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Easson MLAE, Malka O, Paetz C, Hojná A, Reichelt M, Stein B, van Brunschot S, Feldmesser E, Campbell L, Colvin J, Winter S, Morin S, Gershenzon J, Vassão DG. Activation and detoxification of cassava cyanogenic glucosides by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13244. [PMID: 34168179 PMCID: PMC8225905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-component plant defenses such as cyanogenic glucosides are produced by many plant species, but phloem-feeding herbivores have long been thought not to activate these defenses due to their mode of feeding, which causes only minimal tissue damage. Here, however, we report that cyanogenic glycoside defenses from cassava (Manihot esculenta), a major staple crop in Africa, are activated during feeding by a pest insect, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, and the resulting hydrogen cyanide is detoxified by conversion to beta-cyanoalanine. Additionally, B. tabaci was found to utilize two metabolic mechanisms to detoxify cyanogenic glucosides by conversion to non-activatable derivatives. First, the cyanogenic glycoside linamarin was glucosylated 1–4 times in succession in a reaction catalyzed by two B. tabaci glycoside hydrolase family 13 enzymes in vitro utilizing sucrose as a co-substrate. Second, both linamarin and the glucosylated linamarin derivatives were phosphorylated. Both phosphorylation and glucosidation of linamarin render this plant pro-toxin inert to the activating plant enzyme linamarase, and thus these metabolic transformations can be considered pre-emptive detoxification strategies to avoid cyanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osnat Malka
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Hojná
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Beate Stein
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sharon van Brunschot
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK.,University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Lahcen Campbell
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK
| | - Stephan Winter
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shai Morin
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Daniel G Vassão
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Ryman BE, Whelan WJ. New aspects of glycogen metabolism. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 34:285-443. [PMID: 4335607 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122792.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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4
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Lezica RP, Daleo GR, Dey PM. Lipid-Linked Sugars As Intermediates in The Biosynthesis of Complex Carbohydrates in Plants. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Blumenfeld ML, Krisman CR. The initiation of glycogen biosynthesis in rat heart alpha-1,4 glucans tightly associated with glycogen synthase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 156:163-9. [PMID: 3082632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A partially purified glycogen synthase from rat cardiac muscle transferred glucosyl residues from UDP-[14C]glucose to an endogenous protein acceptor in the absence of added primer. After native gel electrophoresis of the enzyme preparation, unprimed activity was detected. Primer-dependent and independent activities were found in the same position. After denaturing gel electrophoresis of the reaction products, radioactivity comigrated with protein. Pulse-chase experiments showed that the size of the reaction products increased as a function of time. These products were degraded by amyloglucosidase, thus suggesting that glycogen-like molecules had grown on the protein acceptor. The activity of the enzyme was markedly reduced upon preincubation with alpha-amylase. Therefore, preformed protein-bound alpha-1,4-glucans were acting as primers. The glucoprotein acceptor may be a protein strongly associated with glycogen synthase, or alternatively, the enzyme itself.
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6
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Sivak MN, Tandecarz JS, Cardini CE. Studies on potato tuber phosphorylase-catalyzed reaction in the absence of an exogenous acceptor. I. Characterization and properties of the enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 212:525-36. [PMID: 7325677 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Satoh K, Imai F, Sato K. A new glycogen phosphorylase present in the rat tissues containing the brain-type isozyme. The active monomer of brain-type isozyme. FEBS Lett 1978; 95:239-42. [PMID: 720617 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)81002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Kawaguchi K, Fox J, Holmes E, Boyer C, Preiss J. De novo synthesis of Escherichia coli glycogen is due to primer associated with glycogen synthase and activation by branching enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 190:385-97. [PMID: 102249 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tandecarz JS, Sivak MN, Cardini CE. A primer independent form of potato tuber phosphorylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 82:157-64. [PMID: 666831 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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The requirement for a primer in the in vitro synthesis of polysaccharide by sweet-corn (1 → 4)-α-d-glucan syntrase. Carbohydr Res 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)84485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Tandecarz J, Lavintman N, Cardini CE. A primer independent activity of rabbit muscle phosphorylase b. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 16:141-8. [PMID: 18666 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit muscle phosphorylase b was found to be capable of forming protein bound alpha-1,4 glucosyl chains upon incubation of the enzyme with appropriate concentrations of glucose-1-phosphate with no primer addition (unprimed synthesis). This activity would only be present in a small fraction of the total muscle phosphorylase b activity, as judged from the high concentrations of enzyme which are required to demonstrate the occurrence of unprimed synthesis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows the presence of a phosphorylase isoenzyme capable of accepting glucosyl moieties, giving rise to a glucosylated protein enzymatically active in the chain lengthening of its own glucan.
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Borovsky D, Smith EE, Whelan WJ. Purification and properties of potato 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-(1,4-alpha-glucano)-transferase. Evidence against a dual catalytic function in amylose-branching enzyme. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 59:615-25. [PMID: 1258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Q-Enzyme, the enzyme that synthesizes the 1,6-alpha-glucosidic branch linkages of amylopectin, has been purified from potato to near homogeneity. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 85000. The active enzyme is a monomer, with a molar activity at pH 7.0 and 24 degrees C of 15. The energy of activation is 25 kJ/mol below 15 degrees C, changing sharply to 63 kJ/mol above that temperature. Enzyme activity is not affected by Mg2+ or ATP. There are about 11 readily titratable sulfhydryl groups per molecule. The evidence that the enzyme is a single protein entity, without hydrolytic activity towards amylose, contrasts with an earlier report that Q-enzyme consists of two components, a hydrolase with molecular weight 70000, and a transferase with molecular weight 20000. Q-enzyme acts on native and synthetic amyloses to give products resembling amylopectin in terms of average unit chain length, degress of beta-amylolysis and iodine stain. The profiles of the unit chains of these synthetic products are, however, different from that of native amylopectin. Additional branch linkages are introduced by Q-enzyme into potato amylopectin, but the product bears no resemblance to phytoglycogen.
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Fredrick JF. Affinity chromatography studies of the de novo glucan synthesizing phosphorylase isozyme of blue-green algae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(75)90054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lavintman N, Tandecarz J, Carceller M, Mendiara S, Cardini CE. Role of uridine diphosphate glucose in the biosynthesis of starch. Mechanism of formation and enlargement of a glucoproteic acceptor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 50:145-55. [PMID: 4452354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Fredrick JF. Formation of primer-independent phosphorylases by synthetic coupling of glucans to primer-requiring isozyme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(74)90074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Hawker JS, Ozbun JL, Ozaki H, Greenberg E, Preiss J. Interaction of spinach leaf adenosine diphosphate glucose alpha-1,4-glucan alpha-4-glucosyl transferase and alpha-1,4-glucan, alpha-1,4-glucan-6-glycosyl transferase in synthesis of branched alpha-glucan. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 160:530-51. [PMID: 4208773 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Fredrick JF. Conversion of Algal primer-dependent phosphorylase to primer-independent isozyme by UDPG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(73)90001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Fox J, Kennedy LD, Hawker JS, Ozbun JL, Greenberg E, Lammel C, Preiss J. De novo synthesis of bacterial glycogen and plant starch by ADPG: -glucan 4-glucosyl transferase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973; 210:90-103. [PMID: 4572690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb47564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Lavintman N, Cardini CE. Particulate UDP-glucose: Protein transglucosylase from potato tuber. FEBS Lett 1973; 29:43-46. [PMID: 11946904 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(73)80011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Lavintman
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas "Fundación Campomar" and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Obligado 2490, 28, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Frydman RB, Tomaro ML, Frydman B. Pyrrolooxygenase: its action on tryptophan-containing enzymes and peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 284:80-9. [PMID: 4403729 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(72)90047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Ozbun JL, Hawker JS, Preiss J. Soluble adenosine diphosphate glucose- -1,4-glucan -4-glucosyltransferases from spinach leaves. Biochem J 1972; 126:953-63. [PMID: 5073245 PMCID: PMC1178503 DOI: 10.1042/bj1260953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple forms of ADP-glucose-alpha-1,4-glucan alpha-4-glucosyltransferase were obtained from spinach leaves by gradient elution from a DEAE-cellulose column. In the presence of high concentrations of some salts and bovine serum albumin, unprimed activity was found in one (transglucosylase III) of the four fractions eluted from the column. In addition to having unprimed activity, transglucosylase III had a lower K(m) for ADP-glucose, a much higher K(m) for oyster glycogen, greater heat sensitivity and lower affinity for maltose, maltotriose and amylopectin beta-limit dextrin than fractions I, II and IV. In addition, the kinetics at low concentrations of amylose, amylopectin and rabbit liver glycogen were non-linear for transglucosylase III. The properties of transglucosylases I, II and IV were generally similar to each other. Rates of the unprimed reaction at physiological concentrations of ADP-glucose were greater than those found for the primed reaction of fraction III. The product formed by the unprimed reaction was a glucan containing principally alpha-1,4 linkages with some alpha-1,6 linkages. The primer, maltose, at a concentration of 0.5m inhibited the synthesis of the unprimed product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosal'ia B. Frydman
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 954, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ozbun JL, Hawker JS, Preiss J. Multiple forms of -1,4 glucan synthetase from spinach leaves. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 43:631-6. [PMID: 4998187 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Nikaido H, Hassid W. Biosynthesis of Saccharides From Glycopyranosyl Esters of Nucleoside Pyrophosphates “Sugar Nucleotides”. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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McCracken DA, Badenhuizen NP. Studies on the Origin of Amylose and Amylopectin in Starch Granules. I. The Use of Polytoma uvella as a Source of NDPG-Glucosyltransferases and some Properties of the Enzymes. STARCH-STARKE 1970. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19700220902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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