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Bihel FJJ, Justiniano H, Schmitt M, Hellal M, Ibrahim MA, Lugnier C, Bourguignon JJ. New PDE4 inhibitors based on pharmacophoric similarity between papaverine and tofisopam. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6567-72. [PMID: 21920746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacophoric comparison between papaverine and tofisopam led to identify three new series of micro- to sub-micromolar inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4, including 7,8-dialkoxy-2,3-benzodiazepin-4-one derivatives, 7,8-dialkoxy-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives, and dialkoxybenzophenone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric J J Bihel
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
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Hellberg M, Stubbins JF, Glennon RA. A preliminary investigation of mesoionic xanthine analogues as inhibitors of platelet aggregation. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1917-23. [PMID: 11003136 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of mesoionic xanthines (e.g. mesoionic thiazolopyrimidines, 3, and thiadiazolopyrimidines, 5) and related analogues were examined as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation. Appropriately substituted compounds were found to fully inhibit platelet aggregation, and anhydro-(6-ethyl-8-isopentyl-7-oxo-5-hydroxy-1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2 -a]pyrimidinium hydroxide) (5b) was 40 times more potent than the structurally related xanthine theophylline (1). Gel filtration studies suggest that compound 5b irreversibly inhibits aggregation and this might be due to its ability to act as a latent acylation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hellberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0540, USA.
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Hayakawa T, Katagiri K, Hoshino M, Nakai T, Ohiwa T, Kumai T, Miyaji M, Takeuchi T, Corasanti J, Boyer JL. Papaverine inhibits transcytotic vesicle transport and lipid excretion into bile in isolated perfused rat liver. Hepatology 1992; 16:1036-42. [PMID: 1398483 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840160429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Papaverine is a nonspecific smooth muscle relaxant and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Its effects on biliary excretion of lipids and horseradish peroxidase were investigated in a single-pass isolated perfused rat liver model. A constant infusion of papaverine (1.6 mumol/min; 40 mumol/L) significantly increased bile flow (microliters per minute per gram of liver) before (2.03 +/- 0.09 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.06) and after sodium taurocholate infusion (2.77 +/- 0.10 vs. 1.88 +/- 0.11). However, papaverine significantly and reversibly reduced biliary excretion of phospholipids and cholesterol (nanomoles per minute per gram of liver) after a 1.0 mumol/min sodium taurocholate infusion, from 7.45 +/- 0.83 and 1.42 +/- 0.15 to 1.75 +/- 0.18 and 0.39 +/- 0.06, respectively (p less than 0.01), whereas secretion of bile acids was unaffected. When a 1-min pulse of horseradish peroxidase (25 mg) was infused in isolated perfused rat liver after a continuous infusion of N6,O-2'-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (0.25 mumol/min; 6.25 mumol/L), horseradish peroxidase appeared in bile in an early (4 to 6 min) and late (20 to 25 min) peak. Papaverine significantly reduced the late peak, from 1.211 +/- 0.264 to 0.498 +/- 0.107 (p less than 0.01). Papaverine had no significant effects on either cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP in the liver and bile, although it has been reported that papaverine is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. These findings indicate that papaverine inhibits biliary excretion of lipids but not bile acids, and they suggest that papaverine has an inhibitory effect on transcytotic vesicle transport independent of an increase of cyclic nucleotides in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hayakawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Steen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bergen, Norway
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Wong EH, Ooi SO. Methylxanthine and non-xanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Their effects on adenosine uptake and the low Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in intact rat adipocyte. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34:2891-6. [PMID: 2411270 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of methylxanthines and non-xanthine phosphodiesterase-inhibitors on the low Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase of intact rat adipocytes were studied. Methylxanthines and papaverine stimulated rather than inhibited the enzyme when intact adipocytes were incubated in their presence. The effect of papaverine was not abolished by adenosine deaminase and was enhanced by adenosine. On the other hand, the effect of xanthine inhibitors and adenosine do not enhance each other. The difference in behaviour of these inhibitors could not be explained by their effects on adenosine uptake at the concentrations studied. Both agents inhibited adenosine uptake when measured after 15 sec and 10 min, with methylisobutylxanthine (MIX) having a greater inhibitory effect than papaverine only if uptake was measured after 15 sec. Effects similar to that of adenosine with the inhibitors on phosphodiesterase were obtained with insulin, which has been shown to act through a similar or related mechanism to that of adenosine. This was not the case with lipolytic agents whose effects were not potentiated by either MIX or papaverine. Under certain conditions the degree of stimulation of the enzyme was in fact decreased. Thus lipolytic and antilipolytic agents probably stimulated phosphodiesterase through distinct mechanisms.
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Teng CM, Chen YH, Ouyang C. Biphasic effect on platelet aggregation by phospholipase a purified from Vipera russellii snake venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 772:393-402. [PMID: 6426517 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(84)90156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A basic phospholipase A was isolated from Vipera russellii snake venom. It induced a biphasic effect on washed rabbit platelets suspended in Tyrode's solution. The first phase was a reversible aggregation which was dependent on stirring and extracellular calcium. The second phase was an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, occurring 5 min after the addition of the venom phospholipase A without stirring or after a recovery from the reversible aggregation. The aggregating phase could be inhibited by indomethacin, tetracaine, papaverine, creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase, mepacrine, verapamil, sodium nitroprusside, prostaglandin E1 or bovine serum albumin. The venom phospholipase A released free fatty acids from synthetic phosphatidylcholine and intact platelets. p-Bromophenacyl bromide-modified venom phospholipase A lost its phospholipase A enzymatic and platelet-aggregating activities, but protected platelets from the aggregation induced by the native enzyme. The second phase of the venom phospholipase A action showed a different degree of inhibition on platelet aggregation induced by some activators in following order: arachidonic acid greater than collagen greater than thrombin greater than ionophore A23187. The longer the incubation time or the higher the concentration of the venom phospholipase A, the more pronounced was the inhibitory effect. The venom phospholipase A did not affect the thrombin-induced release reaction which was caused by intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in the presence of EDTA, but inhibited collagen-induced release reaction which was caused by Ca2+ influx from extracellular medium. The inhibitory effect of the venom phospholipase A and also lysophosphatidylcholine or arachidonic acid could be antagonized or reversed by bovine serum albumin. It was concluded that the first stimulatory phase of the venom phospholipase A action might be due to arachidonate liberation from platelet membrane. The second phase of inhibition of platelet aggregation and the release of ATP might be due to the inhibitory action of the split products produced by this venom phospholipase A.
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Hamet P, Sugimoto H, Umeda F, Franks DJ. Platelets and vascular smooth muscle: abnormalities of phosphodiesterase, aggregation, and cell growth in experimental and human diabetes. Metabolism 1983; 32:124-30. [PMID: 6191179 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(83)80025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Platelets appear to be involved in both the maintenance of homeostasis and the regulation of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Anomalies of platelet function may be responsible in part for the pathogenesis of vascular disease in experimental and human diabetes. In a search for an appropriate animal model, we have studied platelet function and the properties of platelet cyclic NCL-PDE in rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes, spontaneous diabetes, and human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). It appears that opposite abnormalities in both aggregation and phosphodiesterase activity exist in the two animal models. In human IDDM, similar abnormalities to those seen in the BB model were observed. Vascular smooth muscle cells in culture can be used as a model for studies of the effect of circulating growth factors in animals and humans. A growth inhibitory factor was found in plasma and serum from STZ and human IDDM but not BB. In humans we observed increased growth-promoting activity of diabetic platelets, but this phenomenon was absent in both animal models. It remains to be evaluated whether these differences may account for the fact that diabetic rats appear resistant to development of vascular complications. It also remains to be established which animal model is the best choice for studying growth abnormalities in diabetes.
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Synthesis and characterization of iodopropyl derivatives of adenosine 3?,5?-cyclic-monophosphate: Potential affinity labels of cAMP binding sites in enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01025376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Azuma J, Sawamura A, Harada H, Tanimoto T, Morita Y, Sperelakis N, Yamamura Y. Trapidil stimulation of slow Ca2+ current in cardiac muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 1981; 72:199-208. [PMID: 6265246 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of trapidil, a coronary vasodilator and positive inotropic agent (associated with elevated tissue cyclic AMP levels due to phosphodiesterase inhibition), was examined on the electrophysiological properties of cardiac muscle. Specifically, the trapidil was tested for its ability to induce slow action potentials (APs), and to affect the maximum upstroke velocity (+Vmax) of the slow APs in the ventricular myocardial cells of isolated perfused chick hearts. The effect of trapidil on the contractions accompanying the slow APs and on the tissue cyclic AMP levels was also examined. To study the slow channels exclusively, the fast Na+ channels were voltage-inactivated by elevated (25 mM) K+. In this condition of functional removal of the fast channels, the hearts could not be excited even by intense electrical stimulation. It was found that trapidil (10(-4)--10(-3) M) induced slow APs accompanied by contractions. Elevation of the trapidil concentration produced dose-dependent increases in +Vmax, dT/dt (first derivative of developed tension) and cyclic AMP. These effects of trapidil were not affected by propranolol, suggesting that they were not mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors. These results support the hypothesis that intracellular cyclic AMP levels regulate the number of available slow channels, thereby controlling contractile force in the heart muscle via the Ca2+ influx mediated by slow channels.
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Van Inwegen RG, Salaman P, St Georgiev V, Weinryb I. Dihydro- and tetrahydroisoquinolines as inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases from dog heart. Structure-activity relationships. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:1307-12. [PMID: 87199 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ruwart MJ, Kaminski DL, Hahn JW. Papaverine-induced metabolic alterations in perfused canine and porcine liver. Biochem Pharmacol 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Weiss B, Fertel R. Pharmacological control of the synthesis and metabolism of cyclic nucleotides. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1977; 14:189-283. [PMID: 18912 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shtacher G, Crowley HJ, Dalton C. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by papaverine-like drugs: evidence for a novel mechanism of action. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:1045-50. [PMID: 1267850 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hynie S, Wenke M. The absence of stimulation of lipolysis by papaverine, a strong inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Eur J Pharmacol 1975; 30:230-7. [PMID: 165081 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(75)90104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative studies of the action of theophylline and papaverine were performed in rat epididymal fat pads, both on the lipolytic effect and on the activity of phosphodiesterase, adenylate cyclase and protein kinase. Papaverine, a stronger inhibitor of phosphodiesterase than theophylline, did not produce lipolysis. The maximum lipolytic effect (glycerol release) of theophylline was much higher than that of epinephrine and nearly approached the effect exerted by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. While theophylline potentiated or was without any effect on lipolysis produced by epinephrine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, papaverine at concentration 10- minus 3 M reduced the effect of both drugs as well as of theophylline by 90 per cent. These concentrations of papaverine also strongly inhibited the activity of adenylate cyclase. Neither papaverine nor theophylline prevented the activation of protein kinase by cyclic AMP. The data suggest that the lack of a lipolytic effect of papaverine migth be caused by a combination of its inhibitory effect on adenylate cyclase and direct inhibition of activation of triglyceride lipase.
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Samir Amer M, Kreighbaum WE. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: properties, activators, inhibitors, structure--activity relationships, and possible role in drug development. J Pharm Sci 1975; 64:1-37. [PMID: 166154 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600640106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Preininger V. Chapter 5 The Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Papaveraceae Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s1876-0813(08)60277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
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Amer MS, McKinney GR, Akcasu A. Effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on the cyclic nucleotide system of the rat stomach. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:3085-92. [PMID: 4155299 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Barthel W, Markwardt F. Aggregation of blood platelets by biogenic amines and its inhibition by antiadrenergic and antiserotoninergic agents. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:37-45. [PMID: 4149367 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ash JF, Spooner BS, Wessells NK. Effects of papaverine and calcium-free medium on salivary gland morphogenesis. Dev Biol 1973; 33:463-9. [PMID: 4789614 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Amer MS. Cyclic AMP and gastric secretion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES 1972; 17:945-53. [PMID: 4342206 DOI: 10.1007/bf02239536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Iwangoff P, Enz A. The influence of various dihydroergotamine analogues on cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase in the grey matter of cat brain in vitro. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1972; 2:223-30. [PMID: 4345018 DOI: 10.1007/bf02087046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pichard AL, Hanoune J, Kaplan JC. Human brain and platelet cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterases: different response to drugs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 279:217-20. [PMID: 4347078 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(72)90258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hanna PE, O'Dea RF, Goldberg ND. Phosphodiesterase inhibition by papaverine and structurally related compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21:2266-8. [PMID: 4345802 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(72)90043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schwabe U, Berndt S, Ebert R. Activation and inhibition of lipolysis in isolated fat cells by various inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1972; 273:62-74. [PMID: 4338396 DOI: 10.1007/bf00508080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hoffer BJ, Siggins GR, Oliver AP, Bloom FE. Cyclic AMP mediation of norepinephrine inhibition in rat cerebellar cortex: a unique class of synaptic responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971; 185:531-49. [PMID: 4330518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb45279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mandel LR. Inhibition of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase by substituted imidazopyrazines. Biochem Pharmacol 1971; 20:3413-21. [PMID: 4332205 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Haslam RJ, Taylor A. Effects of catecholamines on the formation of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate in human blood platelets. Biochem J 1971; 125:377-9. [PMID: 4333938 PMCID: PMC1178065 DOI: 10.1042/bj1250377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Iwangoff P, Enz A. The effect of dihydroergotamine on the phosphodiesterase activity of cat grey matter. EXPERIENTIA 1971; 27:1258-9. [PMID: 4332433 DOI: 10.1007/bf02136672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Carpenedo F, Toson GC, Furlanut M, Ferrari M. Effects of papaverine and eupaverin on calcium uptake by isolated sarcoplasmic vesicles. J Pharm Pharmacol 1971; 23:502-5. [PMID: 4397448 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1971.tb08697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Papaverine and eupaverin increase the rate of uptake of calcium by sarcoplasmic vesicles isolated from rabbit white skeletal muscle. The degree of activity of the above drugs is clearly affected by changes of ATP, oxalate and Ca2+ concentrations. The results are discussed in view of present knowledge about the effects of papaverine-like drugs upon muscular contraction.
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Vigdahl RL, Mongin J, Marquis NR. Platelet aggregation. IV. Platelet phosphodiesterase and its inhibition by vasodilators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 42:1088-94. [PMID: 4323846 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chapter 7. Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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