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Flohé L. Looking Back at the Early Stages of Redox Biology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1254. [PMID: 33317108 PMCID: PMC7763103 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The beginnings of redox biology are recalled with special emphasis on formation, metabolism and function of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in mammalian systems. The review covers the early history of heme peroxidases and the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide, the discovery of selenium as integral part of glutathione peroxidases, which expanded the scope of the field to other hydroperoxides including lipid hydroperoxides, the discovery of superoxide dismutases and superoxide radicals in biological systems and their role in host defense, tissue damage, metabolic regulation and signaling, the identification of the endothelial-derived relaxing factor as the nitrogen monoxide radical (more commonly named nitric oxide) and its physiological and pathological implications. The article highlights the perception of hydrogen peroxide and other hydroperoxides as signaling molecules, which marks the beginning of the flourishing fields of redox regulation and redox signaling. Final comments describe the development of the redox language. In the 18th and 19th century, it was highly individualized and hard to translate into modern terminology. In the 20th century, the redox language co-developed with the chemical terminology and became clearer. More recently, the introduction and inflationary use of poorly defined terms has unfortunately impaired the understanding of redox events in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Flohé
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, v.le G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Tobiasson V, Amunts A. Ciliate mitoribosome illuminates evolutionary steps of mitochondrial translation. eLife 2020; 9:59264. [PMID: 32553108 PMCID: PMC7326499 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the steps involved in the evolution of translation, we used Tetrahymena thermophila, a ciliate with high coding capacity of the mitochondrial genome, as the model organism and characterized its mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) using cryo-EM. The structure of the mitoribosome reveals an assembly of 94-ribosomal proteins and four-rRNAs with an additional protein mass of ~700 kDa on the small subunit, while the large subunit lacks 5S rRNA. The structure also shows that the small subunit head is constrained, tRNA binding sites are formed by mitochondria-specific protein elements, conserved protein bS1 is excluded, and bacterial RNA polymerase binding site is blocked. We provide evidence for anintrinsic protein targeting system through visualization of mitochondria-specific mL105 by the exit tunnel that would facilitate the recruitment of a nascent polypeptide. Functional protein uS3m is encoded by three complementary genes from the nucleus and mitochondrion, establishing a link between genetic drift and mitochondrial translation. Finally, we reannotated nine open reading frames in the mitochondrial genome that code for mitoribosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tobiasson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alexey Amunts
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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3
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Ludewig-Klingner AK, Michael V, Jarek M, Brinkmann H, Petersen J. Distribution and Evolution of Peroxisomes in Alveolates (Apicomplexa, Dinoflagellates, Ciliates). Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1-13. [PMID: 29202176 PMCID: PMC5755239 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome was the last organelle to be discovered and five decades later it is still the Cinderella of eukaryotic compartments. Peroxisomes have a crucial role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species, the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and the biosynthesis of etherphospholipids, and they are assumed to be present in virtually all aerobic eukaryotes. Apicomplexan parasites including the malaria and toxoplasmosis agents were described as the first group of mitochondriate protists devoid of peroxisomes. This study was initiated to reassess the distribution and evolution of peroxisomes in the superensemble Alveolata (apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, ciliates). We established transcriptome data from two chromerid algae (Chromera velia, Vitrella brassicaformis), and two dinoflagellates (Prorocentrum minimum, Perkinsus olseni) and identified the complete set of essential peroxins in all four reference species. Our comparative genome analysis provides unequivocal evidence for the presence of peroxisomes in Toxoplasma gondii and related genera. Our working hypothesis of a common peroxisomal origin of all alveolates is supported by phylogenetic analyses of essential markers such as the import receptor Pex5. Vitrella harbors the most comprehensive set of peroxisomal proteins including the catalase and the glyoxylate cycle and it is thus a promising model organism to investigate the functional role of this organelle in Apicomplexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Ludewig-Klingner
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Protists and Cyanobacteria (PuC), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Victoria Michael
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Protists and Cyanobacteria (PuC), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Jarek
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Group of Genome Analytics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henner Brinkmann
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Protists and Cyanobacteria (PuC), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörn Petersen
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Protists and Cyanobacteria (PuC), Braunschweig, Germany
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Islinger M, Manner A, Völkl A. The Craft of Peroxisome Purification-A Technical Survey Through the Decades. Subcell Biochem 2018; 89:85-122. [PMID: 30378020 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Purification technologies are one of the working horses in organelle proteomics studies as they guarantee the separation of organelle-specific proteins from the background contamination by other subcellular compartments. The development of methods for the separation of organelles was a major prerequisite for the initial detection and characterization of peroxisome as a discrete entity of the cell. Since then, isolated peroxisomes fractions have been used in numerous studies in order to characterize organelle-specific enzyme functions, to allocate the peroxisome-specific proteome or to unravel the organellar membrane composition. This review will give an overview of the fractionation methods used for the isolation of peroxisomes from animals, plants and fungi. In addition to "classic" centrifugation-based isolation methods, relying on the different densities of individual organelles, the review will also summarize work on alternative technologies like free-flow-electrophoresis or flow field fractionation which are based on distinct physicochemical parameters. A final chapter will further describe how different separation methods and quantitative mass spectrometry have been used in proteomics studies to assign the proteome of PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Islinger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Manner
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred Völkl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Understanding renal nuclear protein accumulation: an in vitro approach to explain an in vivo phenomenon. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3599-3611. [PMID: 28451739 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proper subcellular trafficking is essential to prevent protein mislocalization and aggregation. Transport of the peroxisomal enzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) appears dysregulated by specific pharmaceuticals, e.g., the anti-overactive bladder drug propiverine or a norepinephrine/serotonin reuptake inhibitor (NSRI), resulting in massive cytosolic and nuclear accumulations in rat kidney. To assess the underlying molecular mechanism of the latter, we aimed to characterize the nature of peroxisomal and cyto-nuclear shuttling of human and rat DAAO overexpressed in three cell lines using confocal microscopy. Indeed, interference with peroxisomal transport via deletion of the PTS1 signal or PEX5 knockdown resulted in induced nuclear DAAO localization. Having demonstrated the absence of active nuclear import and employing variably sized mCherry- and/or EYFP-fusion proteins of DAAO and catalase, we showed that peroxisomal proteins ≤134 kDa can passively diffuse into mammalian cell nuclei-thereby contradicting the often-cited 40 kDa diffusion limit. Moreover, their inherent nuclear presence and nuclear accumulation subsequent to proteasome inhibition or abrogated peroxisomal transport suggests that nuclear localization is a characteristic in the lifecycle of peroxisomal proteins. Based on this molecular trafficking analysis, we suggest that pharmaceuticals like propiverine or an NSRI may interfere with peroxisomal protein targeting and import, consequently resulting in massive nuclear protein accumulation in vivo.
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Vignaud C, Pietrancosta N, Williams EL, Rumsby G, Lederer F. Purification and characterization of recombinant human liver glycolate oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:410-6. [PMID: 17669354 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycolate oxidase, an FMN-dependent peroxisomal oxidase, plays an important role in plants, related to photorespiration, and in animals, where it can contribute to the production of oxalate with formation of kidney stones. The best studied plant glycolate oxidase is that of spinach; it has been expressed as a recombinant enzyme, and its crystal structure is known. With respect to animals, the enzyme purified from pig liver has been characterized in detail in terms of activity and inhibition, the enzyme from human liver in less detail. We describe here the purification and initial characterization of the recombinant human glycolate oxidase. Its substrate specificity and the inhibitory effects of a number of anions are in agreement with the properties expected from previous work on glycolate oxidases from diverse sources. The recombinant enzyme presents an inhibition by excess glycolate and by excess DCIP, which has not been documented before. These inhibitions suggest that glycolate binds to the active site of the reduced enzyme, and that DCIP also has affinity for the oxidized enzyme. Glycolate oxidase belongs to a family of l-2-hydroxy-acid-oxidizing flavoenzymes, with strongly conserved active-site residues. A comparison of some of the present results with studies dealing with other family members suggests that residues outside the active site influence the binding of a number of ligands, in particular sulfite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vignaud
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS FRE2930, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- C de Duve
- International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Knorr B, Lipkowitz M, Potter B, Masur S, Abramson R. Isolation and immunolocalization of a rat renal cortical membrane urate transporter. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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10
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de Duve C. Commentary on ‘Intracellular localization of catalase and of some oxidases in rat liver’ by C. de Duve, H. Beaufay, P. Jacques, Y. Rahman-Li, O.Z. Sellinger, R. Wattiaux and S. De Coninck Biochim. Biophys. Acta 40 (1960) 186–187. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3002(89)80026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Angermüller S, Leupold C, Zaar K, Fahimi HD. Electron microscopic cytochemical localization of alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase in rat kidney cortex. Heterogeneous staining of peroxisomes. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1986; 85:411-8. [PMID: 3536810 DOI: 10.1007/bf00982671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The substrate specificity of alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase in the rat kidney has been investigated cytochemically by the cerium technique and biochemically with a luminometric assay applied to isolated renal peroxisomes. Rat kidneys were fixed by perfusion via the abdominal aorta with a low concentration (0.25%) of glutaraldehyde. Vibratome sections were incubated for 60 min at 37 degrees C in a medium containing 3 mM CeCl3, 100 mM NaN3 and 5 mM of an alpha-hydroxyacid in 0.1 M Pipes or 0.1 M Tris-maleate buffer both adjusted to pH 7.8. Ten aliphatic alpha-hydroxyacids with chain lengths between 2 and 8 carbon atoms and two aromatic substrates were tested. The alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase in the kidney exhibited a markedly different substrate specificity than the corresponding enzyme in the liver. Thus glycolate gave a negative reaction while two aromatic substrates, mandelic acid and phenyllactic acid, stained prominently. With aliphatic substrates a stronger reaction was obtained in Pipes than in the Tris-maleate buffered incubation media. The best reaction in the kidney was obtained with hydroxybutyric acid. These cytochemical findings were confirmed by the luminometric determination of the oxidase activity in isolated purified peroxisome fractions. By electron microscopy the electron dense reaction product of cerium perhydroxide was found in the matrix of peroxisomes in the proximal tubules. The intensity of reaction varied markedly in neighbouring epithelial cells but also in different peroxisomes within the same cell. Thus heavily stained particles were seen next to lightly reacted ones. These observations establish the substrate specificity of alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase in the rat kidney and demonstrate the marked heterogeneity in the staining of renal peroxisomes for this enzyme.
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12
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Angermüller S, Leupold C, Völkl A, Fahimi HD. Electron microscopic cytochemical localization of alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase in rat liver. Association with the crystalline core and matrix of peroxisomes. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1986; 85:403-9. [PMID: 3536809 DOI: 10.1007/bf00982670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The substrate specificity and the intraperoxisomal localization of alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase in rat liver has been investigated cytochemically by the cerium technique and biochemically with a luminometric assay. Rat liver is fixed by perfusion with a low concentration (0.25%) of glutaraldehyde and vibratome sections are incubated for 60 min at 37 degrees C in a medium containing 3 mM CeCl3, 100 mM NaN3 and 5 mM of an alpha-hydroxyacid in 0.1 M of one of the following buffers: Pipes, Mops, Na-cacodylate, Tris-maleate, all adjusted to pH 7.8. Ten different alpha-hydroxyacids with a chain length between 2 and 8 carbon atoms were tested. The best results were obtained with glycolic, argininic and L-alpha-isocaproic acids. These cytochemical findings were confirmed also biochemically using purified peroxisomal fractions isolated by gradient centrifugation in metrizamide. The pattern of the intraperoxisomal localization of the enzyme was influenced markedly by the type of buffer used for the cytochemical incubation. Whereas in the Tris-maleate medium both the cores and the matrix stained with the same intensity, with all other buffers the reaction in cores was more prominent. The staining of cores was abolished by pretreating sections in Tris-maleate (pH 7.8) or alkaline pyrophosphate buffers. These observations establish the substrate specificity of alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase in rat liver and demonstrate the delicate association of this enzyme with the crystalline cores and the matrix of peroxisomes in rat liver.
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13
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Review. Clin Chem Lab Med 1986. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1986.24.2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Nath R, Thind SK, Murthy MS, Talwar HS, Farooqui S. Molecular aspects of idiopathic urolithiasis. Mol Aspects Med 1984; 7:1-176. [PMID: 6376994 DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(84)90004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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17
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Nilsson JR. On cell organelles in Tetrahymena. With special reference to mitochondria and peroxisomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02906518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Akira W, Shingo T, Kinichi O, Kazuo M. Heterogeneity of microbodies in a blowfly, Aldrichina grahami. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(81)92996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Stein R, Blum J. Quantitative analysis of intermediary metabolism in Tetrahymena. Cells grown in proteose-peptone and resuspended in a defined nutrient-rich medium. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Watanabe T, Suga T. Affinity chromatography of urate oxidase on 8-aminoxanthine-bound Sepharose. Anal Biochem 1978; 86:357-62. [PMID: 655404 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Watanabe T, Motomura Y, Suga T. A new colorimetric determination of D-amino acid oxidase and urate oxidase activity. Anal Biochem 1978; 86:310-5. [PMID: 26281 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Duley J, Holmes RS. Immunochemical homologies among l-α-hydroxyacid oxidase isozymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977; 8:127-30. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(77)90089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Analysis of the pinocytic process in rat kidney II. Biochemical composition of pinocytic vesicles compared to brush border microvilli, lysosomes and basolateral plasma membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(76)90095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Romen W, Hempel K. Differences in the incorporation of L- and DL-Amino acids into renal tubular cells. An autoradiographic study. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1975; 17:239-45. [PMID: 235171 DOI: 10.1007/bf02912851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic uptake of 3H-L-leucine and 3H-L-proline by hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal convoluted and of the collecting tubules of the kidney was compared with that of 3H-DL-leucine and 3H-DL-proline in an autoradiographic study. 34 male white Sprague-Dawley rats were killed 1, 2, 6, and 24 hours after the intraperitoneal injection of these amino acids. The rate of incorporation of 3H-L-leucine in the liver and in the renal tubules, as judged by the number of silver grains counted, was about twice that of 3H-L-proline. In the tubules of the kidney the intensity of labelling progressively declined from the proximal convoluted to the collecting tubules. When the two 3H-DL-amino acids were used, almost identical rates of incorporation were found in the liver as well as in the kidney. The only exception was the pars recta of the proximal tubule: Here there could be found an unusually high uptake of 3H-DL-proline. The values were not only higher than those found for the uptake of 3DL-leucine in this particular segment, but they also surpassed those due to 3H-DL-proline and 3DL-leucine in the other parts of the renal tubules, as well as in the liver. The conspicuously high labelling seen in the pars recta after the injection of 3H-DL-proline suggests that there is present in the cells of this segment a d-amino acid oxidase, which may be relatively specific for D-proline. The possibility is considered that this enzyme may participate in a detoxifying function of the pars recta.
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Roels F, Wisse E, De Prest B, van der Meulen J. Cytochemical discrimination between catalases and peroxidases using diaminobenzidine. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1975; 41:281-312. [PMID: 237853 DOI: 10.1007/bf00490073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence on diaminobenzidine staining of four variables: prefixation in aldehyde, temperature and pH of incubation, and H2O2 concentration, was investigated in catalase-, as well as in peroxydase-containing material. Catalase from five different sources and five types of peroxidase were examined. It is concluded: (a) when cells are incubated without prior fixation, in a DAB medium at room temperature and pH 7.3 with 0.003% H2O2, peroxidases produce a visible cytochemical stain, while catalases do not; (b) the cytochemical reaction elicited by catalases is stimulated by prior aldehyde fixation in specified conditions, and incubation at 45 degrees C and pH 9.7 with 0.06% H2O2; (c) under the latter circumstances several peroxidases also stain. Ultrastructural preservation is satisfactory in tissues incubated prior to fixation.
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Wedel FP, Berger ER. On the quantitative stereo-morphology of microbodies in rat hepatocytes. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1975; 51:153-65. [PMID: 165318 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(75)80144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Hand AR. Ultrastructural localization of L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase in rat liver perioxisomes. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1975; 41:195-206. [PMID: 46858 DOI: 10.1007/bf00497683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The localization of L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase in rat liver peroxisomes was studied using slight modifications of the Shnitka and Talibi (1971) method. Best results were obtained with formaldehyde fixation and incubation with glycolate as substrate. Following incubation the copper ferrocyanide reaction product was amplified with 3,3'-diamino-benzidine according to Hanker et al. (1972a,b). Dense reaction product was visible in hepatocyte peroxisomes by light and electron microscopy. Some diffusion of enzyme and/or reaction product into the adjacent cytoplasm occurred around the peroxisomes. Apparent non-specific deposits occurred on the plasmalemma, in the nucleus, and occasionally over mitochondria. Glutaraldehyde fixation severely inhibited enzymatic activity, and the enzyme showed less activity toward L-lactate and DL-alpha-hydroxybutyrate.
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29
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Tulkens P, Beaufay H, Trouet A. Analytical fractionation of homogenates from cultured rat embryo fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 1974; 63:383-401. [PMID: 4371790 PMCID: PMC2110926 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.63.2.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Homogenates of cultured rat embryo fibroblasts have been assayed for acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, cathepsin D, acid deoxyribonuclease, cytochrome oxidase, NADH cytochrome c reductase, 5'-nucleotidase, inosine diphosphatase, acid pyrophosphatase, neutral pyrophosphatase, esterase, catalase, cholesterol, and RNA. The validity of the assay conditions was checked. Neutral pyrophosphatase is a readily soluble enzyme. Acid hydrolases, except acid pyrophosphatase, are particle-bound enzymes, which exhibit a high degree of structural latency. They are activated and solubilized in a parallel fashion by mechanical treatments and tensio-active agents. Catalase is also particle-bound and latent; activating conditions stronger than those for hydrolases are required to activate the enzyme. Acid pyrophosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and inosine diphosphatase are firmly particle-bound, but not latent; they are not easily solubilized. In differential and isopycnic centrifugation, the latent hydrolases, cytochrome oxidase and catalase dissociate largely from each other; this suggests the occurrence of lysosomes and peroxisome-like structures besides mitochondria. The distribution patterns of 5'-nucleotidase and cholesterol are largely similar; digitonin influences their equilibrium density to the same extent; these two constituents are thought to be related to the plasma membrane. Inosine diphosphatase and acid pyrophosphatase are also partially associated with the plasma membrane, although some part of these enzymic activities probably belongs to other structures. NADH cytochrome c reductase is associated partly with the endoplasmic reticulum, partly with mitochondria.
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Domenech CE, Machado de Domenech EE, Blanco A. Molecular forms of L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase from rat kidney. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 321:54-63. [PMID: 4750770 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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Ushijima Y. Identity of aliphatic L- -hydroxyacid oxidase and glycolate oxidase from rat livers. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 155:361-7. [PMID: 4705431 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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Oshino N, Chance B, Sies H, Bücher T. The role of H 2 O 2 generation in perfused rat liver and the reaction of catalase compound I and hydrogen donors. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 154:117-31. [PMID: 4347674 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Subzellul�re Verteilung von Enzymen des Purinabbaues in pflanzlichen Speicherorganen. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00905186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Magalhäes MM, Magalhäes MC. Microbodies (peroxisomes) in rat adrenal cortex. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1971; 37:563-73. [PMID: 4109357 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(71)80025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Shnitka TK, Talibi GG. Cytochemical localization by ferricyanide reduction of -hydroxy acid oxidase activity in peroxisomes of rat kidney. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1971; 27:137-58. [PMID: 5092695 DOI: 10.1007/bf00284956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wattiaux R, Wattiaux-de Coninck S, Van Dijck JM, Morris HP. Subcellular particles in tumors. 3. Peroxisomal enzymes in hepatoma HC and Morris hepatomas 7794A, 7794B, 5123A and 7316A. Eur J Cancer 1970; 6:261-8. [PMID: 4395161 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(70)90029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Levy MR, Wasmuth JJ. Effects of carbohydrate on glycolytic and peroxisomal enzymes in Tetrahymena. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 201:205-14. [PMID: 5418721 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(70)90294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Scott PJ, Visentin LP, Allen JM. The enzymatic characteristics of peroxisomes of amphibian and avian liver and kidney. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1969; 168:244-64. [PMID: 4393703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb43113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Williams NE, Luft JH. Use of a nitrogen mustard derivative in fixation for electron microscopy and observations on the ultrastructure of Tetrahymena. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1968; 25:271-92. [PMID: 4886717 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(68)80074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Müller M, Hogg JF, de Duve C. Distribution of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enzymes and Glyoxylate Cycle Enzymes between Mitochondria and Peroxisomes in Tetrahymena pyriformis. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Lui NS, Roels OA, Trout ME, Anderson OR. Subcellular distribution of enzymes in Ochromonas malhamensis. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1968; 15:536-42. [PMID: 4302878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Beard ME, Allen JM. A study of properties of renal microbodies of the rat. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1968; 168:477-89. [PMID: 4387045 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401680408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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