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Prod'homme D, Le Panse S, Drugeon G, Jupin I. Detection and subcellular localization of the turnip yellow mosaic virus 66K replication protein in infected cells. Virology 2001; 281:88-101. [PMID: 11222099 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) encodes a 206-kDa (206K) polyprotein with domains of methyltransferase, proteinase, NTPase/helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In vitro, the 206K protein has been shown to undergo proteolytic processing, giving rise to the synthesis of 140-kDa (140K) and 66-kDa (66K) proteins, the latter comprising the RdRp protein domain. Antibodies were raised against the 66K protein and were used to detect the corresponding viral protein in infected cells; both leaf tissues and protoplasts were examined. The antiserum specifically recognized a protein of approximately 66 kDa, indicating that the cleavage observed in vitro is also functional in vivo. The 66K protein accumulates transiently during protoplast infection and localizes to cellular membrane fractions. Indirect immunofluorescence assays and electron microscopy of immunogold-decorated ultrathin sections of infected leaf tissue using anti-66K-specific antibody revealed labeling of membrane vesicles located at the chloroplast envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Prod'homme
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, CNRS, Universités Paris 6-Paris 7, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Smirnyagina EV, Morozov SY, Rodionova NP, Miroshnichenko NA, Solovev AG, Fedorkin ON, Atabekov JG. Translational efficiency and competitive ability of mRNAs with 5'-untranslated alpha beta-leader of potato virus X RNA. Biochimie 1991; 73:587-98. [PMID: 1764504 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(91)90027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The 5'-untranslated leader sequence of potato virus X (PVX) RNA (63 nucleotides apart from cap-structure) consists of two sub-sequences referred to as alpha-sequence (41 nucleotides with no G) and beta-sequence (42 nucleotides upstream from the first AUG). Computer-based folding predictions suggest that the 5'-proximal region of alpha beta-leader is unstructured. The second structural feature of alpha beta-leader is the presence of the sequences apparently complementary to the 3'-terminal region of 18S rRNA. The alpha beta-leader has been shown to strongly enhance the translation of the contiguous foreign gene (NPT1) transcripts in cell-free translation systems from rabbit reticulocytes (RRL), wheat germ (WG) and Krebs-2 ascite cell extract (KA). In competitive translation PVX, RNA strongly inhibited tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA, in RRL and WG systems. No competition occurred between PVX and TMV RNAs in KA system. There was no correlation between the translational efficiency and competitive ability of PVX RNA in different cell-free translation systems. The competitive ability did not solely depend on the presence of alpha beta-leader in mRNA. We present evidence to suggest that alpha beta-leader together with about 150 bases of the coding sequence is responsible for the translation competitive ability of PVX RNA.
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Morch MD, Drugeon G, Szafranski P, Haenni AL. Proteolytic origin of the 150-kilodalton protein encoded by turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic RNA. J Virol 1989; 63:5153-8. [PMID: 2685354 PMCID: PMC251178 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5153-5158.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic RNA codes in vitro for two overlapping proteins, 150-kilodalton (150K protein) and 206-kilodalton (206K protein) proteins. The proteolytic maturation known to affect the 206K protein has been further characterized by in vitro translation assays in a reticulocyte lysate or wheat germ extract. Cleavage is inhibited at 37 degrees C and restored when the temperature is shifted to 30 or 25 degrees C. Temperature shift experiments are used here to demonstrate that the 150K protein and the previously characterized 78K protein are the two fragments resulting from a primary cleavage phenomenon that affects the 206K protein in a cotranslational manner under usual translation conditions. This processing is prevented by several cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Morch
- Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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Morch MD, Boyer JC, Haenni AL. Overlapping open reading frames revealed by complete nucleotide sequencing of turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16:6157-73. [PMID: 3399388 PMCID: PMC336854 DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.13.6157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) genomic RNA has been determined on a set of overlapping cDNA clones using a sequential sequencing strategy. The RNA is 6318 nucleotides long, excluding the cap structure. The genome organization deduced from the sequence confirms previous results of in vitro translation. A novel open reading frame (ORF) putatively encoding a Pro-rich and very basic 69K (K = kilodalton) protein is detected at the 5' end of the genome. It is initiated at the first AUG codon on the RNA and overlaps the major ORF that encodes the non structural 206K (previously referred to as 195K) protein of TYMV; its function is unknown. Several amino acid consensus sequences already described among plant and animal viruses are also found in the TYMV-encoded polypeptides. A comparison with other viruses whose RNA sequence is known leads to the conclusion that TYMV belongs to the "Sindbis-like" supergroup of viruses and could be related to Semliki forest virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Morch
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS-Université Paris VII, Paris, France
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Browning KS, Lax SR, Humphreys J, Ravel JM, Jobling SA, Gehrke L. Evidence that the 5′-untranslated leader of mRNA affects the requirement for wheat germ initiation factors 4A, 4F, and 4G. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Dougherty WG. Analysis of viral RNA isolated from tobacco leaf tissue infected with tobacco etch virus. Virology 1983; 131:473-81. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/1983] [Accepted: 09/15/1983] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Morch MD, Zagórski W, Haenni AL. Proteolytic maturation of the turnip-yellow-mosaic-virus polyprotein coded in vitro occurs by internal catalysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 127:259-65. [PMID: 7140768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The genomic RNA of turnip yellow mosaic virus is translated in vitro into two major high-molecular-weight proteins, the larger of which (Mr 195 000) undergoes post-translational cleavage. The mechanism of formation of the primary cleavage products (Mr 120 000 and Mr 78 000) of the 195 000-Mr protein has been examined. The fact that cleavage partly occurs at a rate insensitive to dilution of the 195 000-Mr protein is suggestive of an intramolecular mechanism of proteolytic maturation.
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Analysis of the in vitro coding properties of the 3′ region of turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic RNA. Virology 1982; 119:193-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1981] [Accepted: 02/03/1982] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
This paper presents evidence derived from the selective use of codons in ca. 40 eukaryotic genes (or messages derived from them) that codon usage is one of the most conserved features of messages for specific cell products. The theory has been developed by several investigations that the kinds of products of many if not most kinds of differentiated cells is determined by the pattern of translation abilities each cell possesses as it differentiates. A correllary of this thesis is that the groups of code words used for products of specific cell types, INDEPENDENTLY OF THE SPECIES INVOLVED, should exclude specific kinds of code words in one cell type and not another. To test this thesis, the specific frequency of codon usage and non-usage has been collated from the recently published literature and subjected to appropriate computer analysis. We find that: (1) certain codons are not used at all in any message for globins; (2) the pattern of codon usage is characteristic of specific products from specific embryonic derivatives, e.g. erythrocytes; (3) that certain code words are discriminated against generally in nearly all vertebrate cell messages evaluated; and (4) that the cell type from which a message is derived can be identified, at least in the case of 9 globin messages derived from species separated by millions of generations, purely on the basis of codon usage. From these studies it can be inferred that some evolutionary factor prevents the use of "forbidden" code words in specific kinds of cells. We propose that this factor derives from the fact that a "silent" mutation to a code word which is untranslatable by a differentiated cell will be lethal in the homozygous condition and that the thesis that so-called "codon restriction" is an important determinative factor in limiting what differentiating cells can synthesize in many kinds of developing cells explains the available evidence more adequately than alternative theories.
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Kozak M. Mechanism of mRNA recognition by eukaryotic ribosomes during initiation of protein synthesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1981; 93:81-123. [PMID: 7026182 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-68123-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lightfoot D, Clark R, Desjardins PR. Genomic fragments of turnip yellow mosaic virus: appearance during infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 96:1472-9. [PMID: 7004442 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)91340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Asselbergs FA, Meulenberg E, van Venrooij WJ, Bloemendal H. Preferential translation of mRNAs in an mRNA-dependent reticulocyte lysate. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 109:159-65. [PMID: 7408873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA competition experiments were performed in an mRNA-dependent reticulocyte lysate using three kinds of mRNA: rabbit globin mRNA, calf eye lens mRNA and RNA of turnip yellow mosaic virus. Our results indicate that at supersaturating concentrations of mRNA preferential translation of certain mRNA species can be observed. Furthermore, the pattern of mRNA selection by the translational apparatus suggests that the rate of translation of different mRNA species is limited by different components of the reticulocyte lysate. Our observations n the cell-free system are strikingly different from our previously published mRNA competition experiments in Xenopus oocytes using the same preparations of lens and globin mRNA, in which no selective translation was observed [Asselbergs et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 94, 249-254 (1979)]. The restraints on mRNA translation in vitro are apparently different from those in vivo, i.e. in oocytes.
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Morch MD, Benicourt C. Post-Translational Proteolytic Cleavage of In Vitro-Synthesized Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus RNA-Coded High-Molecular-Weight Proteins. J Virol 1980; 34:85-94. [PMID: 16789193 PMCID: PMC288673 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.34.1.85-94.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a reticulocyte lysate, turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic RNA directs the synthesis of two proteins with molecular weights of 150,000 (150K) and 195K. We present evidence that the larger protein is processed in vitro, after its completion, in at least three fragments. The NH
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-terminal fragment (82K) and the COOH-terminal fragment (78K) have been well characterized by different methods. The fact that the 150K protein is not cleaved in vitro, although it contains the regions that are processed in the 195K protein, could be of fundamental biological significance for the expression of the viral genes: a single polypeptide chain could be processed in several ways, leading to different peptides with distinct biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Morch
- Laboratoire de Biochimie du Développement, Institut de Recherches en Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Paris VII, 75221 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Morch MD, Benicourt C. Polyamines stimulate suppression of amber termination codons in vitro by normal tRNAs. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 105:445-51. [PMID: 7371642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines, such as spermine and spermidine, are able to stimulate reading of amber termination codons on viral messenger RNAs in vitro. This phenomenon is not due to an overall increase of error frequency during translation, but to a specific effect on a normal tRNA that is present in various eukaryotic cell preparations. The enhancement of reading of termination codons by normal tRNAs should be of major importance for the expression of specific genes in eukaryotic cells.
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Wodnar-Filipowicz A, Skrzeczkowski LJ, Filipowicz W. Translation of potato virus X RNA into high molecular weight proteins. FEBS Lett 1980; 109:151-5. [PMID: 7353627 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)81331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Translational studies with turnip yellow mosaic virus RNAs isolated from major and minor virus particles. Virology 1979; 96:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/1979] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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