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Plant E, Bellefroid M, Van Lint C. A complex network of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators involved in bovine leukemia virus transcriptional regulation. Retrovirology 2023; 20:11. [PMID: 37268923 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00623-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, a disease characterized by the neoplastic proliferation of B cells in cattle. While most European countries have introduced efficient eradication programs, BLV is still present worldwide and no treatment is available. A major feature of BLV infection is the viral latency, which enables the escape from the host immune system, the maintenance of a persistent infection and ultimately the tumoral development. BLV latency is a multifactorial phenomenon resulting in the silencing of viral genes due to genetic and epigenetic repressions of the viral promoter located in the 5' Long Terminal Repeat (5'LTR). However, viral miRNAs and antisense transcripts are expressed from two different proviral regions, respectively the miRNA cluster and the 3'LTR. These latter transcripts are expressed despite the viral latency affecting the 5'LTR and are increasingly considered to take part in tumoral development. In the present review, we provide a summary of the experimental evidence that has enabled to characterize the molecular mechanisms regulating each of the three BLV transcriptional units, either through cis-regulatory elements or through epigenetic modifications. Additionally, we describe the recently identified BLV miRNAs and antisense transcripts and their implications in BLV-induced tumorigenesis. Finally, we discuss the relevance of BLV as an experimental model for the closely related human T-lymphotropic virus HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Plant
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Maxime Bellefroid
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
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Hajj HE, Nasr R, Kfoury Y, Dassouki Z, Nasser R, Kchour G, Hermine O, de Thé H, Bazarbachi A. Animal models on HTLV-1 and related viruses: what did we learn? Front Microbiol 2012; 3:333. [PMID: 23049525 PMCID: PMC3448133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are associated with a wide variety of diseases, including immunological, neurological disorders, and different forms of cancer. Among retroviruses, Oncovirinae regroup according to their genetic structure and sequence, several related viruses such as human T-cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2), simian T cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (STLV-1 and STLV-2), and bovine leukemia virus (BLV). As in many diseases, animal models provide a useful tool for the studies of pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. In the current review, an overview on different animal models used in the study of these viruses will be provided. A specific attention will be given to the HTLV-1 virus which is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) but also of a number of inflammatory diseases regrouping the HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), infective dermatitis and some lung inflammatory diseases. Among these models, rabbits, monkeys but also rats provide an excellent in vivo tool for early HTLV-1 viral infection and transmission as well as the induced host immune response against the virus. But ideally, mice remain the most efficient method of studying human afflictions. Genetically altered mice including both transgenic and knockout mice, offer important models to test the role of specific viral and host genes in the development of HTLV-1-associated leukemia. The development of different strains of immunodeficient mice strains (SCID, NOD, and NOG SCID mice) provide a useful and rapid tool of humanized and xenografted mice models, to test new drugs and targeted therapy against HTLV-1-associated leukemia, to identify leukemia stem cells candidates but also to study the innate immunity mediated by the virus. All together, these animal models have revolutionized the biology of retroviruses, their manipulation of host genes and more importantly the potential ways to either prevent their infection or to treat their associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
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Rodríguez SM, Florins A, Gillet N, de Brogniez A, Sánchez-Alcaraz MT, Boxus M, Boulanger F, Gutiérrez G, Trono K, Alvarez I, Vagnoni L, Willems L. Preventive and therapeutic strategies for bovine leukemia virus: lessons for HTLV. Viruses 2011; 3:1210-48. [PMID: 21994777 PMCID: PMC3185795 DOI: 10.3390/v3071210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). BLV is a major animal health problem worldwide causing important economic losses. A series of attempts were developed to reduce prevalence, chiefly by eradication of infected cattle, segregation of BLV-free animals and vaccination. Although having been instrumental in regions such as the EU, these strategies were unsuccessful elsewhere mainly due to economic costs, management restrictions and lack of an efficient vaccine. This review, which summarizes the different attempts previously developed to decrease seroprevalence of BLV, may be informative for management of HTLV-1 infection. We also propose a new approach based on competitive infection with virus deletants aiming at reducing proviral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M. Rodríguez
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), 4000, Liège, Belgium; E-Mails: (S.M.R.); (N.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Arnaud Florins
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.F.); (A.d.B.); (M.T.S.-A.); (M.B.)
| | - Nicolas Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), 4000, Liège, Belgium; E-Mails: (S.M.R.); (N.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Alix de Brogniez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.F.); (A.d.B.); (M.T.S.-A.); (M.B.)
| | - María Teresa Sánchez-Alcaraz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.F.); (A.d.B.); (M.T.S.-A.); (M.B.)
| | - Mathieu Boxus
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.F.); (A.d.B.); (M.T.S.-A.); (M.B.)
| | - Fanny Boulanger
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), 4000, Liège, Belgium; E-Mails: (S.M.R.); (N.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Gerónimo Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina; E-Mails: (G.G.); (K.T.); (I.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Karina Trono
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina; E-Mails: (G.G.); (K.T.); (I.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina; E-Mails: (G.G.); (K.T.); (I.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Lucas Vagnoni
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712, Castelar, Argentina; E-Mails: (G.G.); (K.T.); (I.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), 4000, Liège, Belgium; E-Mails: (S.M.R.); (N.G.); (F.B.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.F.); (A.d.B.); (M.T.S.-A.); (M.B.)
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Pierard V, Guiguen A, Colin L, Wijmeersch G, Vanhulle C, Van Driessche B, Dekoninck A, Blazkova J, Cardona C, Merimi M, Vierendeel V, Calomme C, Nguyên TLA, Nuttinck M, Twizere JC, Kettmann R, Portetelle D, Burny A, Hirsch I, Rohr O, Van Lint C. DNA cytosine methylation in the bovine leukemia virus promoter is associated with latency in a lymphoma-derived B-cell line: potential involvement of direct inhibition of cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein/CRE modulator/activation transcription factor binding. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19434-49. [PMID: 20413592 PMCID: PMC2885223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.107607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral latency represents a viral strategy to escape the host immune system and allow tumor development. Besides the previously demonstrated role of histone deacetylation in the epigenetic repression of BLV expression, we showed here that BLV promoter activity was induced by several DNA methylation inhibitors (such as 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) and that overexpressed DNMT1 and DNMT3A, but not DNMT3B, down-regulated BLV promoter activity. Importantly, cytosine hypermethylation in the 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR) U3 and R regions was associated with true latency in the lymphoma-derived B-cell line L267 but not with defective latency in YR2 cells. Moreover, the virus-encoded transactivator Tax(BLV) decreased DNA methyltransferase expression levels, which could explain the lower level of cytosine methylation observed in the L267(LTaxSN) 5'-LTR compared with the L267 5'-LTR. Interestingly, DNA methylation inhibitors and Tax(BLV) synergistically activated BLV promoter transcriptional activity in a cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-dependent manner. Mechanistically, methylation at the -154 or -129 CpG position (relative to the transcription start site) impaired in vitro binding of CRE-binding protein (CREB) transcription factors to their respective CRE sites. Methylation at -129 CpG alone was sufficient to decrease BLV promoter-driven reporter gene expression by 2-fold. We demonstrated in vivo the recruitment of CREB/CRE modulator (CREM) and to a lesser extent activating transcription factor-1 (ATF-1) to the hypomethylated CRE region of the YR2 5'-LTR, whereas we detected no CREB/CREM/ATF recruitment to the hypermethylated corresponding region in the L267 cells. Altogether, these findings suggest that site-specific DNA methylation of the BLV promoter represses viral transcription by directly inhibiting transcription factor binding, thereby contributing to true proviral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Pierard
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Allan Guiguen
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Laurence Colin
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Wijmeersch
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Caroline Vanhulle
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Benoît Van Driessche
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Ann Dekoninck
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jana Blazkova
- the Institut de Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR 599 INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Université de la Méditerranée, Boulevard Lei Roure 27, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Christelle Cardona
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Makram Merimi
- the Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Valérie Vierendeel
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Claire Calomme
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Thi Liên-Anh Nguyên
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Michèle Nuttinck
- the Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Avenue du Maréchal Juin 6, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium, and
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- the Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Avenue du Maréchal Juin 6, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium, and
| | - Richard Kettmann
- the Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Avenue du Maréchal Juin 6, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium, and
| | - Daniel Portetelle
- the Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Avenue du Maréchal Juin 6, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium, and
| | - Arsène Burny
- the Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Avenue du Maréchal Juin 6, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium, and
| | - Ivan Hirsch
- the Institut de Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR 599 INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Université de la Méditerranée, Boulevard Lei Roure 27, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- the Institut Universitaire de Technologie Louis Pasteur de Schiltigheim, University of Strasbourg, 1 Allée d'Athènes, 67300 Schiltigheim, France
| | - Carine Van Lint
- From the Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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Tajima S, Tsukamoto M, Aida Y. Latency of viral expression in vivo is not related to CpG methylation in the U3 region and part of the R region of the long terminal repeat of bovine leukemia virus. J Virol 2003; 77:4423-30. [PMID: 12634400 PMCID: PMC150652 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4423-4430.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is silent in most cells detectable in vivo, and the repression of its expression allows BLV to evade the host's immune response. In this study, we examined whether CpG methylation of DNA might be involved in the regulation of the expression of BLV in vivo. To investigate the effects of CpG methylation on the activity of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of BLV, we measured the transactivation activity of this region after treatment with the CpG methyltransferase SssI by using a luciferase reporter system. The activity of methylated LTR was significantly lower than that of nonmethylated LTR. Therefore, we examined the extent of CpG methylation of the U3 region and part of the R region of the LTR in BLV-infected cattle and in experimentally BLV-infected sheep at various clinical stages by the bisulfite genomic sequencing method. We detected no or minimal CpG methylation at all stages examined in cattle and sheep, and our results indicate that CpG methylation probably does not participate in the silencing of BLV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tajima
- Retrovirus Research Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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