1
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Lubbers ER, Murphy NP, Musa H, Huang CYM, Gupta R, Price MV, Han M, Daoud G, Gratz D, El Refaey M, Xu X, Hoeflinger NK, Friel EL, Lancione P, Wallace MJ, Cavus O, Simmons SL, Williams JL, Skaf M, Koenig SN, Janssen PML, Rasband MN, Hund TJ, Mohler PJ. Defining new mechanistic roles for αII spectrin in cardiac function. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9576-9591. [PMID: 31064843 PMCID: PMC6579463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectrins are cytoskeletal proteins essential for membrane biogenesis and regulation and serve critical roles in protein targeting and cellular signaling. αII spectrin (SPTAN1) is one of two α spectrin genes and αII spectrin dysfunction is linked to alterations in axon initial segment formation, cortical lamination, and neuronal excitability. Furthermore, human αII spectrin loss-of-function variants cause neurological disease. As global αII spectrin knockout mice are embryonic lethal, the in vivo roles of αII spectrin in adult heart are unknown and untested. Here, based on pronounced alterations in αII spectrin regulation in human heart failure we tested the in vivo roles of αII spectrin in the vertebrate heart. We created a mouse model of cardiomyocyte-selective αII spectrin-deficiency (cKO) and used this model to define the roles of αII spectrin in cardiac function. αII spectrin cKO mice displayed significant structural, cellular, and electrical phenotypes that resulted in accelerated structural remodeling, fibrosis, arrhythmia, and mortality in response to stress. At the molecular level, we demonstrate that αII spectrin plays a nodal role for global cardiac spectrin regulation, as αII spectrin cKO hearts exhibited remodeling of αI spectrin and altered β-spectrin expression and localization. At the cellular level, αII spectrin deficiency resulted in altered expression, targeting, and regulation of cardiac ion channels NaV1.5 and KV4.3. In summary, our findings define critical and unexpected roles for the multifunctional αII spectrin protein in the heart. Furthermore, our work provides a new in vivo animal model to study the roles of αII spectrin in the cardiomyocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R Lubbers
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- Medical Scientist Training Program
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
| | - Nathaniel P Murphy
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- Medical Scientist Training Program
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
| | - Hassan Musa
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Claire Yu-Mei Huang
- the Department of Neuroscience and Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Rohan Gupta
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Morgan V Price
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Mei Han
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Georges Daoud
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Daniel Gratz
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432310
| | - Mona El Refaey
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Xianyao Xu
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Nicole K Hoeflinger
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Emma L Friel
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Peter Lancione
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Michael J Wallace
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Omer Cavus
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Samantha L Simmons
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Jordan L Williams
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Michel Skaf
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Sara N Koenig
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 432310
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- the Department of Neuroscience and Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Thomas J Hund
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432310
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 432310
| | - Peter J Mohler
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia,
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 432310
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2
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Bennett V, Healy J. Membrane domains based on ankyrin and spectrin associated with cell-cell interactions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009; 1:a003012. [PMID: 20457566 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments of myelinated nerves, sites of cell-cell contact in early embryos and epithelial cells, and neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle all perform physiological functions that depend on clustering of functionally related but structurally diverse ion transporters and cell adhesion molecules within microdomains of the plasma membrane. These specialized cell surface domains appeared at different times in metazoan evolution, involve a variety of cell types, and are populated by distinct membrane-spanning proteins. Nevertheless, recent work has shown that these domains all share on their cytoplasmic surfaces a membrane skeleton comprised of members of the ankyrin and spectrin families. This review will summarize basic features of ankyrins and spectrins, and will discuss emerging evidence that these proteins are key players in a conserved mechanism responsible for assembly and maintenance of physiologically important domains on the surfaces of diverse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vann Bennett
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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3
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Corsi D, Paiardini M, Crinelli R, Bucchini A, Magnani M. Alteration of alpha-spectrin ubiquitination due to age-dependent changes in the erythrocyte membrane. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 261:775-83. [PMID: 10215895 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian red blood cell alpha-spectrin is ubiquitinated in vitro and in vivo [Corsi, D., Galluzzi, L., Crinelli, R., Magnani, M. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 8928-8935]. This process shows a cell age-dependent decrease, with senescent red blood cells having approximately one third of the amount of ubiquitinated alpha-spectrin found in young cells. In-vitro ubiquitination of alpha-spectrin was dependent on the source of the red cell membranes (those from older cells are less susceptible to ubiquitination than those from younger cells), on the source of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (those from older cells catalyze the process at a reduced rate compared to those from younger cells) and on the ubiquitin isopeptidase activity (which decreases during red cell ageing). However, once alpha-spectrin has been extracted from the membranes of young or old red blood cells, it is susceptible to ubiquitination to a similar extent regardless of source. This suggests that it is the membrane architecture, and not spectrin itself, that is responsible for the age-dependent decline in ubiquitination. Furthermore, spectrin oligomers, tetramers and dimers are also equally susceptible to ubiquitination. As spectrin ubiquitination occurs on domains alphaIII and alphaV of alpha-spectrin, and domain alphaV contains the nucleation site for the association of the alpha- and beta-spectrin chains, alterations in ubiquitination during red cell ageing could affect the stability and deformability of the erythrocyte membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Corsi
- G. Fornaini Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Urbino, Italy
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4
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Woo MK, Murray BA. Solid-phase binding analysis of N-CAM interactions with brain fodrin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1191:173-80. [PMID: 8155673 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The large cytoplasmic domain form of the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM has been reported to interact specifically with fodrin, a submembranous cytoskeletal protein. We tested the abilities of fodrins from bovine brain and embryonic chicken brain to bind to N-CAM that had been isolated from differentiated or undifferentiated mouse N2A neuroblastoma cells or from the brains of embryonic day 11 or day 14 chickens. Labeled fodrin samples bound with immobilized fodrin at a minimum soluble fodrin concentration of 2.5 x 10(-8) M, but the labeled fodrin did not bind to the immobilized N-CAM when incubated at 20-fold higher fodrin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Woo
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717-2300
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5
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Lecomte MC, Feo C, Gautero H, Bournier O, Galand C, Garbarz M, Boivin P, Dhermy D. Severe recessive poikilocytic anaemia with a new spectrin alpha chain variant. Br J Haematol 1990; 74:497-507. [PMID: 2346729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1990.tb06341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A severe neonatal haemolytic anaemia was observed in a propositus from the West Indies. Frequent blood transfusions were required until complete splenectomy was carried out. Blood smears showed predominant poikilocytosis with spherocytes and microcytes as observed in hereditary pyropoikilocytosis. Erythrocytes were completely fragmented after incubation at 45 degrees C. The two asymptomatic parents had normal haematological profiles. The erythrocyte membrane electrophoretic patterns of the splenectomized propositus and her parents were normal. The propositus had a moderate defect in the spectrin (Sp) dimer self-association. Limited tryptic digestion of the propositus' Sp under standard conditions (0 degrees C, 20 h, enzyme-substrate ratio of 1/100) revealed an increased sensitivity to tryptic digestion. The major features detected by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis gels of Sp tryptic digests were the absence of high molecular weight peptides from the Sp alpha II (48 kDa and 35 kDa peptides) and Sp alpha III (52 kDa peptide) domains with increased amounts of the lower molecular weight peptides from the Sp alpha II and Sp alpha III (29 kDa peptide and 47 kDa peptide) domains respectively. Kinetic studies of Sp tryptic digestion (10 min to 36 h) confirmed the increased tryptic susceptibility of Sp. Immunodetection with specific anti-alpha-chain domain antibodies showed that the highest molecular weight peptides from the alpha II and alpha III domains are released early in digestion, but disappear quickly, with an increase in their corresponding smaller peptides. The molecular weights of the peptides corresponding to the 48 kDa and 35 kDa peptides from the alpha II domain are slightly modified. Peptides from the alpha I and alpha IV domains showed no significant abnormalities. The Sps of both parents were normal. These results indicate that the patient has a novel Sp alpha chain defect, which is probably located in the region of the alpha II domain which adjoins the alpha III domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lecomte
- INSERUM U160, Association Claude Bernard, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
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6
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Carraway KL, Carraway CA. Membrane-cytoskeleton interactions in animal cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 988:147-71. [PMID: 2524216 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(89)90017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K L Carraway
- Department of Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101
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7
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Lecomte MC, Dhermy D, Garbarz M, Feo C, Gautero H, Bournier O, Picat C, Chaveroche I, Galand C, Boivin P. Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis and elliptocytosis in a Caucasian family. Transmission of the same molecular defect in spectrin through three generations with different clinical expression. Hum Genet 1987; 77:329-34. [PMID: 3692477 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP) is a severe hemolytic anemia characterized by a material instability of the red cell membrane leading to cell fragmentation. This fragility may be correlated with functional and structural defects of spectrin. Most HPP patients have been black. We now report three HPP patients from a Caucasian family, the proposita and her two maternal uncles. The proposita's mother and daughter presented mild type I hereditary elliptocytosis (HE), while the proposita's father was clinically and hematologically normal. Our studies revealed a defective ability of spectrin to self-associate, resulting in an excess of spectrin dimer in 4 degrees C extracts in the three HPP patients and to a similar extent in HE relatives. Limited tryptic digestion of spectrin showed a molecular variant in the alpha I domain as expressed by a decreased amount of 80,000-dalton peptide with a concomitant increase in the 74,000-dalton peptide. Investigations in the proposita's father revealed no abnormalities of the erythrocyte membrane. The co-transmission of HPP and HE phenotypes in the same lineage might suggest variability in the clinical expression of the same molecular defect and lead us to discuss the hypothesis of a double heterozygosity in HPP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lecomte
- Unité de Recherches d'Enzymologie des Cellules Sanguines (INSERM U 160), Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
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8
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Sikorski AF, Michalak K, Bobrowska M. Interaction of spectrin with phospholipids. Quenching of spectrin intrinsic fluorescence by phospholipid suspensions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 904:55-60. [PMID: 3663667 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(87)90086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid suspensions prepared of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and their mixtures are able to influence the intrinsic protein fluorescence of spectrin. In the case of phosphatidylethanolamine suspension up to 75% of protein fluorescence can be quenched. The interaction of phospholipid aggregates with spectrin is modulated by pH and ionic strength. Phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylethanolamine display a 'stabilizing' effect against the changes of protein fluorescence induced by increasing ionic strength and by thermal denaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Sikorski
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Instytut Biochemii, Poland
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9
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Dhermy D, Garbarz M, Lecomte MC, Chaveroche I, Bournier O, Gautero H, Blot I, Boivin P. Abnormal electrophoretic mobility of spectrin tetramers in hereditary elliptocytosis. Hum Genet 1986; 74:363-7. [PMID: 3793099 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) is a genetically determined disorder of the red cell membrane. The main protein which composes the proteinaceous skeleton of the membrane is an elongated molecule named spectrin which is a heterodimer composed of two chains, alpha and beta. In the membrane spectrin dimers are associated head-to-head to form tetrameric structures. We and other authors have reported that spectrin studied from many HE patients exhibited a dimer self-association defect (type I HE). A mutation in the head of the spectrin alpha chain was mostly found in type I HE. We have previously described one of the three known spectrin pathological variants shown on mild tryptic digest pattern. This variant was characterized by the appearance of an abnormal 65,000-dalton peptide (Sp alpha I/65). Using nondenaturating gel electrophoresis, we describe in this paper a triplicated pattern of the spectrin tetramer bands which is found in heterozygous HE cases displaying the 65,000-dalton variant. Study of a homozygous case allowed us to characterize the electrophoretic mobility of the abnormal symmetrical spectrin tetramer (alpha 2I/65-beta 2) and to study the correlation between the fraction of this abnormal symmetrical tetramer found in heterozygous patients and the amount of the 65,000-dalton peptide observed in spectrin tryptic digests.
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10
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Bourguignon LY, Walker G, Suchard SJ, Balazovich K. A lymphoma plasma membrane-associated protein with ankyrin-like properties. J Cell Biol 1986; 102:2115-24. [PMID: 2940251 PMCID: PMC2114262 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.102.6.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have used several complementary techniques to isolate and characterize a 72-kD polypeptide that is tightly associated with a major mouse T-lymphoma membrane glycoprotein, gp 85 (a wheat germ agglutinin-binding protein), in a 16 S complex. These two proteins do not separate in the presence of high salt but can be dissociated by treatment with 2 M urea. Further analysis indicates that the 72-kD protein has ankyrin-like properties based on the following criteria: (a) it cross-reacts with specific antibodies raised against erythrocyte and brain ankyrin; (b) it displays a peptide mapping pattern and a pI (between 6.5 and 6.8) similar to that of the 72-kD proteolytic fragment of erythrocyte ankyrin; (c) it competes with erythrocyte ghost membranes (spectrin-depleted preparations) for spectrin binding; and (d) it binds to purified spectrin and fodrin molecules. Most importantly, in intact lymphoma cells this ankyrin-like protein is localized directly underneath the plasma membrane and is found to be preferentially accumulated beneath receptor cap structures as well as associated with a membrane-cytoskeleton complex preparation. It is proposed that the ankyrin-like 72-kD protein may play an important role in linking certain surface glycoprotein(s) to fodrin which, in turn, binds to actin filaments required for lymphocyte cap formation.
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11
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Stokke BT, Mikkelsen A, Elgsaeter A. The human erythrocyte membrane skeleton may be an ionic gel. I. Membrane mechanochemical properties. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 1986; 13:203-18. [PMID: 3709419 DOI: 10.1007/bf00260368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and biophysical observations indicate that the erythrocyte membrane skeleton is composed of a swollen network of long, flexible and ionizable macromolecules located at the cytoplasmic surface of the fluid membrane lipid bilayer. We have analyzed the mechanochemical properties of the erythrocyte membrane assuming that the membrane skeleton constitutes an ionic gel (swollen ionic elastomer). Using recently established statistical thermodynamic theory for such gels, our analysis yields mathematical expressions for the mechanochemical properties of erythrocyte membranes that incorporate membrane molecular parameters to an extent not achieved previously. The erythrocyte membrane elastic shear modulus and maximum elastic extension ratio predicted by our membrane model are in quantitative agreement with reported values for these parameters. The gel theory predicts further that the membrane skeleton modulus of area compression, KG, may be small as well as large relative to the membrane elastic shear modulus, G, depending on the environmental conditions. Our analysis shows that the ratio between these two parameters affects both the geometry and the stability of the favoured cell shapes.
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12
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Regnouf F, Nguyen E, Cassoly R, Pradel LA. Pig thyroid spectrin. A membrane-associated protein related in structure and function to brain spectrin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 153:313-9. [PMID: 4076179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid spectrin has been obtained pure from pig thyroid glands. This protein, composed of two non-identical polypeptide chains of 240 kDa and 235 kDa, appears to possess the same structural and immunological properties as well as the same calmodulin and actin-binding properties as brain spectrin. Through cross-linking of actin filaments it is a potent gelation factor for F-actin solutions. It represents one of the major protein of the cytoskeleton underlying the thyroid plasma membrane together with myosin, alpha-actinin and actin.
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13
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Lecomte MC, Dhermy D, Garbarz M, Feo C, Gautero H, Bournier O, Picat C, Chaveroche I, Ester A, Galand C. Pathologic and nonpathologic variants of the spectrin molecule in two black families with hereditary elliptocytosis. Hum Genet 1985; 71:351-7. [PMID: 4077050 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Five patients with hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) from two unrelated black families were studied. The patients had prominent elliptocytosis and a decreased erythrocyte resistance to heat treatment. In one infant blood smears showed elliptocytosis and poikilocytosis; his erythrocytes fagmented at a lower temperature than those of his mother and sister, both having typical mild HE. Defective dimer-dimer association was present in all patients. Limited tryptic digestion of spectrin and subsequent analysis by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed a similar and reproducible decrease in the 80,000-dalton peptide (alpha I domain) and the concomitant appearance of a 46,000-dalton peptide. All the patients had the polymorphism of the spectrin alpha II domain commonly observed in black populations. In addition, modifications relative to the alpha III domain were detected; similar variants were found in one black control subject out of 136 and are likely related to a genetic polymorphism of the alpha III domain. No differences were observed between the peptide patterns in the infant with poikilocytosis and those of his HE sister and mother.
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14
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15
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Mikkelsen A, Stokke BT, Elgsaeter A. An electro-optic study of human erythrocyte spectrin dimers. The presence of calcium ions does not alter spectrin flexibility. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 786:95-102. [PMID: 6712961 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(84)90158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine whether the presence of Ca2+ increases the stiffness of the highly elongated and flexible spectrin molecules, we have carried out a birefringence relaxation study of isolated human erythrocyte spectrin dimers. Our measurements indicate no significant change in the flexibility of spectrin in solutions containing 0-10(-3) M Ca2+. This finding indicates that decreased spectrin flexibility is not the major functional mechanism underlying the decreased erythrocyte deformability reported as result of elevated intracellular levels of Ca2+. We find that the persistence length of spectrin dimers is less than 20 nm and is not dependent on the Ca2+ concentration.
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16
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Dubreuil YL, Cassoly R. A dynamical study on the interactions between the cytoskeleton components in the human erythrocyte as detected by saturation transfer electron paramagnetic resonance of spin-labeled spectrin, ankyrin, and protein 4.1. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 223:495-502. [PMID: 6305282 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Isolated human erythrocyte spectrin, ankyrin, and protein 4.1 have been labeled with the maleimide spin label, 3-maleimido-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl, and studied by saturation transfer electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The presence of the labels does not affect the reassociation of these proteins with erythrocyte membranes selectively depleted of either spectrin-actin or of all the extrinsic proteins. When maleimide spin-labeled spectrin is reassociated with the erythrocyte membrane in presence of all the cytoskeleton components, including endogeneous or purified muscle actin, spectrin still preserves its flexible character. The rotational mobilities of maleimide spin-labeled ankyrin and maleimide spin-labeled protein 4.1 are of the same order of magnitude (tau c (L"/L) approximately 5 X 10(-5) and 8 X 10(-5) s, respectively, at 2 degrees C), while protein 4.1 is almost three times smaller in size than ankyrin. This result indicates that the movements of membrane-bound maleimide spin-labeled protein 4.1 are more restricted than those of ankyrin. This suggests that their respective binding sites have different structural properties. The rotational movements of both proteins are slowed down on the addition of spectrin indicating that protein 4.1 as well as ankyrin also represents one of the links of the cytoskeleton to the membrane.
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17
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Reich MH, Kam Z, Eisenberg H, Worcester D, Ungewickell E, Gratzer WB. Solution scattering studies of dimeric and tetrameric spectrin. Biophys Chem 1982; 16:307-16. [PMID: 7159679 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(82)87035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The structure of spectrin dimers and tetramers in solution has been examined by light, low-angle X-ray and neutron scattering. The results show a good correspondence between the solution dimensions of these molecules and their appearance in the electron microscope after shadowing. The scattering profiles are not compatible with an extended rod-like character, but reflect the presence of a considerable degree of bending. The radii of gyration of the dimer and tetramer were determined to be 170 and 375 A and the cross-section radii of gyration 14 and 12.3 A, respectively. Both are thus long, thin, rather bent molecules, and the tetramer is twice the length of the dimer.
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18
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Roux B, Cassoly R. Differences in the electric birefringence of spectrin dimers and tetramers as shown by the fast reversing electric pulse method. Biophys Chem 1982; 16:193-8. [PMID: 7171714 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(82)87002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The electric birefringence of purified spectrin has been examined in medium of low ionic strength at 20 degrees C and for electric fields smaller than 4 X 10(4) V m(-1), using the reversing electric pulse method. This technique allows study of the permanent and induced dipole electric moment of macromolecules more easily than in measurements using only rectangular pulses. We show that spectrin heterodimers and heterotetramers have different electro-optical properties. The relaxation time of the tetramer (7 microseconds) is significantly longer than that of the dimer (4.5 microseconds). Tetramers and dimers have also different polarizability parameters.
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19
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Burridge K, Kelly T, Mangeat P. Nonerythrocyte spectrins: actin-membrane attachment proteins occurring in many cell types. J Cell Biol 1982; 95:478-86. [PMID: 6183274 PMCID: PMC2112974 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.95.2.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of brain fodrin have been analyzed and compared with those of erythrocyte spectrin. Both proteins consist of high molecular weight polypeptide doublets on SDS polyacrylamide gels and in solution behave as very large asymmetric molecules. Both proteins show a characteristic increase in sedimentation coefficient in the presence of 20 mM KCl. Antibodies against the brain protein cross-react with erythrocyte spectrin and cross-react with similar high molecular weight doublet polypeptides in SDS polyacrylamide gels of other cell types and plasma membrane preparations. Both proteins bind actin. The brain protein and erythrocyte spectrin show specific and competitive binding to erythrocyte membranes and this binding is inhibited by antibodies against erythrocyte ankyrin. Several of these properties distinguish these proteins from the class of high molecular weight actin-binding proteins that includes filamin and macrophage actin-binding protein. We conclude that together with erythrocyte spectrin, the brain protein and equivalent, immunologically related proteins in other cell types belong to a single class of proteins with the common function of attachment of actin to plasma membranes. Based on the structural and functional similarities, the name spectrin would seem appropriate for this whole class of proteins.
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20
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Shecket G, Lasek RJ. Neurofilament protein phosphorylation. Species generality and reaction characteristics. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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21
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Abstract
A divalent cation-activated ATPase in axoplasm from the squid giant axon is described. The enzyme requires Mg2+ or Ca2+, has a K+ optimum of 60 mM, and has a pH optimum of 7.5. Several nucleotide triphosphates other than ATP can serve as substrates. The enzyme is inhibited by excess ATP or Mg2+. The enzyme is enriched in a rapidly sedimenting fraction of the axoplasm, and is eluted in the exclusion volume of a Sepharose 4B column, suggesting that it is associated with a highly aggregated structure. Comparison of the properties of enzyme with those of myosin and Na+-K+-ATPase suggests that differs from both of these enzymes. The enzyme has many similarities to vertebrate nerve ATPases previously described. The demonstration of the presence of this ATPase in squid axoplasm proves the neuronal localization of the enzyme.
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22
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White MD, Ralston GB. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of water-soluble erythrocyte membrane proteins. Electrophoresis 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Dunbar JC, Ralston GB. Hydrodynamic characterization of the heterodimer of spectrin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 667:177-84. [PMID: 7213794 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(81)90078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The hydrodynamic properties of the spectrin dimer have been examined. The S20,w value of 9.3 S and the D20,w value of 1.75 x 10(-7) cm2 x s-1 yield a molecular weight of 470 000, in good agreement with the value from sedimentation equilibrium of 460 000. The frictional ratio of 2.3 and the intrinsic viscosity of 36 ml/g are not consistent with a compact, globular structure, but the value of the parameter Ks/[eta], 1.15, is not consistent with a rigid rod model. The most appropriate model, consistent also with data from other laboratories, is of a flexible, kinked rod-like molecule.
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24
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Goldberg M, Lalos A, Bunn H. The effect of erythrocyte membrane preparations on the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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25
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Cassoly R, Daveloose D, Leterrier F. Spin labeling of human spectrin. Effects of temperature, divalent cations and reassociation with erythrocyte membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 601:478-89. [PMID: 6251877 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(80)90551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Spectrin extracted from human red blood cells has been spin labeled in its dimeric and tetrameric forms with five different nitroxide derivatives of increasing chain length between their maleimide binding group and their nitroxide reporter group. Three molecules of spin label are bound per spectrin dimer. Electron spin resonance spectra show the simultaneous presence of strongly and weakly immobilized spin labels. Their relative proportion depends on the label length and is suddenly modified when it reaches 12 A This indicates the presence of cavities of approximately this size in the tertiary structure of spectrin in solution at 0 degrees C. The conformation of spectrin varies greatly with temperature. Reversible changes occur between 0 and 35 degrees C. At higher temperatures, partial denaturation is observed. Divalent cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) stabilize spectrin in a more constrained conformation and protect it against thermal denaturation. The same behavior is observed when spin-labeled spectrin is reassociated with spectrin-depleted inside-out erythrocyte vesicles. When fatty acid spin labels are incorporated in the phospholipidic structure of these vesicles, the reassociation of spectrin does not change their electron spin resonance spectra. This result confirms the fact that spectrin interacts predominantly with proteins on erythrocyte membranes.
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26
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Beaven GH, Gratzer WB. Interaction of divalent cations with human red cell cytoskeletons. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 600:140-9. [PMID: 7397165 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(80)90419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The binding of Ca2+ to spectrin from human erythrocytes was investigated by equilibrium dialysis, and the binding of Mn2+ by electron paramagnetic resonance. The results led to the conclusion that no binding sites of high affinity (greater than about 10(4) M-1) are present. In the cytoskeletal protein complex isolated from erythrocytes, which (like crude spectrin) contains actin and some other proteins, a set of sites with an association constant of 4 x 10(4) M-1 for Mn2+ is observed. These may be divalent cation binding sites on the actin molecules. Weak interactions of Ca2+ and Mg2+ with spectrin are reflected by self-association of the spectrin heterodimers, which can be followed in the analytical ultracentrifuge and by light-scattering. This self-association is affected by the state of the protein thiol groups. Conditions in which self-association of spectrin occurs have been defined. No aggregation is observed at the Mg2+ activity thought to correspond to that in the cytoplasm.
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27
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Tyler J, Reinhardt B, Branton D. Associations of erythrocyte membrane proteins. Binding of purified bands 2.1 and 4.1 to spectrin. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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28
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Calvert R, Bennett P, Gratzer W. Properties and structural role of the subunits of human spectrin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 107:355-61. [PMID: 7398646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb06036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The subunits of spectrin from human erythrocytes were separated by ion-exchange chromatography on hydroxyapatite in the presence of urea. When renatured from the urea solution they are found to be monomeric, although the smaller subunit (band 2) is prone to aggregation. In shape, solubility and secondary structure the subunits resemble the native spectrin dimer, indicating that subunit interaction is not essential for maintaining the native conformation. When the subunits are recombined, a dimer with the sedimentation coefficient of the native species is formed. This constitutes direct evidence that native spectrin is a heterodimer, rather than a mixture containing homologous and heterologous species. The interaction of the separated subunits with the chymotryptic fragment of the spectrin-binding protein (protein 2.1, or ankyrin) of the erythrocyte membrane was studied. Only the smaller subunit has the ability to bind, and thus presumably contains the site by which the cytoskeleton is attached to the plasma membrane. On the other hand, the formation of a complex with F-actin and protein 4.1 requires the presence of both subunits. A complex of these proteins with band 2 is formed, however, when traces of an additional, as yet unidentified, protein are present.
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29
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Lemaigre-Dubreuil Y, Henry Y, Cassoly R. Rotational dynamics of spectrin in solution and ankyrin bound in human erythrocyte membrane. FEBS Lett 1980; 113:231-4. [PMID: 6248361 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Anderson J, Tyler J. State of spectrin phosphorylation does not affect erythrocyte shape or spectrin binding to erythrocyte membranes. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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31
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Brenner S, Korn E. Spectrin/actin complex isolated from sheep erythrocytes accelerates actin polymerization by simple nucleation. Evidence for oligomeric actin in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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32
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Tsung PK, Palek J. Red cell membrane protein phosphorylation in hemolytic anemias and muscular dystrophies. Muscle Nerve 1980; 3:55-69. [PMID: 6246419 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We review our current understanding of membrane phosphorylation in normal and abnormal erythrocytes. The major phosphoproteins in red blood cell (RBC) membranes are spectrin (band 2), bands 3, 2.1, and 4.5, and glycophorin A. At least two protein kinases can be distinguished on the basis of their stimulation by cyclic AMP and salt; they are present both in the membrane and in the cytosol. Analysis of the conflicting data on endogenous membrane-protein phosphorylation in abnormal RBCs indicates a considerable variability of phosphorylation rates which largely depends on the manner of preparation of ghosts and enzyme assay conditions. This variability reflects differences in the partitioning of protein kinases between the membrane and cytosol, the specificity and accessibility of membrane-protein substrates, and reaction kinetics. We select examples of data from several hemolytic anemias to illustrate that precautions are needed to interpret abnormalities of membrane-protein phosphorylation properly; we discuss possible new methodological approaches.
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33
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Kirschenbaum DM. Molar absorptivity and A1%1 cm values for proteins at selected wavelengths of the ultraviolet and visible regions--XVIII. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 11:487-500. [PMID: 6991306 PMCID: PMC7111548 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(80)90257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/1979] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A table of molar absorptivity and A1cm1% values for more than 180 proteins is given. The conditions used to obtain these values and references to the original literature are also'given.
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34
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Spectrin-actin interaction. Phosphorylated and dephosphorylated spectrin tetramer cross-link F-actin. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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35
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Shotton DM, Burke BE, Branton D. The molecular structure of human erythrocyte spectrin. Biophysical and electron microscopic studies. J Mol Biol 1979; 131:303-29. [PMID: 490648 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Sato SB, Yanagida M, Maruyama K, Ohnishi S. Seeding role of spectrin in polymerization of skeletal muscle actin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 578:436-44. [PMID: 486532 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of spectrin on the polymerization of muscle actin has been investigated by hydrodynamic methods and electron microscopy. Spectrin markedly accelerated polymerization of actin. The effect was more easily observed in lower concentrations of KCl (e.g. 24 mM) where spontaneous polymerization was negligibly small. Similarly large acceleration was observed for polymerization in MgCl2 or CaCl2. The rate of polymerization of actin was proportionally increased with the concentration of spectrin added to a fixed concentration of action. The stationary level of specific viscosity also increased with the spectrin concentration, but at larger concentrations it became smaller. The flow birefringence and electron microscope measurements indicated that actin polymers formed under the influence of spectrin were shorter than those of control F-actin filaments. The structural viscosity and electron microscope observations suggested that the interaction between F-actin fibers was not increased by spectrin. These data strongly suggest a seeding role of spectrin in the polymerization of actin. Spectrin accelerates formation of the nuclei for polymerization. The more the nuclei are formed, the larger the number of the grown polymers are and this leads to rapid formation of shorter polymers since the amount of actin is limited. The acceleration activity was found only in freshly prepared spectrin from fresh ghosts taken from freshly drawn blood.
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37
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Ji TH. The application of chemical crosslinking for studies on cell membranes and the identification of surface reporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 559:39-69. [PMID: 156043 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(79)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Luna E, Kidd G, Branton D. Identification by peptide analysis of the spectrin-binding protein in human erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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39
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Identification and partial purification of ankyrin, the high affinity membrane attachment site for human erythrocyte spectrin. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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40
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Anderson J. Structural studies on human spectrin. Comparison of subunits and fragmentation of native spectrin. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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41
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Liu SC, Palek J. Cross-linkings between spectrin and band 3 in human erythroycte membranes. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1979; 10:97-109. [PMID: 439896 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A specific structural association between spectrin component 1 and band 3 in human erythrocyte membrane has been demonstrated by covalent cross-linkings, specific labeling, and the technique of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A complex of 330,000 daltons, representing 1 + 3, was produced in mildly oxidized membranes at physiologic pH and isotonic conditions but not at hypotonic conditions ( less than 10 mM KCl or NaCl). The yield of this complex decreased dramatically as the monovalent cation concentration decreased from 90 mM to 30 mM. The presence of Mg++ or Ca++ (2 mM) at low ionic strength promoted 1 + 3 cross-linking in an amount similar to that produced at isotonic conditions. The specific segment of band 3 involved in the cross-linking was also investigated by means of chymotrypsin digestion of band 3 in the intact red cells. The results showed the cross-links between spectrin component 1 and the 55,000-dalton fragment of band 3 at physiologic pH and isotonic conditions. This is consistent with the idea that band 3 is anchored on or contacted with the submembrane meshwork at the cytoplasmic membrane surface.
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42
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Hsu CJ, Lemay A, Eshdat Y, Marchesi VT. Substructure of human erythrocyte spectrin. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1979; 10:227-39. [PMID: 459512 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human erythrocyte structural protein spectrin and its subunits I, II were isolated in the presence of Na-dodecyl-sulfate by gel filtration and preparative gel electrophoresis. After removal of the detergent, spectrin alpha-helical content is comparable to spectrin isolated without detergent. Subunits I and II formed single bands in isoelectric focusing (pI = 5.6) and in Ornstein-Davis disc gel electrophoresis systems, indicating the individual subunits are homogenous in nature. The molecular weights of the subunits I and II, determined by Ferguson plot, are 237,500 and 238,600, respectively, which is in good agreement with values obtained by the standard SDS gel relative mobility method. Limited tryptic digestion of spectrin and two-dimensional peptide maps of the individual subunits cleaved by S-cyanylation reaction showed dissimilar patterns, suggesting differences in primary structure between the two subunits.
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43
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Elgsaeter A. Human spectrin. I. A classical light scattering study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 536:235-44. [PMID: 708763 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(78)90069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human spectrin heterodimers were analyzed in solutions containing different amounts of salt employing the classical light scattering technique. 1. At 22 degrees C the radius of gyration of isolated human spectrin heterodimers in 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution (pH 7.3) was found to be about 22 nm. 2. The radius of gyration of isolated human spectrin heterodimers was found to increase to about 40 nm as the ionic strength of the spectrin solution (pH 7.3) was reduced to about 1 mM. 3. The light scattering study indicates that the isolated human spectrin heterodimers were highly expanded and flexible molecules with a contour length exceeding about 140 nm.
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Shotton D, Burke B, Branton D. The shape of spectrin molecules from human erythrocyte membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 536:313-7. [PMID: 708771 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(78)90079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purified spectrin dimers and tetramers have been directly visualized by low-angle shadowing. The 9-S heterodimer is an asymmetric flexible molecule about 1000 A in length, its constituent monomer polypeptides forming two strands which in many molecules are individually visible, lying partially separated from one another or twisting round each other in a loose double helix. The 12-S tetramer is formed by the end-to-end association of two heterodimers, without overlap. The protein bears no physical resemblance to myosin.
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Ungewickell E, Gratzer W. Self-association of human spectrin. A thermodynamic and kinetic study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 88:379-85. [PMID: 689023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Bennett V. Purification of an active proteolytic fragment of the membrane attachment site for human erythrocyte spectrin. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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47
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Weidekamm E, Brdiczka B, Wildermuth M. Phospholipid composition of human erythrocyte spectrin. Mol Biol Rep 1978; 4:25-8. [PMID: 642938 DOI: 10.1007/bf00775176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human erythrocyte spectrin, which has been extracted at low ionic strength and precipitated at pH 5.1, contains 0.025 mumoles phospholipid/mg protein. The composition of the spectrin-phospholipids differs from that of the erythrocyte membrane. A remarkable similarity was found between the composition of the "available" phospholipids of the inner leaflet of the membrane bilayer and the spectrin-associated phospholipids. Rebinding studies with 125I-labeled spectrin show that the labeled spectrin binds preferentially to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and that this binding is influenced by protein perturbations.
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48
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Kirkpatrick FH, Rose DJ, La Celle P. Spectrin band 1 and 2 are antigenically distinct and are not composed of subunits. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 186:1-8. [PMID: 75713 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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50
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Goodman SR, Branton D. Spectrin binding and the control of membrane protein mobility. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1978; 8:455-63. [PMID: 723278 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400080408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane proteins of the human erythrocyte show restricted in-plane mobility. Many of the restrictions on mobility are attributable to the molecules of spectrin which are located on the protoplasmic surface of the erythrocyte membrane. These molecules are elongate, form end-to-end heterodimer associations, and bind selectively to protein (or proteins) accessible on inside-out, but not right-side out, membrane vesicles.
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