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Wasielewska JM, Grönnert L, Rund N, Donix L, Rust R, Sykes AM, Hoppe A, Roers A, Kempermann G, Walker TL. Mast cells increase adult neural precursor proliferation and differentiation but this potential is not realized in vivo under physiological conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17859. [PMID: 29259265 PMCID: PMC5736663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that both peripheral and resident immune cells play an important part in regulating adult neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis, although the contribution of the various immune cell types is still unclear. Mast cells, a population of immune cells known for their role in the allergic response, have been implicated in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Mast cell-deficient c-kitW-sh/W-sh mice have previously been shown to exhibit significantly decreased adult hippocampal neurogenesis and associated learning and memory deficits. However, given that numerous other cell types also express high levels of c-kit, the utility of these mice as a reliable model of mast cell-specific depletion is questionable. We show here, using a different model of mast cell deficiency (Mcpt5CreR26DTA/DTA), that precursor proliferation and adult neurogenesis are not influenced by mast cells in vivo. Interestingly, when applied at supraphysiological doses, mast cells can activate latent hippocampal precursor cells and increase subventricular zone precursor proliferation in vitro, an effect that can be blocked with specific histamine-receptor antagonists. Thus, we conclude that while both mast cells and their major chemical mediator histamine have the potential to affect neural precursor proliferation and neurogenesis, this is unlikely to occur under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wasielewska
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Grönnert
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Rund
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas Donix
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Brain Research Institute ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander M Sykes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hoppe
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tara L Walker
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Knolhoff AM, Nautiyal KM, Nemes P, Kalachikov S, Morozova I, Silver R, Sweedler JV. Combining small-volume metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches for assessing brain chemistry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3136-43. [PMID: 23409944 PMCID: PMC3605826 DOI: 10.1021/ac3032959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The integration of disparate data
types provides a more complete
picture of complex biological systems. Here we combine small-volume
metabolomic and transcriptomic platforms to determine subtle chemical
changes and to link metabolites and genes to biochemical pathways.
Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE–MS)
and whole-genome gene expression arrays, aided by integrative pathway
analysis, were utilized to survey metabolomic/transcriptomic hippocampal
neurochemistry. We measured changes in individual hippocampi from
the mast cell mutant mouse strain, C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh. These mice have a
naturally occurring mutation in the white spotting locus that causes
reduced c-Kit receptor expression and an inability of mast cells to
differentiate from their hematopoietic progenitors. Compared with
their littermates, the mast cell-deficient mice have profound deficits
in spatial learning, memory, and neurogenesis. A total of 18 distinct
metabolites were identified in the hippocampus that discriminated
between the C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh and control mice. The combined analysis of metabolite and
gene expression changes revealed a number of altered pathways. Importantly,
results from both platforms indicated that multiple pathways are impacted,
including amino acid metabolism, increasing the confidence in each
approach. Because the CE–MS and expression profiling are both
amenable to small-volume analysis, this integrated analysis is applicable
to a range of volume-limited biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Knolhoff
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Nautiyal KM, Dailey CA, Jahn JL, Rodriquez E, Son NH, Sweedler JV, Silver R. Serotonin of mast cell origin contributes to hippocampal function. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2347-59. [PMID: 22632453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, serotonin, an important neurotransmitter and trophic factor, is synthesized by both mast cells and neurons. Mast cells, like other immune cells, are born in the bone marrow and migrate to many tissues. We show that they are resident in the mouse brain throughout development and adulthood. Measurements based on capillary electrophoresis with native fluorescence detection indicate that a significant contribution of serotonin to the hippocampal milieu is associated with mast cell activation. Compared with their littermates, mast cell-deficient C57BL/6 Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice have profound deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory and in hippocampal neurogenesis. These deficits are associated with a reduction in cell proliferation and in immature neurons in the dentate gyrus, but not in the subventricular zone - a neurogenic niche lacking mast cells. Chronic treatment with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, reverses the deficit in hippocampal neurogenesis in mast cell-deficient mice. In summary, the present study demonstrates that mast cells are a source of serotonin, that mast cell-deficient C57BL/6 Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice have disrupted hippocampus-dependent behavior and neurogenesis, and that elevating serotonin in these mice, by treatment with fluoxetine, reverses these deficits. We conclude that mast cells contribute to behavioral and physiological functions of the hippocampus and note that they play a physiological role in neuroimmune interactions, even in the absence of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Nautiyal
- Psychology Department, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
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Pelosi P, Rocco PRM, Negrini D, Passi A. The extracellular matrix of the lung and its role in edema formation. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2007; 79:285-97. [PMID: 17625682 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652007000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is composed of a three-dimensional fiber mesh filled with different macromolecules such as: collagen (mainly type I and III), elastin, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans. In the lung, the extracellular matrix has several functions which provide: 1) mechanical tensile and compressive strength and elasticity, 2) low mechanical tissue compliance contributing to the maintenance of normal interstitial fluid dynamics, 3) low resistive pathway for an effective gas exchange, d) control of cell behavior by the binding of growth factors, chemokines, cytokines and the interaction with cell-surface receptors, and e) tissue repair and remodeling. Fragmentation and disorganization of extracellular matrix components comprises the protective role of the extracellular matrix, leading to interstitial and eventually severe lung edema. Thus, once conditions of increased microvascular filtration are established, matrix remodeling proceeds fairly rapidly due to the activation of proteases. Conversely, a massive matrix deposition of collagen fiber decreases interstitial compliance and therefore makes the tissue safety factor stronger. As a result, changes in lung extracellular matrix significantly affect edema formation and distribution in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pelosi
- Servizio di Anestesia B, Department of Ambient, Health and Safety, University of Insubria, and Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy.
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The Extracellular Matrix of the Lung: The Forgotten Friend! Intensive Care Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-49518-7_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Souza-Fernandes AB, Pelosi P, Rocco PRM. Bench-to-bedside review: the role of glycosaminoglycans in respiratory disease. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2007; 10:237. [PMID: 17118216 PMCID: PMC1794443 DOI: 10.1186/cc5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a significant role in the mechanical behaviour of the lung parenchyma. The ECM is composed of a three-dimensional fibre mesh that is filled with various macromolecules, among which are the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). GAGs are long, linear and highly charged heterogeneous polysaccharides that are composed of a variable number of repeating disaccharide units. There are two main types of GAGs: nonsulphated GAG (hyaluronic acid) and sulphated GAGs (heparan sulphate and heparin, chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, and keratan sulphate). With the exception of hyaluronic acid, GAGs are usually covalently attached to a protein core, forming an overall structure that is referred to as proteoglycan. In the lungs, GAGs are distributed in the interstitium, in the sub-epithelial tissue and bronchial walls, and in airway secretions. GAGs have important functions in lung ECM: they regulate hydration and water homeostasis; they maintain structure and function; they modulate the inflammatory response; and they influence tissue repair and remodelling. Given the great diversity of GAG structures and the evidence that GAGs may have a protective effect against injury in various respiratory diseases, an understanding of changes in GAG expression that occur in disease may lead to opportunities to develop innovative and selective therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba B Souza-Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carolos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Ambient, Health and Safety, University of Insubria, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Patricia RM Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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BRUNNEE T, REDDIGARI SR, SHIBAYAMA Y, KAPLAN AP, SILVERBERG M. Mast cell derived heparin activates the contact system: a link to kinin generation in allergic reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Caughey
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Abstract
This review describes the role of the mast cell in the pathobiology of skin healing. After illustrating its main morphofunctional characteristics, with special reference to the dog and cat, we consider the involvement of the mast cell in the various phases of skin repair. With the aid of a wide array of newly formed or preformed mediators released by degranulation, the activated mast cell controls the key events of the healing phases: triggering and modulation of the inflammatory stage, proliferation of connective cellular elements and final remodelling of the newly formed connective tissue matrix. The importance of the mast cell in regulating healing processes is also demonstrated by the fact that a surplus or deficit of degranulated biological mediators causes impaired repair, with the formation of exuberant granulation tissue (e.g. keloids and hypertrophic scars), delayed closure (dehiscence) and chronicity of the inflammatory stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Noli
- Studio Dermatologico Veterinario, Via Sismondi 62, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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