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Oshima G. Effects of different heparins on the enhancement of the thrombin-antithrombin reaction. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1990; 371:37-42. [PMID: 2322419 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1990.371.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic analyses were made of the thrombin/antithrombin III (ATIII) reaction in the presence of catalytic amounts of three kinds of mammalian HA-heparin (bovine, pig and whale), which have the same affinities for ATIII. In the absence of NaCl, the first-order rate constant was higher with whale HA-heparin than with the other two HA-heparins. However, the strength of the interactions of thrombin with the HA-heparins was in the order, bovine greater than pig greater than whale. Thus, the slow reactions in the case of bovine and pig HA-heparins were probably due to preferential binding of the two HA-heparins to thrombin rather than to ATIII, thus causing the HA-heparins to be inhibitory for the reaction by reducing the turnover rates of the polysaccharides as catalysts. In the presence of 0.15M NaCl, the first-order rate constants were slightly higher in the case of pig HA-heparin than of the other two HA-heparins. Since the strength of the interactions of these HA-heparins with thrombin was in the order, pig greater than or equal to bovine greater than whale, the faster reactions were probably due to higher associations of the enzyme with the essential HA-heparin-ATIII complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Oshima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University Shirokane, Tokyo, Japan
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Peterson CB, Morgan WT, Blackburn MN. Histidine-rich glycoprotein modulation of the anticoagulant activity of heparin. Evidence for a mechanism involving competition with both antithrombin and thrombin for heparin binding. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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3
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Pieters J, Franssen J, Visch C, Lindhout T. Neutralization of heparin by prothrombin activation products. Thromb Res 1987; 45:573-80. [PMID: 3590093 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(87)90320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The neutralization of heparin by active site blocked meizothrombin and thrombin, prothrombin fragment 1.2, fragment 1 and fragment 2 was probed by the heparin-dependent factor Xa inactivation by antithrombin III (AT III). Meizothrombin had no effect on the inactivation of factor Xa, whereas thrombin had an inhibitory effect (IC50 = 700 nM). After factor Xa catalyzed cleavage of meizothrombin, the resulting products, prothrombin fragment 1.2 plus thrombin, did not show any heparin neutralizing properties. However, after isolation of the reaction products, both thrombin and prothrombin fragment 1.2 exhibited heparin neutralizing properties in the factor Xa inactivation reaction. The IC50-values were 700 nM and 100 nM, respectively. Prothrombin fragment 1, when present at 125 nM, caused a 50% reduction of the heparin-dependent rate of inactivation of factor Xa and prothrombin fragment 2 had no effect at all. From this we conclude that, in addition to the thrombin part of the prothrombin molecule, the fragment 1 region also exhibits a rather high affinity for heparin.
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Stoichiometric binding of heparin and dextran sulphate to thrombin for its inactivation by antithrombin III in the absence of chloride ion. Int J Biol Macromol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(87)90019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Latallo ZS, Jackson CM. Reaction of thrombins with human antithrombin III: II. Dependence of rate of inhibition on molecular form and origin of thrombin. Thromb Res 1986; 43:523-37. [PMID: 3755846 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(86)90072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rate of thrombin inhibition by AT III depends upon the molecular form (alpha, beta, gamma) and species origin of the enzyme. The following apparent second order rate constants (.1000/M.s) were established alpha human 11.24 +/- 0.8; alpha bovine 7.46 +/- 0.27; beta bovine 6.49 +/- 0.34 and gamma human thrombin 2.80 +/- 0.11, 25 degrees C, pH = 7.80, 0.01 M TRIS, 0.01 M HEPES buffer, 0.0025 M EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl, 1 mg/mL PEG 6000. Using these values, the concentration of active AT III in an unknown sample can be calculated from the measured apparent first order rate constant in moles/liter instead of relative units. In contrast to the reactions in the absence of heparin, in the presence of high affinity heparin, the differences between various forms of thrombin are more pronounced and the shape of the progress curves, as well as rates, are highly dependent on the ionic strength. In the presence of heparin, measurement of the rate of inhibition under pseudo first order conditions can be made only when the NaCl concentration is at least 0.3 M. The significance of the presented data for designing a functional assay of AT III is discussed.
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7
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Chapter 9A Inhibitors: antithrombin III and heparin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Harenberg J, Gnasso A, de Vries JX, Zimmermann R, Augustin J. Inhibition of low molecular weight heparin by protamine chloride in vivo. Thromb Res 1985; 38:11-20. [PMID: 4002198 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(85)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To determine the antagonization of anticoagulant and lipolytic effects of a low molecular weight [LMW] heparin preparation protamine chloride was given intravenously after i.v. injection of LMW or normal heparin. The effects of normal heparin on factor Xa, thrombin, aPTT, lipoprotein [LPL] and hepatic triglyceride lipase [HTGL] activities were neutralized immediately by i.v. protamine. The inhibition of thrombin and aPTT by LMW heparin were also abolished, whereas the effects on LPL and HTGL were counteracted to 80% and on factor Xa only to 40% by i.v. protamine chloride. No rebound of the anticoagulant or lipolytic effect was detected. It is assumed that haemorrhagic complication during therapy can be antagonized by protamine chloride. The incomplete inhibitory effect of protamine chloride on LPL, HTGL and factor Xa activities of LMW heparin indicate that protamine chloride requires more than 14 saccharide units in the heparin molecule for interaction.
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Pal PK, Starr T, Gertler MM. Catalytic and regulatory functions of N-bromosuccinimide-modified bovine thrombin. Thromb Res 1984; 36:293-303. [PMID: 6523442 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(84)90320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
At pH 4.1, bovine thrombin reacts rapidly with N-bromo-succinimide to yield modified enzyme containing oxidized tryptophan residue. Both fibrinogen clotting activity and esterase activity are reduced considerably when three moles of tryptophan residues per mole of thrombin are oxidized, but the Michaelis constants for synthetic substrates are not appreciably altered. Reaction of NBS also results in a decrease in the affinity of thrombin for heparin. The dissociation constant for heparin-thrombin complex is increased by 2.6-fold due to the modification of one tryptophan residue. However, the magnitude of the increase in the dissociation constant remains the same for modified enzymes containing approximately two or three oxidized tryptophan residues. The rate constant for the inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III is increased by 2.5-fold due to the modification of a single tryptophan residue. This increase in rate constant is not further amplified when more than one tryptophan residue is oxidized. In contrast, in the presence of heparin the rate of inactivation of modified and unmodified thrombins by antithrombin III are not significantly different. Thus, the heparin-sensitized inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III is affected by the modification of one tryptophan residue. Spectrophotometric titrations of the phenolic hydroxyl groups suggest that the structural environments of tyrosyl groups for both unmodified and modified thrombin containing one oxidized tryptophan residue, are similar. The temperature for half loss of catalytic activity of control and NBS-modified thrombin, containing one oxidized tryptophan, are 52 and 51.5 degrees C respectively. It appears that the one tryptophan residue of thrombin is situated at or close to the binding site of heparin.
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Involvement of heparin chain length in the heparin-catalyzed inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Pal PK, Gertler MM. The catalytic activity and physical properties of bovine thrombin in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. Thromb Res 1983; 29:175-85. [PMID: 6845275 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(83)90139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide produces an opposite effect on the esterase and amidase activities of bovine thrombin. The esterase activity is increased by two fold but the amidase activity is decreased to 9% of the initial activity in 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. The stimulation of the esterase activity is due to the change in Vmax rather than Km for the substrate p-Tosyl-L-Arginine methyl ester. The inhibition of the esterase activity of thrombin by NaCl is not affected due to the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide. Ki for NaCl, 0.03 M, is the same for both in the absence and in the presence of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. The catalytic activity of thrombin is inhibited by heparin. This effect is significantly decreased by dimethyl sulfoxide. The dissociation constant of heparin-thrombin complex, measured in the absence and in the presence of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide are 4 nM and 28 nM respectively. Thermal stability of thrombin, determined by monitoring catalytic activity, is increased in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. The enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of thrombin in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide reflects the contribution of more exposed tryptophanyl residues. The alteration of the conformation of the enzyme structure due to the perturbation of the aqueous medium by dimethyl sulfoxide, has been attributed to these observed effects.
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Bauer PI, Pozsgay M, Machovich R, Elödi P, Horváth I. The interaction of heparin with human plasmin. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 15:871-4. [PMID: 6222929 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(83)90161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
1. The interaction of heparin with human plasmin was investigated measuring plasmin activity and enzyme inactivation in the presence of heparin. Hydrolysis of synthetic substrates (H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA, H-D-Val-Phe-Lys-pNA and H-D-Pro-Phe-Lys-pNA) by plasmin was enhanced by heparin through an increase in kcat values. 2. This effect was the consequence of a change of Vmax since Km values were not altered in the presence of heparin. The polysaccharide also enhanced the rate of enzyme inactivation using TLCK as an active site blocking reagent. 3. Furthermore, heparin increased the heat sensitivity of plasmin, when synthetic substrate H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA was used but it did not affect enzyme activity towards N-benzoyl-L-arginine-ethylester substrate. 4. The data show that microenvironmental conformation around the active center of plasmin is influenced by heparin.
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Griffith MJ. The heparin-enhanced antithrombin III/thrombin reaction is saturable with respect to both thrombin and antithrombin III. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Griffith MJ. Kinetics of the heparin-enhanced antithrombin III/thrombin reaction. Evidence for a template model for the mechanism of action of heparin. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Busch C, Owen WG. Identification in vitro of an endothelial cell surface cofactor for antithrombin III. Parallel studies with isolated perfused rat hearts and microcarrier cultures of bovine endothelium. J Clin Invest 1982; 69:726-9. [PMID: 7061710 PMCID: PMC371032 DOI: 10.1172/jci110502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two in vitro systems were used to identify an antithrombin III cofactor activity on vascular endothelium. Langendorff rat heart preparations or columns packed with endothelium cultured on microcarrier beads were perfused with mixtures of purified thrombin and antithrombin III. With each preparation, accelerated inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III occurred during passage over endothelium. Platelet factor 4, protamine sulfate and diisopropylphosphoryl thrombin, all antagonists of the antithrombin III cofactor activity of heparin, significantly reduced the capacity of the preparation to inhibit thrombin. It is concluded that a substance with the functional properties of a stationary phase cofactor for antithrombin III is present on the microvascular endothelium and there catalyzes the inactivation of circulating free thrombin.
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Machovich R, Bauer PI, Arányi P, Kecskés E, Büki KG, Horváth I. Kinetic analysis of the heparin-enhanced plasmin--antithrombin III reaction. Apparent catalytic role of heparin. Biochem J 1981; 199:521-6. [PMID: 6462134 PMCID: PMC1163406 DOI: 10.1042/bj1990521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of plasmin by a 3-4-fold molar excess of antithrombin III follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and the apparent rate constants are proportional to the concentration of the inhibitor. Heparin accelerates the inactivation reaction without changing its pseudo-first-order character, and the apparent rate constants are also proportional to the concentration of the polysaccharide. Heparin results in a minimum 20-fold rate enhancement of the reaction between plasmin and antithrombin III when the concentrations of heparin and plasmin are approx. 0.5mum and 1mum respectively. Heparin at a molar concentration well below that of plasmin still accelerates the reaction: one molecule of the polysaccharide is able to facilitate the inactivation of about 100 molecules of plasmin. Heparin must bind to plasmin to accelerate the plasmin-antithrombin III reaction, since the modification of four to five lysine residues of the enzyme inhibits the rate-enhancement effect of heparin and the dissociation of heparin-plasmin complex decreases the inactivation rate of plasmin. Increasing the concentration of antithrombin III, at a constant amount of heparin, results in increase of the inactivation rate. By contrast, the effect of increasing the amount of plasmin in the presence of constant amount of heparin and antithrombin III is such that higher plasmin-to-heparin ratios are associated with lower rates of inactivation. It seems, therefore, that to obtain ;optimal' conditions for fast enzyme inactivation, the amount of heparin should be matched to plasmin rather than to antithrombin III. Arrhenius plots of the plasmin-antithrombin III reaction are linear both in the absence and presence of heparin, at concentrations of 1 or 2mug/ml, over a range of 26K. Under these experimental conditions, heparin increases activation entropy. The findings show that heparin seems to fulfil some criteria that are characteristic for biological catalysis: binding, reaction-rate enhancement (increasing activation entropy), recycling of heparin (effectiveness of non-stoichiometric amounts of the polysaccharide) and specificity.
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Lundblad RL, Roberts JC, Johnston DK, Featherstone GL, Griffith MJ. Acceleration by calcium of the inactivation of thrombin by plasma proteinase inhibitors. Thromb Res 1981; 22:135-46. [PMID: 7292436 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(81)90315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Smith GF, Sundboom JL. Heparin and protease inhibition. I. Heparin complexes with thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin. Thromb Res 1981; 22:103-14. [PMID: 6457413 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(81)90313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Smith GF, Sundboom JL. Heparin and protease inhibition. II. The role of heparin in the ATIII inactivation of thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin. Thromb Res 1981; 22:115-33. [PMID: 6457414 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(81)90314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Lollar P, Owen WG. Clearance of thrombin from circulation in rabbits by high-affinity binding sites on endothelium. Possible role in the inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III. J Clin Invest 1980; 66:1222-30. [PMID: 6255009 PMCID: PMC371606 DOI: 10.1172/jci109973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The clearance of (125)I-thrombin and diisopropylphosphoryl-(125)I-thrombin (DIP-thrombin) from the circulation in rabbits was studied. When given either intraarterially or intravenously, DIP-thrombin, which is active-site blocked, was approximately 90% cleared from the circulation by 1 min, the time of earliest sampling, indicating a large first-pass effect. DIP-thrombin given intravenously is found predominantly in the lungs, whereas DIP-thrombin injected into the aortic arch is distributed diffusely in approximate proportion to the blood supply. Renal artery, femoral artery, ear artery, left atrium, and portal vein infusions demonstrate that kidney, muscle, ear, heart, and liver, respectively, can remove DIP-thrombin from the circulation. These data imply that the clearance of DIP-thrombin is not a function of a specific organ but of the vascular bed per se. The clearance of DIP-thrombin was reversible since injection of 0.5 mg of unlabeled DIP-thrombin 10 min after the injection of a tracer dose of DIP-(125)I-thrombin resulted in the rapid reappearance of the DIP-(125)I-thrombin into the circulation. In addition, the clearance of DIP-thrombin was saturable, i.e., clearance of DIP-(125)I-thrombin was inhibited by unlabeled DIP-thrombin in a dose-dependent fashion. In vivo Scatchard analysis of the saturation of the clearance process demonstrated that DIP-thrombin can be removed by binding to high-affinity binding sites, since dissociation constants (K(D)) of 10 and 13 nM were obtained for human and bovine DIP-thrombin, respectively. In contrast to DIP-thrombin, approximately 75% of the radioactivity associated with active thrombin remained in the circulation at 1 min. By 10 min 55% of (125)I-thrombin had been removed from the circulation, and essentially all of the radioactivity can be accounted for in the liver. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel radioelectrophoresis of plasma samples taken after injection of (125)I-thrombin demonstrated that all of the active thrombin was converted to covalent thrombin-antithrombin III complex by the time of initial sampling (30 s). The in vitro conversion of (125)I-thrombin to thrombin-antithrombin III complex was considerably slower (50+/-5% conversion at 30 s). The simultaneous injection of excess unlabeled DIP-thrombin inhibited the rate of formation of (125)I-thrombin-antithrombin III complex formation in vivo (but not in vitro), which suggests that the binding of active thrombin to the high affinity binding sites is required for the rapid inactivation of thrombin in vivo. We propose that (a) thrombin in the circulation binds to active site-independent high-affinity binding sites on the endothelial cell surface; (b) the inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III is faster in vivo than in vitro because the high-affinity binding sites, present in a high concentration in the microcirculation, catalyze the reaction; (c) thrombin-antithrombin III complexes are selectively removed by the liver.
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Strukova SM, Semionova OA, Kireeva EG. The influence of heparin and indol on the catalytic properties of alpha- and beta/gamma -thrombins. Thromb Res 1980; 20:563-72. [PMID: 7015554 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hauptmann J, Markwardt F. Studies on the anticoagulant and antithrombotic action of an irreversible thrombin inhibitor. Thromb Res 1980; 20:347-51. [PMID: 7209885 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Jordan R, Oosta G, Gardner W, Rosenberg R. The binding of low molecular weight heparin to hemostatic enzymes. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Sim RB, Arlaud GJ, Colomb MG. Kinetics of reaction of human C1-inhibitor with the human complement system proteases C1r and C1s. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 612:433-49. [PMID: 6245704 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Blackburn M, Sibley C. The heparin binding site of antithrombin III. Evidence for a critical tryptophan residue. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Griffith MJ, Beavers G, Kingdon HS, Lundblad RL. Effect of monovalent cations on the heparin-enhanced antithrombin III/thrombin reaction. Thromb Res 1980; 17:29-39. [PMID: 7376137 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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29
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Griffith M. Kinetic analysis of the heparin-enhanced antithrombin III/thrombin reaction. Reaction rate enhancement by heparin-thrombin association. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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