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Zwickler T, Riderer A, Haege G, Hoffmann GF, Kölker S, Burgard P. Usefulness of biochemical parameters in decision-making on the start of emergency treatment in patients with propionic acidemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:31-7. [PMID: 23797949 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent acute and life-threatening metabolic decompensations are thought to be the major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with propionic acidemia (PA). Since metabolic decompensations in these patients usually develop gradually, there is considerable uncertainty about the beginning and when emergency treatment should be initiated. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of biochemical parameters for improving decision-making on the start of emergency treatment. METHODS We analysed data of 16 PA patients continuously followed in our centre. Metabolic decompensation was defined clinically by the occurrence of at least one of three alarming symptoms: vomiting, food refusal or impaired consciousness. Thirty-eight biochemical parameters were analysed. RESULTS A total of 259 metabolic decompensations were documented and compared with 625 routine visits. Among the symptoms used to clinically define metabolic decompensations, vomiting was most frequent (87 %). In total, 19 biochemical parameters differentiated between metabolic decompensations and routine visits. Among them ammonia, acid-base balance and anion gap were most reliable to identify a metabolic decompensation, and to estimate its severity. A comparative analysis of patients with PA and methylmalonic acidemia during metabolic decompensation showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS Ammonia, acid-base balance and anion gap are important biochemical parameters to identify an (impending) metabolic decompensation and to assess its severity in PA patients. The identified biochemical parameters should be integrated in an algorithm for clinical decision-making on emergency treatment and should be tested in a prospective trial.
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Noro M, Bertinat R, Yañez A, Slebe J, Wittwer F. Non-protein nitrogen supplementation increases gluconeogenic capacity in sheep. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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A GC/MS-based metabolomic approach for diagnosing citrin deficiency. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1881-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Younes H, Alphonse JC, Hadj-Abdelkader M, Rémésy C. Fermentable carbohydrate and digestive nitrogen excretion. J Ren Nutr 2001; 11:139-48. [PMID: 11466664 DOI: 10.1053/jren.2001.24359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions that restrict protein intake lower plasma urea concentration and may slow the progression of renal failure. The question arises whether the effect of a dietary protein restriction could be reinforced by enrichment of the diet with fermentable carbohydrate because these carbohydrates may stimulate the extra-renal route of nitrogen (N) excretion through the digestive route. METHODS The influence of fermentable carbohydrate and moderate protein restriction on N metabolism was investigated in a rat model of renal failure with ablation of 70% of renal mass compared with control rats with intact kidneys. Animals were adapted to diets varying with respect to nondigestible fermentable carbohydrate (0% or 10% fructooligosaccharide [FOS]) and with respect to protein content (10% or 18% casein). RESULTS Feeding FOS led to a considerable enlargement of the cecum (increase in contents, wall thickness, and blood flow). These changes resulted in a concomitant enhancement of urea N uptake into the cecum and a decrease in plasma urea concentration (-30%). The extent of urea uptake by the cecum was influenced by plasma urea level that was determined by the dietary protein level and by the renal function. Thus, compared with control rats, the rate of urea uptake by the cecum and the total N excreted by the uremic rats was greater under all nutritional conditions. It is noteworthy that, when expressed as a percentage of total N excretion, fecal N excretion nearly doubled in rats adapted to the low-protein diets containing FOS. These effects occurred in both control rats and in uremic rats, in which a 22% decrease in urinary N was recorded as a result of FOS in addition to the low-protein diet. Globally, decreasing the amount of protein in the diet and adding a fermentable carbohydrate led to a decrease in urinary N excretion of more than 65% in uremic rats. CONCLUSION These results suggest a possible usefulness for combining fermentable carbohydrate, such as FOS, with a low-protein diet to increase N excretion through the digestive route in detriment of the renal route. This may represent an efficient preventive measure to relieve the renal function in case of renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Younes
- Service de Néphrologie, Pr. DETEIX, Unité d'Hémodialyse Adulte, Hôtel Dieu, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Tuchman M, Yudkoff M. Blood levels of ammonia and nitrogen scavenging amino acids in patients with inherited hyperammonemia. Mol Genet Metab 1999; 66:10-5. [PMID: 9973542 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.1998.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of glutamine (456 determinations), alanine (434 determinations), and asparagine (431 determinations) and corresponding ammonia levels (260 determinations) were retrospectively analyzed in 30 patients with hyperammonemia secondary to urea cycle disorders (including 3 patients with amino acid transport defects) and 5 patients with propionic acidemia (PA). All patients had elevated glutamine levels on one or more testing except for 2 patients with severe PA and 1 patient with a mild urea cycle disorder. All but 4 patients with urea cycle disorders showed a maximal glutamine level higher than 100 micromol/dl, and 3 patients had a maximal glutamine level of higher than 200 micromol/dl. The only exceptions were 2 asymptomatic ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)-deficient females, 1 male with mild OTC deficiency, and 1 patient with citrullinemia (CIT) whose plasma glutamine levels were never above 100 micromol/L. Patients with CIT and argininosuccinic aciduria (ASA) showed statistically significant lower levels of glutamine than patients with other urea cycle disorders. However, the maximal glutamine level did not directly correlate with severity of the disorder and within disorders correlated inversely with severity of outcome. Patients with PA showed statistically significant lower glutamine, alanine, and asparagine levels than patients with urea cycle disorders and the severity of this disorder correlated inversely with plasma glutamine levels. Plasma ammonia levels showed a positive correlation with glutamine in patients with carbamyl phosphate synthetase I and OTC deficiency and a negative correlation in patients with PA. Although, most patients also showed elevated levels of alanine and asparagine, their levels generally did not show a good correlation with glutamine (R2 = 0.25 and 0.34, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tuchman
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Lobley
- Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen
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Bödeker D, Martens H. Elevated urinary excretion of orotic acid in sheep caused by intraruminal infusion of sodium propionate. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 102:231-4. [PMID: 1617933 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of sodium propionate on urinary excretion of orotic acid was investigated. 2. Solutions containing sodium propionate or NaCl, 750 mM/day each, were continuously infused into the rumen for 10 days. 3. During NaCl infusion, an urinary orotic acid excretion of 290 +/- 80 micrograms/day was noted. The intraruminal infusion of sodium propionate raised the concentration of propionic acid in the rumen fluid from 14.0 +/- 0.9 to 26.9 +/- 1.9 mM. 4. During this experimental period the excretion of orotic acid via urine significantly increased to 492 +/- 30 micrograms/day. Parameters of nitrogen balance were not altered by propionate. 5. It is suggested that the site of propionate action in intact sheep is in the pyrimidine synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bödeker
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Demigné C, Yacoub C, Morand C, Rémésy C. Interactions between propionate and amino acid metabolism in isolated sheep hepatocytes. Br J Nutr 1991; 65:301-17. [PMID: 2043606 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19910088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of various substrates to glucose synthesis in isolated sheep hepatocytes, and more specifically to quantify the contribution of propionate to gluconeogenesis. Liver cells from fed sheep have a very high capacity for propionate utilization and conversion into glucose. The gluogenicity of lactate or amino acids was very low in hepatocytes from fed sheep, but was significantly increased in hepatocytes from starved animals. Amino acids such as alanine or glutamine were characterized by a substantial utilization towards ureogenesis; whereas their conversion to glucose was very low. Propionate utilization and conversion into glucose was inhibited by butyrate, ammonia and especially ethanol (by up to 80%). Ethanol promoted a striking accumulation of intracellular malate in hepatocytes incubated with propionate (reaching 14.9 mumol/g cell) and led to a depletion of phosphoenolpyruvate; ethanol inhibition could be counteracted by pyruvate. Propionate and butyrate enhanced ureogenesis from ammonia in ruminant liver cells but their effects were not additive. Propionate also elicited a marked increase in cellular concentrations of phosphoserine and serine, particularly in the presence of ammonia; such effects could influence phospholipid metabolism in the liver. These findings emphasize the contribution of propionate, compared with the other glucogenic substrates, to glucose synthesis in ruminants and point to the possibilities of modulation of the glucogenicity of propionate by various substrates which may be present in portal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Demigné
- INRA Laboratoire des Maladies Metaboliques, Centre de Recherches, Ceyrat, France
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Garwacki S, Wiechetek M, Karlik W, Souffrant WB, Krawielitzki K. Effect of propionate on the utilization of nitrogen from 15NH4Cl for urea synthesis in hepatocytes isolated from sheep liver. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 22:1185-8. [PMID: 2289624 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(90)90119-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of ornithine (2.0 mM) and propionate (5.0 mM) on the utilization of N from 15NH4Cl (5.0 mM) for urea synthesis in hepatocytes isolated from sheep liver was investigated. 2. The capacity of sheep hepatocytes to utilize [15N]ammonia in the absence of the other exogenous substrates was very low and amounted 132 +/- 37.3 mumol/hr per 1 g dry wt. 3. Ornithine failed to affect the total [15N]ammonia uptake and total urea synthesis, but at the same time it markedly increased the utilization of [15N]ammonia for ureagenesis and diminished the rate of urea synthesis from endogenous sources. 4. Propionate markedly increased total [15N]ammonia utilization and total urea formation; this increase resulted from the rise of ammonia utilization for urea synthesis and it was similar in the presence or absence of ornithine. 5. The capacity of sheep liver cells to utilize ammonia in the presence of propionate (in the presence or absence of ornithine) amounted to 256 mumol/hr per 1 g dry wt, thus being similar to the values in vivo. 6. It is concluded that in sheep hepatocytes both ornithine and propionate stimulate the utilization of ammonia for urea synthesis and these effects take place independently and occur by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garwacki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Poland
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Orzechowski A, Motyl T. Metabolism of propionate and ammonia in isolated sheep liver mitochondria. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1989.tb00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Saheki T, Kobayashi K, Inoue I. Hereditary disorders of the urea cycle in man: biochemical and molecular approaches. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 108:21-68. [PMID: 3306877 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0034071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Rabier D, Briand P, Petit F, Kamoun P, Cathelineau L. Effects of organic acids on the synthesis of citrulline by intact rat liver mitochondria. Biochimie 1986; 68:639-47. [PMID: 2873843 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(86)80158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Citrulline synthesis, mostly regulated at the carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I (EC 6.3.4.16) step by the intramitochondrial concentration of ATP and/or N-acetylglutamate is tested with four organic acids: propionate, alpha-ketobutyrate, dipropyl-acetate and 4-pentenoate. In the presence of 10 mM succinate, as the oxidizable substrate, citrullinogenesis was only inhibited by propionate and 4-pentenoate. With 10 mM L-glutamate, a significant inhibition was observed with the four acids. After the addition of ATP and N-acetylglutamate to uncoupled mitochondria, no inhibition could be demonstrated with dipropylacetate and 4-pentenoate. However, a slight inhibition remained with propionate and alpha-ketobutyrate. When mitochondria were incubated with 10 mM L-glutamate, ATP decreased with propionate, dipropylacetate and 4-pentenoate. Under the same conditions, N-acetylglutamate synthesis was strongly inhibited by each organic acid. The decrease of N-acetylglutamate synthesis was related to the constant diminution of intramitochondrial acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and to the increase of propionyl-CoA with propionate and alpha-ketobutyrate. Acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA are respectively substrate and competitive inhibitor of the N-acetylglutamate synthase (EC 2.3.1.1). Each acid displayed its optimum inhibition at concentrations between 1 and 2 mM. At these acid concentrations, mitochondria had the lowest acetyl-CoA content and the highest propionyl-CoA content.
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Demigné C, Yacoub C, Rémésy C, Fafournoux P. Propionate and butyrate metabolism in rat or sheep hepatocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 875:535-42. [PMID: 3947657 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(86)90074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The capacities of isolated hepatocytes to metabolize volatile fatty acids have been compared in rat and sheep hepatocytes. In both species, acetate utilization in vitro was quite limited. Significant species differences for propionate and butyrate consumption were found: propionate utilization by rat hepatocytes was relatively limited and plateaued at about 0.8-1.0 mM, whereas butyrate utilization was approx. 2-times higher. In contrast, ruminant hepatocytes exhibited a lower rate of butyrate utilization, but propionate metabolism was much more active than in rat liver cells. With relatively low concentrations of substrates (max. 2 mM), only propionate, compared to lactate or alanine, had a significant glucogenicity with hepatocytes from fed sheep. In both species, butyrate inhibited propionate consumption, although to a larger extent in sheep. The conversion of [2-14C]propionate to glucose by sheep hepatocytes was inhibited by 2 mM butyrate (60%) or ammonia (30%); 1 mM oleate or 10 mM glucose were ineffective. The basal rate of ammonia utilization by sheep hepatocytes was much lower than in rat and was unaffected upon addition of ornithine. Ammonia metabolism was markedly enhanced by butyrate and, in contrast to rat liver cells, also by propionate.
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Fico ME, Bonello J, Brown A, Milner JA. Influence of ammonia and arginine upon orotic acid and urea biosynthesis in human liver. Nutr Res 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(86)80118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fafournoux P, Rémésy C, Demigné C. Propionate transport in rat liver cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 818:73-80. [PMID: 4016114 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Propionate extraction by liver is generally in the range of 95%, which could depend on a transport process across the cell membrane. The study reports conditions in which [14C]propionate uptake can be measured with minimal interferences from metabolism. Propionate uptake by isolated hepatocytes was mediated by two components: a low-affinity component of limited physiological interest and a high-affinity (apparent Km about 0.15 mM) component. This last component displayed a high capacity but was not Na+-dependent nor concentrative. Propionate transport was not markedly affected by acetate, butyrate or other C3 glucogenic compounds; it was inhibited by halogenated monocarboxylates, monochloroacetate and 2-chloropropionate being the most potent. Classical inhibitors of anion transport and of functional-SH groups were ineffective. Propionate uptake was responsive to external pH: stimulated by acidic and depressed by alkaline pH. Hepatic uptake of propionate in vivo was practically quantitative up to 0.8-1.0 mM in afferent plasma, in keeping with the measured capacity of the high-affinity component. It is suggested that propionate uptake is essentially carrier mediated but this process should not be rate limiting for hepatic utilization in physiological conditions.
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Lutz WH, Geisbuhler TP, Pollack JD, McClung HJ, Merola AJ. Inhibition of citrulline synthesis by octanoate and its modulation by adenine nucleotides. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1985; 34:1-10. [PMID: 4052056 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(85)90055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver mitochondria from octanoate-treated rabbits showed an impaired ability to synthesize citrulline. Two methods were used to evaluate citrulline synthesis in rat liver mitochondria. Under these conditions octanoate inhibited citrulline synthesis by over 50%. When ATP was included in the assay medium the inhibitory effect of octanoate was prevented. In the absence of ATP in the suspending medium, octanoate did not significantly lower total adenine nucleotides in rat liver mitochondria. However, under these conditions octanoate caused a change in the adenine nucleotide profile such that ATP content was decreased and AMP content was increased. When ATP was present in the assay medium, octanoate caused a similar increase in AMP content. However, ATP decreased only slightly. The alterations in mitochondrial adenine nucleotide profile by octanoate and the reversal of the effect by exogenous ATP suggests that octanoate inhibits citrulline synthesis via reduced intramitochondrial ATP levels. The ability of octanoate to lower mitochondrial ATP and elevate mitochondrial AMP may be related to its intramitochondrial activation by the medium chain fatty acid activating enzyme.
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Rattenbury J, Kenwright A, Withers C, Shepherd D. Effect of propionic acid on urea synthesis by sheep liver. Res Vet Sci 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rabier D, Briand P, Coude FX, Petit F, Grimber G, Kamoun PP, Cathelineau L. Developmental changes of citrullinogenesis, mitochondrial N-acetylglutamate content and N-acetylglutamate synthetase in fetal and neonatal rats. Biochimie 1983; 65:1-6. [PMID: 6403054 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(83)80022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A low citrullinogenesis (less than 60 per cent of the adult value) was observed throughout the suckling period when mitochondria isolated from newborn rat liver were incubated in vitro with L-glutamate or succinate as oxidizable substrates. The adult value was reached after weaning. From birth to weaning, intact mitochondria synthesized more citrulline when supplemented with L-glutamate than with succinate. The low citrullinogenesis could not be explained by low carbamoylphosphate synthetase-I and ornithine transcarbamoylase activities that reached adult values at birth. The decreased citrullinogenesis seen for the first three days of life seemed to be related to the low intramitochondrial concentration of N-acetylglutamate, an activator of the carbamoylphosphate synthetase-I. The concentration of this activator did not differ from that reported for adult rat liver mitochondria after the fourth day of life. The discrepancy between the normal value of N-acetylglutamate concentration and the low activity of the N-acetylglutamate synthetase (15 to 30 per cent of the adult activity) is discussed on the basis of acetyl-CoA or L-glutamate availability in mitochondria isolated from newborn or young rats.
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Cathelineau L, Rabier D, Coudé FX. Acute glucagon treatment in rats fed various protein diets effect on n-acetyl glutamate concentration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 153:217-28. [PMID: 7164899 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6903-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Coudé FX, Rabier D, Cathelineau L, Grimber G, Parvy P, Kamoun P. A mechanism for valproate-induced hyperammonemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 153:153-61. [PMID: 6819763 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6903-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nyhan WL, Rubio V, Jordá A, Grisolia S, Gutierez F, Canosa C. Transient hyperammonemias in infants with and without organic acidemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 153:331-8. [PMID: 7164908 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6903-6_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Saudubray JM, Coudé FX, Ogier H, Cathelineau L, Briand P, Charpentier C. Hyperammonemia secondary to hereditary organic acidurias: a study of 29 cases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 153:135-40. [PMID: 7164893 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6903-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bachmann C, Colombo JP. Orotic acid in urine and hyperammonemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 153:313-9. [PMID: 7164906 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6903-6_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Cathelineau L, Briand P, Ogier H, Charpentier C, Coude FX, Saudubray JM. Occurrence of hyperammonemia in the course of 17 cases of methylmalonic acidemia. J Pediatr 1981; 99:279-80. [PMID: 7252694 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(81)80478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Cohen N, Cheung C, Raijman L. The effects of ornithine on mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate synthesis. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Stewart PM, Walser M. Failure of the normal ureagenic response to amino acids in organic acid-loaded rats. Proposed mechanism for the hyperammonemia of propionic and methylmalonic acidemia. J Clin Invest 1980; 66:484-92. [PMID: 7400325 PMCID: PMC371676 DOI: 10.1172/jci109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Propionic and methylmalonic acidemia are both known to be associated with hyperammonemia. Rats injected with 10 or 20 mmol/kg of propionate or 20 mmol/kg of methylmalonate, along with 1.5 g/kg of a mixture of amino acids, developed severe hyperammonemia, whereas rats administered the same dosages of acetate did not. In vitro, neither propionyl nor methylmalonyl CoA affected the activity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I, ornithine transcarbamylase, nor the activation constant (K(A)) of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I for N-acetyl glutamate. Furthermore, rats injected with propionate showed no alteration of liver amino acid concentrations, which could explain impaired ureagenesis. Animals injected with methylmalonate showed an increase in both citrulline and aspartate, suggesting that argininosuccinic acid synthetase may also have been inhibited. Liver ATP levels were unchanged. Citrullinogenesis, measured in intact mitochondria from livers of injected animals, was reduced 20-25% by 20 mmol/kg of propionate or methylmalonate (compared with acetate). This effect was attributable to an impairment in the normal rise of liver N-acetyl glutamate content after amino acid injection. Thus, carbamyl phosphate synthetase I activation was reduced. Liver levels of acetyl CoA and free CoA were reduced. Levels of unidentified acyl CoA derivatives rose, presumably reflecting the accumulation of propionyl and methylmalonyl CoA. Thus, the principal mechanism for hyperammonemia induced by these acids is depletion of liver N-acetyl glutamate, which is in turn attributable to depletion of acetyl CoA and/or competitive inhibition by propionyl and methylmalonyl CoA of N-acetyl glutamate synthetase. Injection of methylmalonate may also have an additional inhibitory effect on argininosuccinic acid synthetase.
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Bachmann C, Colombo JP. Diagnostic value of orotic acid excretion in heritable disorders of the urea cycle and in hyperammonemia due to organic acidurias. Eur J Pediatr 1980; 134:109-13. [PMID: 7439194 DOI: 10.1007/bf01846026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Orotic acid excretion in urine in increased in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, citrullinemia and argininemia; it is barely increased in argininosuccinic aciduria and normal in carbamylphosphate synthetase deficiency and in hyperammonemia due to organic aciduria. The determination of orotic acid excretion is useful in differentiating the cases of hyperammonemia and reduces the need for enzymatic assays on tissue biopsies for decisions on therapy. The data indicate that orotic acid does not merely reflect ammonia concentration in plasma, but depends on carbamylphosphate concentration. Arginine could play a key role in the regulation of ammonia detoxication.
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