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Kamalanathan M, Hillhouse J, Claflin N, Rodkey T, Mondragon A, Prouse A, Nguyen M, Quigg A. Influence of nutrient status on the response of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to oil and dispersant. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259506. [PMID: 34851969 PMCID: PMC8635359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton play a central role in our ecosystems, they are responsible for nearly 50 percent of the global primary productivity and major drivers of macro-elemental cycles in the ocean. Phytoplankton are constantly subjected to stressors, some natural such as nutrient limitation and some manmade such as oil spills. With increasing oil exploration activities in coastal zones in the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere, an oil spill during nutrient-limited conditions for phytoplankton growth is highly likely. We performed a multifactorial study exposing the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (UTEX 646) to oil and/or dispersants under nitrogen and silica limitation as well as co-limitation of both nutrients. Our study found that treatments with nitrogen limitation (-N and–N-Si) showed overall lower growth and chlorophyll a, lower photosynthetic antennae size, lower maximum photosynthetic efficiency, lower protein in exopolymeric substance (EPS), but higher connectivity between photosystems compared to non-nitrogen limited treatments (-Si and +N+Si) in almost all the conditions with oil and/or dispersants. However, certain combinations of nutrient limitation and oil and/or dispersant differed from this trend indicating strong interactive effects. When analyzed for significant interactive effects, the–N treatment impact on cellular growth in oil and oil plus dispersant conditions; and oil and oil plus dispersant conditions on cellular growth in–N-Si and–N treatments were found to be significant. Overall, we demonstrate that nitrogen limitation can affect the oil resistant trait of P. tricornutum, and oil with and without dispersants can have interactive effects with nutrient limitation on this diatom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kamalanathan
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Jessica Hillhouse
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noah Claflin
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Talia Rodkey
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew Mondragon
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Prouse
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michelle Nguyen
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Quantitative evaluation of the biosynthetic pathways leading to δ-aminolevulinic acid from the Shemin precursor glycine via the C5 pathway in Arthrobacter hyalinus by analysis of 13C-labeled coproporphyrinogen III biosynthesized from [2-13C]glycine, [1-13C]acetate, and [2-13C]acetate using 13C NMR spectroscopy. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Johnson ET, Schmidt-Dannert C. Characterization of Three Homologs of the Large Subunit of the Magnesium Chelatase from Chlorobaculum tepidum and Interaction with the Magnesium Protoporphyrin IX Methyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27776-27784. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804486200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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de Koning AP, Keeling PJ. Nucleus-encoded genes for plastid-targeted proteins in Helicosporidium: functional diversity of a cryptic plastid in a parasitic alga. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 3:1198-205. [PMID: 15470248 PMCID: PMC522598 DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.5.1198-1205.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plastids are the organelles of plants and algae that house photosynthesis and many other biochemical pathways. Plastids contain a small genome, but most of their proteins are encoded in the nucleus and posttranslationally targeted to the organelle. When plants and algae lose photosynthesis, they virtually always retain a highly reduced "cryptic" plastid. Cryptic plastids are known to exist in many organisms, although their metabolic functions are seldom understood. The best-studied example of a cryptic plastid is from the intracellular malaria parasite, Plasmodium, which has retained a plastid for the biosynthesis of fatty acids, isoprenoids, and heme by the use of plastid-targeted enzymes. To study a completely independent transformation of a photosynthetic plastid to a cryptic plastid in another alga-turned-parasite, we conducted an expressed sequence tag (EST) survey of Helicosporidium. This parasite has recently been recognized as a highly derived green alga. Based on phylogenetic relationships to other plastid homologues and the presence of N-terminal transit peptides, we have identified 20 putatively plastid-targeted enzymes that are involved in a wide variety of metabolic pathways. Overall, the metabolic diversity of the Helicosporidium cryptic plastid exceeds that of the Plasmodium plastid, as it includes representatives of most of the pathways known to operate in the Plasmodium plastid as well as many others. In particular, several amino acid biosynthetic pathways have been retained, including the leucine biosynthesis pathway, which was only recently recognized in plant plastids. These two parasites represent different evolutionary trajectories in plastid metabolic adaptation.
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Iida K, Mimura I, Kajiwara M. Evaluation of two biosynthetic pathways to delta-aminolevulinic acid in Euglena gracilis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:291-7. [PMID: 11784323 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
delta-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a, can be biosynthesized via the C5 pathway and the Shemin pathway in Euglena gracilis. Analysis of the (13)C-NMR spectrum of (13)C-labeled methyl pheophorbide a, derived from 13C-labeled chlorophyll a biosynthesized from d-[1-(13)C]glucose by E. gracilis, provided evidence suggesting that ALA incorporated in the (13)C-labeled chlorophyll a was synthesized via both the C5 pathway and the Shemin pathway in a ratio of between 1.5 and 1.7 to one. The methoxyl carbon of the methoxycarbonyl group at C-132 of chlorophyll a was labeled with (13)C. The phytyl moiety of chlorophyll a was labeled on C-P2, C-P3(1), C-P4, C-P6, C-P7(1), C-P8, C-P10, C-P11(1), C-P12, C-P14, C-P15(1) and C-P16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Iida
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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Oh-Hama T, Seto H, Otake N, Miyachi S. 13
C-NMR spectra of chlorophylls a
and b
in green algae biosynthetically enriched with [1-13
C]glutamate. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Avissar YJ, Moberg PA. The common origins of the pigments of life-early steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1995; 44:221-242. [PMID: 24307093 DOI: 10.1007/bf00048596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/1994] [Accepted: 03/30/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The complex pathway of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis can be dissected into five sections: the pathways that produce 5-aminolevulinate (the C-4 and the C-5 pathways), the steps that transform ALA to uroporphyrinogen III, which are ubiquitous in the biosynthesis of all tetrapyrroles, and the three branches producing specialized end products. These end products include corrins and siroheme, chlorophylls and hemes and linear tetrapyrroles. These branches have been subjects of recent reviews. This review concentrates on the early steps leading up to uroporphyrinogen III formation which have been investigated intensively in recent years in animals, in plants, and in a wide range of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Avissar
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 02908, Providence, RI, USA
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Kajiwara M, Mizutani M, Matsuda R, Hara KI, Kojima I. A new biosynthetic pathway of porphyrins from isopropanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(94)90144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jordan PM. Chapter 1 The biosynthesis of 5-aminolaevulinic acid and its transformation into uroporphyrinogen III. BIOSYNTHESIS OF TETRAPYRROLES 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Beale SI, Weinstein JD. Chapter 5 Biochemistry and regulation of photosynthetic pigment formation in plants and algae. BIOSYNTHESIS OF TETRAPYRROLES 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- G P O'Neill
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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Oh-hama T, Seto H, Miyachi S. 13C NMR evidence for bacteriochlorophyll c formation by the C5 pathway in green sulfur bacterium, Prosthecochloris. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 159:189-94. [PMID: 3743570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The 13C NMR spectra of the pheophorbide of bacteriochlorophyll c, formed in the presence of L-[1-13C]glutamate and [2-13C]glycine and [13C]bicarbonate in Prosthecochloris aestaurii, were analysed. The isotope in the glutamate was specifically incorporated into the eight carbon atoms in the tetrapyrrole macrocycle derived from the C-5 of 5-aminolevulinic acid, while no specific enrichment of these eight carbon atoms was observed in the spectrum of the pigment formed in the presence of [2-13C]glycine. These labelling patterns provide evidence for the operation of the C5 pathway of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis for bacteriochlorophyll c formation in the bacterium. The labelling of bacteriochlorophyll c by [13C]bicarbonate is consistent with its formation from 5-[1,4,5-13C]aminolevulinic acid formed by the C5 pathway from [1,2,5-13C]glutamic acid. It is proposed that this glutamate is the transamination product of 2-[1,2,5-13C]oxoglutaric acid, arising by carboxylation of [1,4-13C]succinyl-CoA with 13CO2 catalysed by 2-oxoglutaric acid synthase activity, and that the labelled succinyl-CoA is, in turn, derived by the fixation of 13CO2 by the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. The 13C chemical shifts of two sp2 quaternary carbons of bacteriopheophorbide c methyl ester (C-2 and C-4) were reassigned.
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Porra RJ. Labelling of chlorophylls and precursors by [2-14C]glycine and 2-[1-14C]oxoglutarate in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and Zea mays. Resolution of the C5 and Shemin pathways of 5-aminolaevulinate biosynthesis by thin-layer radiochromatography. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 156:111-21. [PMID: 3485524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The C-5 of 5-aminolaevulinate, a tetrapyrrole precursor which accumulates when inhibitory laevulinate is present, is derived from either the C-2 of glycine by the 5-aminolaevulinate-synthase-mediated Shemin pathway or the C-1 of 2-oxoglutarate by the C5 pathway. Thin-layer-radiochromatographic procedures are described for determining whether [2-14C]glycine or 2-[1-14C]oxoglutarate labelled the macrocycle of bacteriochlorophyll a, in addition to or rather than the methyl ester or phytyl ester moieties of the side-chains. The method was also used for detecting whether the same substrates label the formaldehyde (C-5) or the succinate (C-1 to C-4) fragments, obtained by periodate cleavage of 5-aminolaevulinate. These methods therefore can readily distinguish between the Shemin and C5 pathways as was demonstrated by using Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and Zea mays (maize), respectively, as examples of each pathway. Both [2-14C]glycine and, to a lesser extent 2-[1-14C]oxoglutarate labelled the macrocycle of bacteriochlorophyll a formed during adaptation of respiring R. spheroides cells to photosynthetic (anaerobic, illuminated) conditions. This and earlier evidence suggested augmentation of the Shemin pathway by a minor C5 pathway contribution. The present studies revealed only Shemin pathway activity: with laevulinate present, [2-14C]glycine formed 5-[5-14C]aminolaevulinate as proved by H14CHO production during periodate cleavage. These methods were sufficiently sensitive also to detect the incorporation of 14CO2, from degradation of either substrate, into 5-aminolaevulinate via the Shemin pathway thus labelling the succinate fragment produced with periodate: this explains bacteriochlorophyll a labelling by 2-[1-14C]oxoglutarate and proves double labelling of 5-aminolaevulinate by [2-14C]glycine. The same techniques were applied to etiolated maize leaves exposed to aerobic illuminated conditions with laevulinate and either 2-[1-14C]oxoglutarate or [2-14C]glycine as substrates. Only the C5 pathway was detected: 2-[1-14C]oxoglutarate was converted to 5-[5-14C]aminolaevulinate, which yielded H14CHO on periodate cleavage. This is not inconsistent with our earlier 13C-NMR studies [Porra, R.J., Klein, O. and Wright, P. E. (1983) Eur. J. Biochem. 130, 509-516] showing that the C5 pathway formed all the 5-aminolaevulinate for chlorophyll biosynthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Oh-hama T, Seto H, Miyachi S. 13C-NMR evidence of bacteriochlorophyll a formation by the C5 pathway in Chromatium. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 246:192-8. [PMID: 3963821 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 13C-NMR spectra of bacteriochlorophyll a formed in the presence of L-[1-13C]glutamate and [2-13C]glycine in Chromatium vinosum strain D were analyzed. The isotope in the glutamate was specifically incorporated into eight carbon atoms in the tetrapyrrole macrocycle derived from the C-5 of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and the 13C in glycine was incorporated into the methyl carbon of the methoxycarbonyl group attached to the isocyclic ring of bacteriochlorophyll a. These labeling patterns provide evidence for the exclusive operation of the C5 pathway in ALA biosynthesis in the bacterium. The 13C chemical shifts of two quaternary carbons (C-9 and C-16) of bacteriochlorophyll a were reassigned in the present study.
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Oh-Hama T, Seto H, Miyachi S. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies on bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides S. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 237:72-9. [PMID: 2857557 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The 13C NMR spectra were analyzed in bacteriochlorophyll a and magnesium protoporphyrin methyl ester formed in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides S. in the presence of L-[1-13C]glutamate and [2-13C]glycine. After reassignment of three alpha-pyrrolic carbons (C-9, -14 and -16) of bacteriochlorophyll a, the spectra showed that C-2 of glycine was preferentially incorporated into the eight-carbon atoms in these tetrapyrrole macrocycles derived from C-5 of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). C-2 of glycine was also incorporated specifically into methyl ester carbon of magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyl ester and methoxyl carbon of methoxycarbonyl group attached to isocyclic ring of bacteriochlorophyll a. No enrichment of these nine-carbon atoms was observed in the spectrum of bacteriochlorophyll formed in the presence of L-[1-13C]glutamate, showing exclusive operation of ALA synthase on bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis.
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Gilles H, Jaenchen R, Thauer RK. Biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00414486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Weinstein JD, Beale SI. Separate physiological roles and subcellular compartments for two tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathways in Euglena gracilis. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Meisch HU, Hoffmann H, Reinle W. Biosynthesis of chlorophyll precursors in green algae purification and characterization of l-glutamate: 4,5-dioxovaleric acid aminotransferase from Chlorella fusca. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Porra RJ, Klein O, Wright PE. The proof by 13C-NMR spectroscopy of the predominance of the C5 pathway over the Shemin pathway in chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants and of the formation of the methyl ester group of chlorophyll from glycine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 130:509-16. [PMID: 6130943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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