Brasil
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Ilan E, Hammel I, David MM, Daniel E. Erythrocruorin from the aquatic snail Helisoma trivolvis. Quaternary structure and arrangement of subunits. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00369a032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) occurs in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Its distribution is episodic among the nonvertebrate groups in contrast to vertebrates. Nonvertebrate Hbs range from single-chain globins found in bacteria, algae, protozoa, and plants to large, multisubunit, multidomain Hbs found in nematodes, molluscs and crustaceans, and the giant annelid and vestimentiferan Hbs comprised of globin and nonglobin subunits. Chimeric hemoglobins have been found recently in bacteria and fungi. Hb occurs intracellularly in specific tissues and in circulating red blood cells (RBCs) and freely dissolved in various body fluids. In addition to transporting and storing O(2) and facilitating its diffusion, several novel Hb functions have emerged, including control of nitric oxide (NO) levels in microorganisms, use of NO to control the level of O(2) in nematodes, binding and transport of sulfide in endosymbiont-harboring species and protection against sulfide, scavenging of O(2 )in symbiotic leguminous plants, O(2 )sensing in bacteria and archaebacteria, and dehaloperoxidase activity useful in detoxification of chlorinated materials. This review focuses on the extensive variation in the functional properties of nonvertebrate Hbs, their O(2 )binding affinities, their homotropic interactions (cooperativity), and the sensitivities of these parameters to temperature and heterotropic effectors such as protons and cations. Whenever possible, it attempts to relate the ligand binding properties to the known molecular structures. The divergent and convergent evolutionary trends evident in the structures and functions of nonvertebrate Hbs appear to be adaptive in extending the inhabitable environment available to Hb-containing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Weber
- Danish Centre for Respiratory Adaptation, Department of Zoophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Bugge J, Weber RE. Oxygen binding and its allosteric control in hemoglobin of the pulmonate snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:R347-56. [PMID: 9950911 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.2.r347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonate snails that experience extreme variations in gas tensions and temperatures possess extracellular, high-molecular mass ( approximately 1.7 x 10(6) Da) hemoglobins (Hbs) that are little known as regards oxygenation and allosteric characteristics. Biomphalaria glabrata hemolymph exhibits a high O2 affinity (half-saturation O2 tension = 6.1 mmHg; pH 7.7, 25 degreesC), pronounced Bohr effect (Bohr factor = -0.5), and pH-dependent cooperativity (Hill's cooperativity coefficient at half-saturation = 1.1-2.0). Divalent cations increase O2 affinity, Ca2+ exerting greater effect than Mg2+. Analyses in terms of the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model indicate novel O2 affinity control mechanisms. In contrast to vertebrate Hb, where organic phosphates and protons lower affinity via decreased O2 association equilibrium constant of Hb in low-affinity state (KT), and to extracellular annelid Hbs, where protons and cations primarily modulate O2 association equilibrium constant of Hb in high-affinity state (KR), in B. glabrata Hb, the Bohr effect is mediated predominantly via KR and the cation effect via KT, reflecting preferential, oxygenation-linked proton binding to oxygenated Hb and cation binding to deoxygenated Hb. CO2 has no specific (pH independent) effect. Nonlinear van't Hoff plots show temperature dependence of the overall heats of oxygenation, indicating oxy-deoxy heat capacity differences. The findings are related to possible physiological significance in pond habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bugge
- Danish Centre for Respiratory Adaptation, Department of Zoophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Arndt MH, Santoro MM. Structure of the extracellular hemoglobin of Biomphalaria glabrata. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)00042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Herskovits TT, Hamilton MG. The molecular weight and subunit organization of Helisoma trivolvis (Say) hemoglobin: light-scattering and scanning transmission electron microscopic studies. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 107:433-41. [PMID: 7749612 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)90208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The hemoglobin of the freshwater snail, Helisoma trivolvis has a molecular weight of 1.77(+/- 0.04) x 10(6) Da as determined by light-scattering measurements at 630 nm. Scanning transmission electron microscopic measurements gave nearly the same particle mass of 1.85(+/- 0.24) x 10(6) Da. The molecular weight of the denatured hemoglobin in 6.0 M GdmCl is found to be 3.96 x 10(5) Da, which is close to one-fifth of the mass of the parent hemoglobin. The molecular weight data based on light-scattering and STEM microscopy is consistent with a 10-subunit structure comprising five disulfide-linked dimers, as opposed to a 12-subunit assembly proposed by Ilan et al. (1986), which would necessitate a higher particle mass. Analysis of the molecular weight and the sedimentation data of H. trivolvis hemoglobin, suggests a compact two-layer ring structure of decamers of about 200 A to 250 A diameter, stabilized by disulfide-linkages between the subunits of the two pentameric layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Herskovits
- Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, NY 10458, USA
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Matsushima O, Khan HR, Saleuddin ASM. Haemolymph protein as a source for free amino acid accumulation in the pulmonateHelisoma trivolvis during hypertonic stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402570202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Herskovits TT, Otero RM, Hamilton MG. The hemocyanin of the ramshorn snail, Marisa cornuarietis (Linné). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 97:623-9. [PMID: 2085949 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90098-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The hemocyanin of the freshwater snail, Marisa cornuarietis exists predominantly as a di-decamer with the approximate mol. wt of 8.5 x 10(6) and a sedimentation coefficient of 100 S. Sedimentation and scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments indicate that about 15-20% of the hemocyanin forms tri-decameric and possibly higher aggregates with mol. wts of 12.5 x 10(6) and 130 S. 2. The fully dissociated subunits in 8.0 M urea and 6.0 M GdmCl have mol. wts of 4.1 to 4.7 x 10(5) which is close to one-twentieth of the major di-decameric component of the native hemocyanin. 3. Subunit dissociation by the urea series and the Hofmeister salt series of reagents suggests hydrophobic stabilization of the decamers or half-molecules of the parent hemocyanin. As with the other molluscan hemocyanins the order of effectiveness of the ureas as dissociating agents shows increased efficacy with increasing hydrophobicity or chain-length of the urea substituents. 4. Denaturation of the hemocyanin subunits by the ureas and Hofmeister salt series, investigated by circular dichroism measurements, essentially follow the same trend in effectiveness as observed by changes in subunit dissociation followed by light-scattering mol. wt measurements. 5. The observed denaturation transitions are shifted to much higher ranges of reagent concentration than the concentrations required for the dissociation of the hemocyanin subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Herskovits
- Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458
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Herskovits TT, Hamilton MG. The hemoglobin of the aquatic snail, Planorbella duryi (Wetherby). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 95:321-6. [PMID: 2328570 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. The hemoglobin of the pond snail, Planorbella duryi has a molecular weight of 1.64 x 10(6) to 1.77 x 10(6) as determined by light-scattering at 630 nm and a sedimentation coefficient of 36 S. 2. The analysis of the circular dichroism spectrum obtained in the 190-250 nm region suggests a high degree of helical folding of the polypeptide chains of P. duryi hemoglobin analogous to human hemoglobin and myoglobin, with estimates of alpha-helical folding of about 60-65%, 0-5% beta-structure, and the remaining portion of the chains in unordered form. 3. The dissociated subunits in 6.0 M GdmCl, in the absence and in the presence of reducing reagent (0.1 M dithiothreitol), have a molecular weight of 3.73 +/- 0.23 x 10(5) and 1.93 +/- 0.04 x 10(5), suggesting a di-decameric assembly of the parent hemoglobin organized in the form of five dimers held together by disulfide-linkages. 4. The native hemoglobin is strongly resistant to both pH dissociation and dissociation by urea and such salts as NaCl and NaClO4. Dissociation and denaturation could only be effected in concentrated GdmCl solutions. 5. The influence of the various dissociating agents on the quaternary structure suggest ionic stabilization of the decameric assembly, which is stabilized by salt bridges between the subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Herskovits
- Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458
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Physicochemical properties of the extracellular hemoglobin from the planorbid snail, Indoplanorbis exustus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Small-angle X-ray study on the quaternary structure of erythrocruorin from Helisoma trivolvis. Int J Biol Macromol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(88)90028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Darawshe S, Tsafadyah Y, Daniel E. Quaternary structure of erythrocruorin from the nematode Ascaris suum. Evidence for unsaturated haem-binding sites. Biochem J 1987; 242:689-94. [PMID: 3109399 PMCID: PMC1147766 DOI: 10.1042/bj2420689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The quaternary structure of erythrocruorin from the nematode Ascaris suum was studied. The native protein had a sedimentation coefficient, at a protein concentration of 1 mg/ml, of 11.6 +/- 0.3 S and an Mr, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium, of 332,000 +/- 17,000. SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis gave one band with a mobility corresponding to an Mr of 43,000 +/- 2000. The Mr of the polypeptide chain was determined to be 41,600 +/- 1,500 by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M-guanidinium chloride and 0.1 M-2-mercaptoethanol. Cross-linking with glutaraldehyde followed by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis yielded a maximal number of eight bands. The haem content of Ascaris erythrocruorin was observed to vary from one preparation to another. This finding was shown to be due to non-realization of the full binding capacity for haem. By titration with haemin, the haem content was found to attain a maximal value of 2.86 +/- 0.14%, corresponding to a minimal Mr per haem group of 21,000 +/- 1,000. Our findings indicate that Ascaris suum erythrocruorin is composed of eight identical polypeptide chains, carrying two haem sites each.
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Vinogradov SN. The structure of invertebrate extracellular hemoglobins (erythrocruorins and chlorocruorins). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 82:1-15. [PMID: 3902346 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(85)90120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge accumulated over the last 30 years concerning the subunit structures of the invertebrate extracellular hemoglobins permits us to classify them into four distinct groups. Single-domain, single-subunit hemoglobins consisting of single, heme-binding polypeptide chains which have a molecular mass of ca. 16 KDa. These molecules are found in multicellular parasitic organisms such as the trematodes Dicrocoelium and Fasciolopsis and in a few insects, namely in the adult Anisops and in the larvae of Chironomus and of Buenoa. Two-domain, multi-subunit hemoglobins consisting of 30-37 KDa polypeptide chains each containing two, linearly connected heme-binding domains, which form polymeric aggregates with molecular masses ranging from 250 to 800 KDa. These hemoglobins are found extensively among the carapaced branchiopod crustaceans: Caenestheria, Daphnia and Lepidurus hemoglobins have been found to consist of 10, 16 and 24 two-domain chains, respectively. Judging from their electron microscopic appearances, some of the hemoglobins may possess different molecular symmetries. Multi-domain, multi-subunit hemoglobins consisting of two or more polypeptide chains, each comprising many heme-binding domains of ca. 15-20 KDa each. Examples of this class are found among the carapaceless branchiopod crustaceans, the planorbid snails and the clams from the families Astartidae and Carditidae. Artemia hemoglobin consists of two chains of ca. 125 KDa, each containing 8 heme-binding domains. Planorbis and Helisoma hemoglobins possess a molecular mass of ca. 1700 KDa and consist of 10 chains of 170-200 KDa. Astarte and Cardita hemoglobins appear in electron micrographs as rod-like polymers of variable dimensions, 20-30 nm in diameter and 20-100 nm in length and consist of polypeptide chains of ca. 300 KDa. The crustacean and gastropod hemoglobins vary in their electron microscopic appearance and may possess different molecular symmetries. Single-domain, multi-subunit hemoglobins consisting of aggregates of several small subunits, some of which are disulfide-bonded and not all of which contain heme. These molecules are widely distributed among the annelids and possibly also among the pogonophores. They are characterized by a two-tiered, hexagonal electron microscopic appearance, with a vertex-to-vertex diameter of 30 nm and a height of 20 nm, an acidic isoelectric point, a sedimentation coefficient of 50-60 S and a low iron content of 0.24 +/- 0.03%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Organization and physical properties of the giant extracellular homoglobin of the clam, Astarte castanea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(82)90461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Terwilliger NB. Effect of subunit composition on quaternary structure of isopod (Ligia pallasii) hemocyanin. Biochemistry 1982; 21:2579-86. [PMID: 7093205 DOI: 10.1021/bi00540a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Nascimento MC, Daniel J, Heneine I. The hemoglobin of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. The absence of sulfhydryl groups (SH), presence of disulfide bonds (SS), and their relation to ligand properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(82)90280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Khan HR, Saleuddin ASM. Involvement of actin and Na+-K+ ATPase in urine formation of the freshwater pulmonateHelisoma. J Morphol 1981; 169:243-251. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051690209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wood EJ, Barker C, Moens L, Jacob W, Heip J, Kondo M. Biophysical characterization of Artemia salina (L.) extracellular haemoglobins. Biochem J 1981; 193:353-9. [PMID: 7305930 PMCID: PMC1162607 DOI: 10.1042/bj1930353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sedimentation coefficients (s0 20,w) of 11.57 +/- 0.10 S and 11.52 +/- 0.09 S were assigned for Artemia salina (L.) extracellular haemoglobins II and III respectively. These values are not significantly different. The molecular weights, M0w and M0z, of the native haemoglobins as determined by the high-speed sedimentation-equilibrium method were for haemoglobin II 239 400 +/- 7200 and 240 400 +/- 2600 respectively, and for haemoglobin III 216 300 +/- 6500 and 219 300 +/- 4500 respectively. The observed increase of Mapp. with concentration suggested that association was occurring over the concentration range investigated. Exposure of haemoglobin II to either 6 M-guanidinium chloride or to low pH (pH 4) resulted in dissociation to units of approximately half the size of the native protein, with molecular weights approx. 115 000. Electron-microscopic observations indicated a molecular structure composed of two stacked lobed discs. These results strongly support the dimeric model for Artemia haemoglobins proposed by Moens & Kondo [(1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 82, 65-72].
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Grinich NP, Terwilliger RC. The quaternary structure of an unusual high-molecular-weight intracellular haemoglobin from the bivalve mollusc Barbatia reeveana. Biochem J 1980; 189:1-8. [PMID: 7458896 PMCID: PMC1161911 DOI: 10.1042/bj1890001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The arcid clam Barbatia reeveana contains an intracellular haemoglobin with an unusual structure. First, compared with other intracellular haemoglobins, it is extremely large, with a mol.wt. of 430000 and an s(20,w) of 13.6S. A minor component (mol.wt.=220000; s(20,w)=9.7S) is also present as a probable dissociation product of the major component. Secondly, this haemoglobin has an unusual subunit structure. It contains 1mol of haem per 16000g of protein, in common with most other haemoglobins. However, the smallest polypeptide that could be obtained after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate or 6m-guanidine with reducing agent has a mol.wt. of 32000-37000. Digestion of the haemoglobin with the proteinase subtilisin produces both 57000- and 30000-mol.wt. aggregates that contain 1mol of haem per 16000g of protein and that can be dissociated into 16500-mol.wt. polypeptides by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate. The intact polymer shows slight co-operativity (h=1.7), lacks a Bohr effect between pH7 and 8, and has a low oxygen affinity [P(50)=4.8kPa (36mmHg) at 20 degrees C] relative to other haemoglobins. The 30000-mol.wt. aggregate obtained by digestion of the polymer binds oxygen reversibly with an affinity greater than that of the polymer, but with some co-operativity (h=1.7). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the subunits of this unusually large intracellular haemoglobin are 32000-mol.wt. polypeptides that in turn are composed of two covalently linked haem-containing oxygen-binding domains. This is the first report of an intracellular haemoglobin with such a structure.
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Terwilliger RC, Terwilliger NB, Schabtach E. The structure of hemoglobin from an unusual deep sea worm (Vestimentifera). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(80)90307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chung MC, Ellerton HD. The physico-chemical and functional properties of extracellular respiratory haemoglobins and chlorocruorins. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1980; 35:53-102. [PMID: 387053 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(80)90003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wood EJ, Gullick WJ. Planorbis corneus haemoglobin. Circular dichroism and susceptibility to proteases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 576:456-65. [PMID: 427202 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purified haemoglobin of Planorbis corneus was subjected to protease digestion and the resulting products characterised by gel filtration and detergent-gel electrophoresis. Small functional subunits of molecular weights approximately 20,000 were obtained corresponding to a single haem group, but multiples of this unit were also always obtained even at high proteolytic enzyme: haemoglobin ratios. This suggested that the subunits of the native molecule (one-tenth containing perhaps ten O2-binding sites) were made up of single-binding site domains linked by regions of polypeptide chains having different susceptibilities to proteases. The far ultraviolet CD of the native haemoglobin indicated the presence of a high helix content (75--80%) in the protein. The near ultraviolet and visible CD spectra of oxy- deoxy-, and CO-haemoglobin were reported. Planorbis haemoglobin CD was more like that of vertebrate haemoglobins than that of haemoblobins. Nevertheless the Soret CD of Planorbis oxyhaemoglobin had only about half the rotational strength of that of human haemoglobin A, and was halved again upon removal of the ligand. Also in contrast to Lumbricus and human haemoglobins there was only a small decrease in rotational strength in the 260 nm band when Planorbis oxyhaemoglobin was deoxygenated.
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Terwilliger NB, Terwilliger RC. Oxygen binding domains of a clam (Cardita borealis) extracellular hemoglobin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 537:77-85. [PMID: 718982 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(78)90604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kirschenbaum DM. Molar absorptivity and A 1% 1 cm values for proteins at selected wavelengths of the ultraviolet and visible regions. XV. Anal Biochem 1978; 87:223-42. [PMID: 354427 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Extracellular hemoglobin of the clam, Cardita borealis (conrad): An unusual polymeric hemoglobin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(78)90262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Terwilliger RC, Terwilliger NB, Bonaventura C, Bonaventura J. Oxygen binding domains of Helisoma trivolvis hemoglobin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 494:416-25. [PMID: 20975 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Terwilliger RC, Terwilliger NB. The hemoglobins of the mollusc Helisoma trivolvis: comparison of the radular muscle myoglobin and vascular hemoglobin subunit structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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