1
|
Chen L, Deng Z, Zhao C. Nitrogen-Nitrogen Bond Formation Reactions Involved in Natural Product Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:559-570. [PMID: 33721494 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Construction of nitrogen-nitrogen bonds involves sophisticated biosynthetic mechanisms to overcome the difficulties inherent to the nucleophilic nitrogen atom of amine. Over the past decade, a multitude of reactions responsible for nitrogen-nitrogen bond formation in natural product biosynthesis have been uncovered. On the basis of the intrinsic properties of these reactions, this Review classifies these reactions into three categories: comproportionation, rearrangement, and radical recombination reactions. To expound the metallobiochemistry underlying nitrogen-nitrogen bond formation reactions, we discuss the enzymatic mechanisms in comparison to well characterized canonical heme-dependent enzymes, mononuclear nonheme iron-dependent enzymes, and nonheme di-iron enzymes. We also illuminate the intermediary properties of nitrogen oxide species NO2-, NO+, and N2O3 in nitrogen-nitrogen bond formation reactions with clues derived from inorganic nitrogen metabolism driven by anammox bacteria and nitrifying bacteria. These multidimentional discussions will provide further insights into the mechanistic proposals of nitrogen-nitrogen bond formation in natural product biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ng TL, McCallum ME, Zheng CR, Wang JX, Wu KJY, Balskus EP. The l-Alanosine Gene Cluster Encodes a Pathway for Diazeniumdiolate Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2019; 21:1155-1160. [PMID: 31643127 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
N-Nitroso-containing natural products are bioactive metabolites with antibacterial and anticancer properties. In particular, compounds containing the diazeniumdiolate (N-nitrosohydroxylamine) group display a wide range of bioactivities ranging from cytotoxicity to metal chelation. Despite the importance of this structural motif, knowledge of its biosynthesis is limited. Herein we describe the discovery of a biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces alanosinicus ATCC 15710 responsible for producing the diazeniumdiolate natural product l-alanosine. Gene disruption and stable isotope feeding experiments identified essential biosynthetic genes and revealed the source of the N-nitroso group. Additional biochemical characterization of the biosynthetic enzymes revealed that the non-proteinogenic amino acid l-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (l-Dap) is synthesized and loaded onto a free-standing peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) domain in l-alanosine biosynthesis, which we propose may be a mechanism of handling unstable intermediates generated en route to the diazeniumdiolate. These discoveries will facilitate efforts to determine the biochemistry of diazeniumdiolate formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai L Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Monica E McCallum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Christine R Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jennifer X Wang
- Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Division of Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Kelvin J Y Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hermenau R, Mehl JL, Ishida K, Dose B, Pidot SJ, Stinear TP, Hertweck C. Genomics‐Driven Discovery of NO‐Donating Diazeniumdiolate Siderophores in Diverse Plant‐Associated Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Hermenau
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jule L. Mehl
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Benjamin Dose
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Sacha J. Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Natural Product Chemistry Faculty of Biological Sciences Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hermenau R, Mehl JL, Ishida K, Dose B, Pidot SJ, Stinear TP, Hertweck C. Genomics-Driven Discovery of NO-Donating Diazeniumdiolate Siderophores in Diverse Plant-Associated Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13024-13029. [PMID: 31276269 PMCID: PMC6771848 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Siderophores are key players in bacteria–host interactions, with the main function to provide soluble iron for their producers. Gramibactin from rhizosphere bacteria expands siderophore function and diversity as it delivers iron to the host plant and features an unusual diazeniumdiolate moiety for iron chelation. By mutational analysis of the grb gene cluster, we identified genes (grbD and grbE) necessary for diazeniumdiolate formation. Genome mining using a GrbD‐based network revealed a broad range of orthologous gene clusters in mainly plant‐associated Burkholderia/Paraburkholderia species. Two new types of diazeniumdiolate siderophores, megapolibactins and plantaribactin were fully characterized. In vitro assays and in vivo monitoring experiments revealed that the iron chelators also liberate nitric oxide (NO) in plant roots. This finding is important since NO donors are considered as biofertilizers that maintain iron homeostasis and increase overall plant fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Hermenau
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jule L Mehl
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dose
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sacha J Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Diazeniumdiolates, compounds of structure R(1)R(2)NN(O)=NOR(3), which have also been called NONOates, have proven useful for treating an increasing diversity of medical disorders in relevant animal models. Here, I review the chemical features that make them such excellent starting points for designing materials capable of targeting reliable and controllable fluxes of bioactive NO for in vitro and in vivo applications. This is followed by a consideration of recent proof-of-concept studies that underscore what I believe to be the substantial clinical promise of such materials. Examples covered include progress toward inhibiting restenosis after angioplasty, preparing thromboresistant medical devices, reversing vasospasm, and relieving pulmonary hypertension. Together with a very recent report describing the beneficial effects of diazeniumdiolate therapy in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome, the results of the animal experiments support the prediction that a broad selection of problems in clinical medicine can be solved by judiciously mining the enormous variety of possible R(1)R(2)NN(O)=NOR(3) structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry K Keefer
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Southan GJ, Srinivasan A. Nitrogen oxides and hydroxyguanidines: formation of donors of nitric and nitrous oxides and possible relevance to nitrous oxide formation by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric Oxide 1998; 2:270-86. [PMID: 9851368 DOI: 10.1006/niox.1998.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of nitric oxide in numerous biological functions has led to the intense study of nitric oxide (NO) generation by the nitric oxide synthases (NOS) responsible. In addition to NO, nitric oxide synthases produce N(G)-hydroxy-L-arginine, superoxide anion and, indirectly, NOx species such as peroxynitrite and, possibly, nitrous oxide (N2O). Consequently, the interactions of N(G)-hydroxy-L-arginine with NO and other oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are of considerable interest. N(G)-Hydroxy-L-arginine and other monosubstituted hydroxyguanidines react with aqueous aerobic NO, peroxynitrite, and various NOx and nitrosating agents to form compounds that subsequently release NO and N2O. Spectrometric data indicate that the nitrosation product of N(G)-hydroxy-L-arginine is of the same N-nitroso-N-hydroxy/diazeniumdiolate (formerly "NONOate") structure as previously found for the nitrosation products of other model hydroxyguanidines. These decompose in aqueous solution in a pH-dependent manner to yield mainly NO and ureas at low pH, N2O and cyanamides at basic pH, and what appear to be primary nitrosamines/ nitrosoimines. Studies on purified iNOS using a mass spectrometer with a gas-permeable membrane inlet identified both NO and N2O (or 15NO and 15N15NO with 15N-labeled L-arginine as substrate) as products of NOS activity. These experiments suggest that much more NO than N2O is produced under the conditions studied and that N2O formation can be rationalized via the reaction of NOx species with N(G)-hydroxy-L-arginine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Southan
- Inotek Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Alston TA, Porter DJ, Bright HJ. Generation of nitric oxide by enzymatic oxidation of N-hydroxy-N-nitrosamines. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
9
|
Alston TA, Porter DJ, Bright HJ. Suicide inactivation of D-amino acid oxidase by 1-chloro-1-nitroethane. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|