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Physiological roles of ovotransferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:218-25. [PMID: 21854833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovotransferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein, found in avian egg white and in avian serum, belonging to the family of transferrin iron-binding glycoproteins. All transferrins show high sequence homology. In mammals are presents two different soluble glycoproteins with different functions: i) serum transferrin that is present in plasma and committed to iron transport and iron delivery to cells and ii) lactoferrin that is present in extracellular fluids and in specific granules of polymorphonuclear lymphocytes and committed to the so-called natural immunity. To the contrary, in birds, ovotransferrin remained the only soluble glycoprotein of the transferrin family present both in plasma and egg white. SCOPE OF REVIEW Substantial experimental evidences are summarized, illustrating the multiple physiological roles of ovotransferrin in an attempt to overcome the common belief that ovotransferrin is a protein dedicated only to iron transport and to iron withholding antibacterial activity. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Similarly to the better known family member protein lactoferrin, ovotransferrin appears to be a multi-functional protein with a major role in avian natural immunity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Biotechnological applications of ovotransferrin and ovotransferrin-related peptides could be considered in the near future, stimulating further research on this remarkable protein. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Lambert LA. Molecular evolution of the transferrin family and associated receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:244-55. [PMID: 21693173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vertebrates, serum transferrins are essential iron transporters that have bind and release Fe(III) in response to receptor binding and changes in pH. Some family members such as lactoferrin and melanotransferrin can also bind iron while others have lost this ability and have gained other functions, e.g., inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (mammals), saxiphilin (frogs) and otolith matrix protein 1 (fish). SCOPE OF REVIEW This article provides an overview of the known transferrin family members and their associated receptors and interacting partners. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The number of transferrin genes has proliferated as a result of multiple duplication events, and the resulting paralogs have developed a wide array of new functions. Some homologs in the most primitive metazoan groups resemble both serum and melanotransferrins, but the major yolk proteins show considerable divergence from the rest of the family. Among the transferrin receptors, the lack of TFR2 in birds and reptiles, and the lack of any TFR homologs among the insects draw attention to the differences in iron transport and regulation in those groups. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The transferrin family members are important because of their clinical significance, interesting biochemical properties, and evolutionary history. More work is needed to better understand the functions and evolution of the non-vertebrate family members. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Transport and Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Lambert
- Department of Biology, Chatham University, Woodland Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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Jiang Y, Zheng W, Long L, Zhao W, Li X, Mo X, Lu J, Fu X, Li W, Liu S, Long Q, Huang J, Pira E. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and manganese concentrations in red blood cells of smelting workers: search for biomarkers of manganese exposure. Neurotoxicology 2006; 28:126-35. [PMID: 16978697 PMCID: PMC3983995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The MRI technique has been used in diagnosis of manganism in humans and non-human primates. This cross-sectional study was designed to explore whether the pallidal signal intensity in T1-weighted MRI correlated with Mn levels in the blood compartment among Mn-exposed workers and to understand to what extent the MRI signal could reflect Mn exposure. A group of 18 randomly selected male Mn-exposed workers of which 13 were smelting workers with high exposure (mean of airborne Mn in work place: 1.26 mg/m3; range: 0.31-2.93 mg/m3), and 5 power distribution control workers with low exposure (0.66 mg/m3 and 0.23-0.77 mg/m3) from a ferroalloy factory, and another group of 9 male subjects as controls from a non-smelting factory who were office or cafeteria workers (0.01 mg/m3 and 0-0.03 mg/m3) were recruited for neurological tests, MRI examination, and analysis of Mn in whole blood (MnB), plasma (MnP) or red blood cells (MnRBC). No clinical symptoms and signs of manganism were observed among these workers. MRI data showed average increases of 7.4% (p<0.05) and 16.1% (p<0.01) in pallidal index (PI) among low- and high-exposed workers, respectively, as compared to controls. Fourteen out of 18 Mn-exposed workers (78%) had intensified PI values, while this proportion was even higher (85%) among the high Mn-exposed workers. Among exposed workers, the PI values were significantly associated with MnRBC (r=0.55, p=0.02). Our data suggest that the workers exposed to airborne Mn, but without clinical symptoms, display an exposure-related, intensified MRI signal. The MRI, as well as MnRBC, may be useful in early diagnosis of Mn exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Jiang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, CIVL-1163D, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 765 496 6447; fax: +1 765 496 1377. (W. Zheng)
| | - Liling Long
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Weijia Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xuean Mo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jipei Lu
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xue Fu
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Wenmei Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Shouting Liu
- Guangxi Center for Analysis and Test Research, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Quanyong Long
- Worker’s Hospital of Guangxi Bayi Ferroalloy Company, Laibin 546102, China
| | - Jinli Huang
- Worker’s Hospital of Guangxi Bayi Ferroalloy Company, Laibin 546102, China
| | - Enrico Pira
- Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Occupational Health, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
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Shin DH, Kim HJ, Kim J, Bae SR, Cho SS. Heat shock protein 108 mRNA expression during chicken retina development. Neurosci Lett 2003; 344:25-8. [PMID: 12781913 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a developmental study on the expression of heat shock protein 108 (HSP108) mRNA in the chicken retina, we found different spatial and temporal expressions of HSP108 mRNA in each retinal layer. While intense HSP108 signals were found in the retina neuroblast layer at embryonic day 5 (E5), the ganglion cell population (GC), inner nuclear layer (IN) and pigment epithelium (PE) showed HSP108 expression at E9. At E14, HSP108 signals were reduced versus the previous stages even though signals were still detected in the GC, the IN, the outer nuclear layer and the PE. HSP108 signals were still detectable at the E21 stage, although each retinal layer showed a much differentiated morphology and diminished signal intensity. These results suggest that HSP108 expression might be developmentally regulated throughout eye organogenesis and that it plays a role in ocular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Yongon-Dong 28, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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Kwok JC, Richardson DR. The iron metabolism of neoplastic cells: alterations that facilitate proliferation? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 42:65-78. [PMID: 11923069 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years it has been known that neoplastic cells express high levels of the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and internalize iron (Fe) from transferrin (Tf) at a tremendous rate. Considering the high requirement of neoplastic cells for Fe, understanding its metabolism is vital in terms of devising potential new therapies. Apart from TfR1, a number of molecules have been identified that may have roles in Fe metabolism and cellular proliferation. These molecules include transferrin (Tf), the oestrogen-inducible transferrin receptor-like protein, transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2), melanotransferrin (MTf), ceruloplasmin, and ferritin. In the present review these latter molecules are discussed in terms of their potential functions in tumour cell Fe metabolism and proliferation. Further studies are essential to determine the specific roles of these proteins in the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Kwok
- The Iron Metabolism and Chelation Group, The Heart Research Institute, 145 Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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Cho SS, Shin DH, Lee KH, Hwang DH, Chang KY. Localization of transferrin binding protein in relation to iron, ferritin, and transferrin receptors in the chicken cerebellum. Brain Res 1998; 794:174-8. [PMID: 9630616 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that transferrin binding protein (TfBP), ferritin, and iron, are specifically localized in Bergmann glia, while the transferrin receptor is confined to Purkinje cells in the chicken cerebellum. The results of this study suggest that Bergmann glia have previously undescribed functions related to iron regulation such as sequestration of iron and the maintenance of iron homeostasis in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Cho
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, South Korea.
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Cho SS, Lucas JJ, Roh EJ, Yoo YB, Lee KH, Park KH, Hwang DH, Baik SH. Distribution of transferrin binding protein immunoreactivity in the chicken central and peripheral nervous systems. J Comp Neurol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970602)382:2<260::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The estrogen-inducible transferrin receptor-like membrane glycoprotein is related to stress-regulated proteins. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Roberts R, Sandra A, Siek GC, Lucas JJ, Fine RE. Studies of the mechanism of iron transport across the blood-brain barrier. Ann Neurol 1992; 32 Suppl:S43-50. [PMID: 1510380 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410320709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which iron enters the central nervous system from the blood is not well understood. Iron in blood plasma is totally bound to transferrin (Tf), a major plasma glycoprotein. Tf receptors are present on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelium. It is not known whether iron separates from Tf during its passage across the endothelial cells and then enters the brain by another mechanism, or whether the two proteins enter the brain together. We characterize here the morphological pathway for endocytosis of a monomeric horseradish peroxidase-transferrin conjugate by the rat BBB endothelium. Our results indicate that this conjugate binds to Tf receptors on the luminal BBB, is internalized via clathrin-coated vesicles, enters early or sorting endosomes, and, subsequently, late or recycling endosomes near the Golgi apparatus. No evidence is found for Tf transcytosis. It is likely that iron separates from Tf in early endosomes, which are assumed to be acidic, as they are in other cells, and enters the brain by an as yet undefined pathway. A clonal line of brain capillary endothelial cells that mimics the BBB when grown on permeabilized membranes can transcytose iron provided as Fe55-Tf. This cell line may provide a useful system to determine the pathway that iron uses to enter the brain. We also present evidence that cultured chick embryo forebrain neurons contain a large number of a unique Tf receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Roberts
- Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City
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Fuernkranz HA, Schwob JE, Lucas JJ. Differential tissue localization of oviduct and erythroid transferrin receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:7505-8. [PMID: 1881888 PMCID: PMC52329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.17.7505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue distributions of the estrogen-inducible hen oviduct transferrin receptor and the chicken embryonic erythrocyte transferrin receptor were studied. Tissue sections were investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy using specific polyclonal antisera against each receptor. The receptor originally identified and characterized in the oviduct strongly stained liver and ovary; localized staining was observed in the brain (especially endothelial cells). Staining of breast muscle and heart tissue occurred only in occasional interstitial cells. Antiserum against oviduct transferrin receptor did not stain erythrocytes, either from embryos or from mature animals. On the other hand, the antiserum directed against the embryonic erythrocyte receptor stained embryonic erythrocytes; it did not stain any other tissues. The fluorescence microscopy observations were confirmed by Western blot analysis. The strong staining of oviduct, liver, and ovary suggests a major role for the oviduct transferrin receptor in oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Fuernkranz
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210
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