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Krejčí P, Cechová MZ, Nádvorníková J, Barták P, Kobrlová L, Balarynová J, Smýkal P, Bednář P. Combination of electronically driven micromanipulation with laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry – The unique tool for analysis of seed coat layers and revealing the mystery of seed dormancy. Talanta 2022; 242:123303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Si Y, Khanal BP, Sauheitl L, Knoche M. Cutin Synthesis in Developing, Field-Grown Apple Fruit Examined by External Feeding of Labelled Precursors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:497. [PMID: 33807966 PMCID: PMC8000455 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An intact skin is essential in high-quality apples. Ongoing deposition of cuticular material during fruit development may decrease microcracking. Our objective was to establish a system for quantifying cutin and wax deposition in developing apple fruit. Oleic acid (13C and 14C labelled) and palmitic acid (14C labelled) were fed to developing apples and the amounts incorporated in the cutin and wax fractions were quantified. The incorporation of 14C oleic acid (C18) was significantly higher than that of 14C palmitic acid (C16) and the incorporation in the cutin fraction exceeded that in the wax fraction. The amount of precursor incorporated in the cutin increased asymptotically with time, but the amount in the wax fraction remained about constant. Increasing the concentration of the precursor applied generally increased incorporation. Incorporation in the cutin fraction was high during early development (43 days after full bloom) and decreased towards maturity. Incorporation was higher from a dilute donor solution (infinite dose feeding) than from a donor solution subjected to drying (finite dose feeding) or from perfusion of the precursor by injection. Feeding the skin of a developing apple with oleic acid resulted in significant incorporation in the cutin fraction under both laboratory and field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Si
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.S.); (B.P.K.)
| | - Bishnu P. Khanal
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.S.); (B.P.K.)
| | - Leopold Sauheitl
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.S.); (B.P.K.)
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Rani SH, Krishna THA, Saha S, Negi AS, Rajasekharan R. Defective in cuticular ridges (DCR) of Arabidopsis thaliana, a gene associated with surface cutin formation, encodes a soluble diacylglycerol acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:38337-47. [PMID: 20921218 PMCID: PMC2992267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.133116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in the triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthetic pathway is the final acylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by DAG acyltransferase. In silico analysis has revealed that the DCR (defective in cuticular ridges) (At5g23940) gene has a typical HX(4)D acyltransferase motif at the N-terminal end and a lipid binding motif VX(2)GF at the middle of the sequence. To understand the biochemical function, the gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified recombinant protein was found to acylate DAG specifically in an acyl-CoA-dependent manner. Overexpression of At5g23940 in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae quadruple mutant deficient in DAG acyltransferases resulted in TAG accumulation. At5g23940 rescued the growth of this quadruple mutant in the oleate-containing medium, whereas empty vector control did not. Lipid particles were localized in the cytosol of At5g23940-transformed quadruple mutant cells, as observed by oil red O staining. There was an incorporation of 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid into TAG in At5g23940-transformed cells of quadruple mutant. Here we report a soluble acyl-CoA-dependent DAG acyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Taken together, these data suggest that a broad specific DAG acyltransferase may be involved in the cutin as well as in the TAG biosynthesis by supplying hydroxy fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapa Hima Rani
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India and
| | - T. H. Anantha Krishna
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India and
| | - Saikat Saha
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India and
| | - Arvind Singh Negi
- the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 220015, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 220015, India
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Bonaventure G, Beisson F, Ohlrogge J, Pollard M. Analysis of the aliphatic monomer composition of polyesters associated with Arabidopsis epidermis: occurrence of octadeca-cis-6, cis-9-diene-1,18-dioate as the major component. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 40:920-30. [PMID: 15584957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the surface waxes from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and stems have been thoroughly characterized, the monomer composition of the polyesters of the cuticular membrane has not been analyzed. Delipidated Arabidopsis leaves or stems, when depolymerized under conditions to cleave polyesters, produced typical omega-hydroxy fatty acid cutin monomers such as 16-hydroxy-palmitate, 10,16-dihydroxy-palmitate and 18-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy-stearate. However, the major monomer was octadeca-cis-6, cis-9-diene-1,18-dioate, with lesser amounts of octadec-cis-9-ene-1,18-dioate and hexadeca-1,16-dioate. These dicarboxylates were found predominantly in epidermal peels from Arabidopsis stems and are therefore likely to be associated with the cuticular membrane. They were also found in analyses of canola leaves but were absent in tomato and apple fruit cutins. In the fad2-1 mutant line of Arabidopsis, which has reduced levels of linoleate and linolenate and elevated oleate in cytosolic phospholipids, the amount of octadeca-cis-6, cis-9-diene-1,18-dioate was 50% reduced, with a concomitant increase in octadec-cis-9-ene-1,18-dioate. In a fatb-ko line of Arabidopsis, where the availability of cytosolic palmitate is impaired, there was an 80% loss of C16 monomers and a compensating increase in C18 monomers. The presence of substantial amounts of dicarboxylates in cuticular membranes is unexpected. High amounts of aliphatic dicarboxylates are usually considered as an indicator of suberin, and are reported only as very minor components of cutin. The high level of polyunsaturation is also unusual in cuticles; saturated fatty acid monomers usually predominate, with lesser amounts of monounsaturates. These novel findings for Arabidopsis demonstrate that a broad range of monomer compositions are possible for polyesters of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bonaventure
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA
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Abstract
Polyesters occur in higher plants as the structural component of the cuticle that covers the aerial parts of plants. This insoluble polymer, called cutin, attached to the epidermal cell walls is composed of interesterified hydroxy and hydroxy epoxy fatty acids. The most common chief monomers are 10,16-dihydroxy C16 acid, 18-hydroxy-9,10 epoxy C18 acid, and 9,10,18-trihydroxy C18 acid. These monomers are produced in the epidermal cells by omega hydroxylation, in-chain hydroxylation, epoxidation catalyzed by P450-type mixed function oxidase, and epoxide hydration. The monomer acyl groups are transferred to hydroxyl groups in the growing polymer at the extracellular location. The other type of polyester found in the plants is suberin, a polymeric material deposited in the cell walls of a layer or two of cells when a plant needs to erect a barrier as a result of physical or biological stress from the environment, or during development. Suberin is composed of aromatic domains derived from cinnamic acid, and aliphatic polyester domains derived from C16 and C18 cellular fatty acids and their elongation products. The polyesters can be hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase and cutinase, a polyesterase produced by bacteria and fungi. Catalysis by cutinase involves the active serine catalytic triad. The major function of the polyester in plants is as a protective barrier against physical, chemical, and biological factors in the environment, including pathogens. Transcriptional regulation of cutinase gene in fungal pathogens is being elucidated at a molecular level. The polyesters present in agricultural waste may be used to produce high value polymers, and genetic engineering might be used to produce large quantities of such polymers in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Kolattukudy
- Ohio State University, 206 Rightmire Hall, 1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Salaün JP, Helvig C. Cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation of fatty acids. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 1995; 12:261-83. [PMID: 8820856 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.1995.12.3-4.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases from plants catalyse in-chain and omega hydroxylation as well as epoxidation of medium- and long-chain fatty acids. Recent research efforts have clarified that there are multiple forms of cytochrome P450 involved in these reactions, each of which possesses distinguishable substrate specificity. The biological roles of these distinct P450 forms are poorly understood. However, evidence suggests that some may play an important role in the biosynthesis of plant cuticles. We review current knowledge on the induction and inhibition of activities as well as the regio- and stereo-specificity of the distinct forms so far characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Salaün
- Département d'Enzymologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR 406, Strasbourg, France
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Kolattukudy PE, Espelie KE. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Function of Suberin and Associated Waxes. NATURAL PRODUCTS OF WOODY PLANTS 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74075-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
Cutin, a biopolyester composed of hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids, is the barrier between the aerial parts of higher plants and their environment. Suberin a polymer containing aromatics and polyesters, functions as a barrier in underground parts, wound surfaces, and a variety of internal organs. The composition and probable structure of these polymers are discussed. The biosynthesis of the hydroxy, epoxy, and dicarboxylic acids of the polyesters from the common cellular fatty acids is elucidated. An extracellular enzyme transfers the hydroxy and epoxyacyl moieties from their coenzyme A derivatives to the growing polyester. The enzymes acting in the biodegradation of the polyesters have been isolated from fungi, pollen, and mammals and characterized. The function and possible practical implications of these polyester barriers are briefly discussed.
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Soliday CL, Kolattukudy PE. Midchain hydroxylation of 16-hydroxypalmitic acid by the endoplasmic reticulum fraction from germinating Vicia faba. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 188:338-47. [PMID: 28088 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(78)80018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Croteau R, Kolattukudy PE. Biosynthesis of hydroxyfatty acid polymers. Enzymatic epoxidation of 18-hydroxyoleic acid to 18-hydroxy-cis-9,10-epoxystearic acid by a particulate preparation from spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 170:61-72. [PMID: 240325 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Croteau R, Kolattukudy PE. Direct evidence for the involvement of epoxide intermediates in the biosynthesis of the C18 family of cutin acids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 162:471-80. [PMID: 4366368 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Unusual Fatty Acids in Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-612408-8.50015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kolattukudy PE, Walton TJ, Kushwaha RP. Biosynthesis of the C18 family of cutin acids: omega-hydroxyoleic acid, omega-hydroxy-9,10-epoxystearic acid, 9,10,18-trihydroxystearic acid, and their delta12-unsaturated analogs. Biochemistry 1973; 12:4488-98. [PMID: 4356240 DOI: 10.1021/bi00746a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Croteau R, Kolattukudy PE. Enzymatic synthesis of a hydroxy fatty acid polymer, cutin, by a particulate preparation from Vicia faba epidermis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 52:863-9. [PMID: 4710568 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)91017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kolattukudy PE, Buckner JS, Liu TY. Biosynthesis of secondary alcohols and ketones from alkanes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 156:613-20. [PMID: 4718785 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kolattukudy PE, Walton TJ. The biochemistry of plant cuticular lipids. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1973; 13:119-75. [PMID: 4602868 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(73)90006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kolattukudy PE, Walton TJ. Structure and biosynthesis of the hydroxy fatty acids of cutin in Vicia faba leaves. Biochemistry 1972; 11:1897-907. [PMID: 5025632 DOI: 10.1021/bi00760a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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