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Mitkin NA, Anokhin PK, Belopolskaya MV, Frolova OY, Kushnir EA, Lovat ML, Pavshintsev VV. Active immunization against serum alcohol dehydrogenase normalizes brain dopamine metabolism disturbed during chronic alcohol consumption. Alcohol 2020; 83:17-28. [PMID: 31260795 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption in high doses is associated with constitutively elevated activity of the serum alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADH I) isoform, which demonstrates a high affinity not only for ethanol but also for a number of bioamine metabolites. Such excessive ADH activity is probably associated with disruptions in the metabolism of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) and subsequent long-term changes in the activity of their receptors. Ultimately, a stable depressive-like condition contributes to the development of patients' craving for ethanol intake, frequent disruptions during therapy, and low efficacy of treatment. We applied active immunization against ADH to investigate its efficacy in the reduction of excessive serum ADH activity and regulation of ethanol consumption by chronically ethanol-fed Wistar rats (15% ethanol, 4 months, free-choice method), and we analyzed its ability to influence the levels of bioamines in the brain. Immunization (2 injections, 2-week intervals) was performed using a combination of recombinant horse ADH isozyme as an antigen and 2% aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant. The efficacy of immunization was demonstrated by the production of high titers of ADH-specific antibodies, which was consistent with the significantly reduced ADH activity in the serum of chronically ethanol-fed rats. On the 26th day after the first vaccine injection, we registered significantly lower levels of alcohol consumption compared to ethanol-fed control animals, and the difference reached 16% on the 49th day of the experiment. These observations were accompanied by data that showed reduced levels of ethanol preference in immunized rats. Chronic alcohol drinking led to a decrease in dopamine and DOPAL (a direct dopamine metabolite and a high-affinity ADH substrate) levels in the striatum,while immunization neutralized this effect. Additionally, we observed that inhibition of serum ADH activity caused a decrease in peak dopamine levels during acute alcohol intake in chronically ethanol-fed rats during ethanol withdrawal that was associated with reduced tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the striatum. The obtained data suggest a significant contribution of ADH to the changes in neurotransmitter systems during chronic alcohol consumption and make available new prospects for developing innovative strategies for treatment of excessive alcohol intake.
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Karković Marković A, Torić J, Barbarić M, Jakobušić Brala C. Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol and Derivatives and Their Potential Effects on Human Health. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24102001. [PMID: 31137753 PMCID: PMC6571782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet and olive oil as its quintessential part are almost synonymous with a healthy way of eating and living nowadays. This kind of diet has been highly appreciated and is widely recognized for being associated with many favorable effects, such as reduced incidence of different chronic diseases and prolonged longevity. Although olive oil polyphenols present a minor fraction in the composition of olive oil, they seem to be of great importance when it comes to the health benefits, and interest in their biological and potential therapeutic effects is huge. There is a growing body of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as intervention-based clinical trials, revealing new aspects of already known and many new, previously unknown activities and health effects of these compounds. This review summarizes recent findings regarding biological activities, metabolism and bioavailability of the major olive oil phenolic compounds—hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, oleocanthal and oleacein—the most important being their antiatherogenic, cardioprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective and endocrine effects. The evidence presented in the review concludes that these phenolic compounds have great pharmacological potential, however, further studies are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karković Marković
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A.Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jelena Torić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A.Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Monika Barbarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A.Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Cvijeta Jakobušić Brala
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A.Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Cherup J, Sharabi Y. Plasma Catechols After Eating Olives. Clin Transl Sci 2017; 11:32-37. [PMID: 28898548 PMCID: PMC5759722 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Olives contain 3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl compounds (catechols)—especially 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPET)—that have therapeutic potential as nutraceuticals. Whether olive ingestion affects plasma levels of free (unconjugated) catechols has been unknown. Arm venous blood was sampled before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after six healthy volunteers ate 10 Kalamata olives. Catechols were assayed by alumina extraction followed by liquid chromatography with series electrochemical detection. Plasma DOPET increased to 18.5 times baseline at 30 min (area under the curve (AUC) 39.2 ± 9.2 pmol‐min/mL, P = 0.008). 3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) increased markedly (peak 37.4 times baseline, AUC 23,490 ± 4,151 pmol‐min/mL, P = 0.002). The sum of 10 catechols increased 12‐fold (P < 0.0001). Eating olives produces large‐magnitude increases in plasma levels of catechols, mainly DOPAC. DOPET seems to go undergo extensive hepatic metabolism to DOPAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Courtney Holmes
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie Cherup
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yehonatan Sharabi
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Hypertension Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Rodríguez-Morató J, Robledo P, Tanner JA, Boronat A, Pérez-Mañá C, Oliver Chen CY, Tyndale RF, de la Torre R. CYP2D6 and CYP2A6 biotransform dietary tyrosol into hydroxytyrosol. Food Chem 2016; 217:716-725. [PMID: 27664690 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dietary phenol tyrosol has been reported to be endogenously transformed into hydroxytyrosol, a potent antioxidant with multiple health benefits. In this work, we evaluated whether tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and cytochrome P450s (CYPs) catalyzed this process. To assess TH involvement, Wistar rats were treated with α-methyl-L-tyrosine and tyrosol. Tyrosol was converted into hydroxytyrosol whilst α-methyl-L-tyrosine did not inhibit the biotransformation. The role of CYP was assessed in human liver microsomes (HLM) and tyrosol-to-hydroxytyrosol conversion was observed. Screening with selective enzymatic CYP inhibitors identified CYP2A6 as the major isoform involved in this process. Studies with baculosomes further demonstrated that CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 could transform tyrosol into hydroxytyrosol. Experiments using human genotyped livers showed an interindividual variability in hydroxytyrosol formation and supported findings that CYP2D6 and CYP2A6 mediated this reaction. The dietary health benefits of tyrosol-containing foods remain to be evaluated in light of CYP pharmacogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rodríguez-Morató
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Dr. Aiguader 80, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Robledo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Dr. Aiguader 80, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - Julie-Anne Tanner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Anna Boronat
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Dr. Aiguader 80, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain.
| | - C-Y Oliver Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain; Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Dr. Aiguader 80, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Rodríguez-Morató J, Boronat A, Kotronoulas A, Pujadas M, Pastor A, Olesti E, Pérez-Mañá C, Khymenets O, Fitó M, Farré M, de la Torre R. Metabolic disposition and biological significance of simple phenols of dietary origin: hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:218-36. [PMID: 27186796 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1179754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol are dietary phenolic compounds present in virgin olive oil and wine. Both compounds are also endogenously synthesized in our body as byproducts of dopamine and tyramine metabolisms, respectively. Over the last decades, research into hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol has experienced an increasing interest due to the role that these compounds may play in the prevention of certain pathologies (e.g. cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer). The translation of promising in vitro and in vivo biological effects from preclinical studies to the context of human disease prevention initially depends on whether the dose ingested becomes available at the site of action. In this regard, information regarding the bioavailability and metabolic disposition of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol is of most importance to evaluate the impact they may have on human health. In this review, we discuss and summarize the state of the art of the scientific evidence regarding the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of both hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. We also examine the impact of these compounds and their metabolites on biological activity in terms of beneficial health effects. Finally, we evaluate the different analytical approaches that have been developed to measure the plasma and urinary levels of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rodríguez-Morató
- a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;,b Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ;,c CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Anna Boronat
- a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;,b Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mitona Pujadas
- a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antoni Pastor
- a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;,c CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Eulalia Olesti
- a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;,b Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;,d Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona , Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Olha Khymenets
- a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- c CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición , Santiago de Compostela , Spain ;,e Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;,d Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona , Cerdanyola, Spain ;,f Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) , Badalona , Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;,b Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ;,c CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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6
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Domínguez-Perles R, Auñón D, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo A. Gender differences in plasma and urine metabolites from Sprague–Dawley rats after oral administration of normal and high doses of hydroxytyrosol, hydroxytyrosol acetate, and DOPAC. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:215-224. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Pérez-Mañá C, Farré M, Pujadas M, Mustata C, Menoyo E, Pastor A, Langohr K, de la Torre R. Ethanol induces hydroxytyrosol formation in humans. Pharmacol Res 2015; 95-96:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Pérez-Mañá C, Farré M, Rodríguez-Morató J, Papaseit E, Pujadas M, Fitó M, Robledo P, Covas MI, Cheynier V, Meudec E, Escudier JL, de la Torre R. Moderate consumption of wine, through both its phenolic compounds and alcohol content, promotes hydroxytyrosol endogenous generation in humans. A randomized controlled trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1213-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group; Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pharmacology; Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona; Cerdanyola Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group; Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pharmacology; Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona; Cerdanyola Spain
| | - Jose Rodríguez-Morató
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group; Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group; Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pharmacology; Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona; Cerdanyola Spain
| | - Mitona Pujadas
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group; Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Epidemiology Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
| | - Patricia Robledo
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group; Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF); Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria-Isabel Covas
- CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Epidemiology Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- NUPROAS Handesbolag (NUPROAS HB); Nacka Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Rafael de la Torre
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group; Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
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Rodríguez-Morató J, Xicota L, Fitó M, Farré M, Dierssen M, de la Torre R. Potential role of olive oil phenolic compounds in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules 2015; 20:4655-80. [PMID: 25781069 PMCID: PMC6272603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) has been associated with a reduced incidence of neurodegenerative diseases and better cognitive performance. Virgin olive oil, the main source of lipids in the MD, is rich in minor phenolic components, particularly hydroxytyrosol (HT). HT potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions have attracted researchers' attention and may contribute to neuroprotective effects credited to MD. In this review HT bioavailability and pharmacokinetics are presented prior to discussing health beneficial effects. In vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effects together with its multiple mechanisms of action are reviewed. Other microconstituents of olive oil are also considered due to their potential neuroprotective effects (oleocanthal, triterpenic acids). Finally, we discuss the potential role of HT as a therapeutic tool in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rodríguez-Morató
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Dr. Aiguader 80, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03/028), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Laura Xicota
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Dr. Aiguader 80, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
- Cellular & Systems Neurobiology Research Group, Center of Genomic Regulation, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - Montse Fitó
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03/028), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Epidemiology Program, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - Magí Farré
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain.
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Cellular & Systems Neurobiology Research Group, Center of Genomic Regulation, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Dr. Aiguader 80, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03/028), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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Contribution of liver alcohol dehydrogenase to metabolism of alcohols in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 234:85-95. [PMID: 25641189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of oxidation of various alcohols by purified rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were compared with the kinetics of elimination of the alcohols in rats in order to investigate the roles of ADH and other factors that contribute to the rates of metabolism of alcohols. Primary alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol) and diols (1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol) were eliminated in rats with zero-order kinetics at doses of 5-20 mmol/kg. Ethanol was eliminated most rapidly, at 7.9 mmol/kgh. Secondary alcohols (2-propanol-d7, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, 3-pentanol, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol) were eliminated with first order kinetics at doses of 5-10 mmol/kg, and the corresponding ketones were formed and slowly eliminated with zero or first order kinetics. The rates of elimination of various alcohols were inhibited on average 73% (55% for 2-propanol to 90% for ethanol) by 1 mmol/kg of 4-methylpyrazole, a good inhibitor of ADH, indicating a major role for ADH in the metabolism of the alcohols. The Michaelis kinetic constants from in vitro studies (pH 7.3, 37 °C) with isolated rat liver enzyme were used to calculate the expected relative rates of metabolism in rats. The rates of elimination generally increased with increased activity of ADH, but a maximum rate of 6±1 mmol/kg h was observed for the best substrates, suggesting that ADH activity is not solely rate-limiting. Because secondary alcohols only require one NAD(+) for the conversion to ketones whereas primary alcohols require two equivalents of NAD(+) for oxidation to the carboxylic acids, it appears that the rate of oxidation of NADH to NAD(+) is not a major limiting factor for metabolism of these alcohols, but the rate-limiting factors are yet to be identified.
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Schröder H, de la Torre R, Estruch R, Corella D, Martínez-González MA, Salas-Salvadó J, Ros E, Arós F, Flores G, Civit E, Farré M, Fiol M, Vila J, Fernandez-Crehuet J, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Lapetra J, Sáez G, Covas MI. Alcohol consumption is associated with high concentrations of urinary hydroxytyrosol. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1329-35. [PMID: 19759165 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported the presence of hydroxytyrosol in red wine and higher human urinary recovery of total hydroxytyrosol than that expected after a single red wine intake. We hypothesized that the alcohol present in wine could promote endogenous hydroxytyrosol generation. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the relation between alcohol consumption and urinary hydroxytyrosol concentrations. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study with baseline data from a subsample of the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial, an intervention study directed at testing the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Participants included 1045 subjects, aged 55-80 y, who were at high cardiovascular risk. Alcohol consumption was estimated through a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Urinary hydroxytyrosol and ethyl glucuronide, a biomarker of alcohol consumption, were measured. RESULTS Urinary ethyl glucuronide concentrations were directly related to alcohol and wine consumption (P < 0.001) as well as to urinary hydroxytyrosol in both sexes (P < 0.001). The degree of alcohol consumption was directly associated with urinary hydroxytyrosol in male alcohol consumers (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed a significant linear trend (P < 0.05) for elevated hydroxytyrosol concentrations with an increase in alcohol consumption. Intakes of >20 g (2 drinks)/d and >10 g (1 drink)/d alcohol in men and women, respectively, were associated (P < 0.05) with elevated concentrations of hydroxytyrosol. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time a direct association between urinary hydroxytyrosol and alcohol consumption at a population level. These findings reinforce previous work in human and animal models that examines wine as a source of hydroxytyrosol and alcohol as an indirect promoter of endogenous hydroxytyrosol generation. This trial was registered at controlled-trials.com/isrctn/ as ISRCTN 35739639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schröder
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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12
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Marchitti SA, Deitrich RA, Vasiliou V. Neurotoxicity and metabolism of the catecholamine-derived 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde: the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 59:125-50. [PMID: 17379813 DOI: 10.1124/pr.59.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules formed during the biotransformation of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds, including biogenic amines. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde is the aldehyde metabolite of dopamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde is the aldehyde metabolite of both norepinephrine and epinephrine. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that these compounds are neurotoxic, and it has been recently hypothesized that neurodegenerative disorders may be associated with increased levels of these biogenic aldehydes. Aldehyde dehydrogenases are a group of NAD(P)+ -dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes, such as those derived from catecholamines, to their corresponding carboxylic acids. To date, 19 aldehyde dehydrogenase genes have been identified in the human genome. Mutations in these genes and subsequent inborn errors in aldehyde metabolism are the molecular basis of several diseases, including Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, type II hyperprolinemia, gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, and pyridoxine-dependent seizures, most of which are characterized by neurological abnormalities. Several pharmaceutical agents and environmental toxins are also known to disrupt or inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase function. It is, therefore, possible to speculate that reduced detoxification of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde from impaired or deficient aldehyde dehydrogenase function may be a contributing factor in the suggested neurotoxicity of these compounds. This article presents a comprehensive review of what is currently known of both the neurotoxicity and respective metabolism pathways of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde with an emphasis on the role that aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes play in the detoxification of these two aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satori A Marchitti
- Molecular Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Florang VR, Rees JN, Brogden NK, Anderson DG, Hurley TD, Doorn JA. Inhibition of the oxidative metabolism of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a reactive intermediate of dopamine metabolism, by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Neurotoxicology 2006; 28:76-82. [PMID: 16956664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates a role for oxidative stress and resulting products, e.g. 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). 4HNE is a known inhibitor of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), an enzyme very important to the dopamine (DA) metabolic pathway. DA undergoes monoamine oxidase-catalyzed oxidative deamination to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), which is metabolized primarily to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) via ALDH2. The biotransformation of DOPAL is critical as previous studies have demonstrated this DA-derived aldehyde to be a reactive electrophile and toxic to dopaminergic cells. Therefore, 4HNE produced via oxidative stress may inhibit ALDH2-mediated oxidation of the endogenous neurotoxin DOPAL. To test this hypothesis, ALDH2 in various model systems was treated with 4HNE and activity toward DOPAL measured. Incubation of human recombinant ALDH2 with 4HNE (1.5-30 microM) yielded inhibition of activity toward DOPAL. Furthermore, ALDH2 in rat brain mitochondrial lysate as well as isolated rat brain mitochondria was also sensitive to the lipid peroxidation product at low micromolar, as evident by a decrease in the rate of DOPAL to DOPAC conversion measured using HPLC. Taken together, these data indicate that 4HNE at low micromolar inhibits mitochondrial biotransformation of DOPAL to DOPAC, and generation of the lipid peroxidation product may represent a mechanism yielding aberrant levels of DOPAL, thus linking oxidative stress to the uncontrolled production of an endogenous neurotoxin relevant to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Florang
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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14
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Keung WM, Kunze L, Li DJ, Lazo O. Volitional ethanol consumption affects overall serotonin metabolism in Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 271:823-30. [PMID: 10814546 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Methods were established for the determination of serotonin (5-HT)(1) metabolites 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL) in the urine of Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and used to study the effect of volitional ethanol consumption on overall 5-HT metabolism in this ethanol-preferring rodent. The basal levels of 5-HIAA and 5-HTOL in 24-h urine of ethanol-naive hamsters were 300 +/- 101 and 4.96 +/- 1. 06 nmol (n = 8), respectively. Given free choice between water and a 15% ethanol solution, these hamsters chose to consume increasing amounts of ethanol. The increase was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in urine 5-HIAA and increase in urine 5-HTOL, indicating that volitional ethanol intake diverted part of the 5-HT metabolic flux from an oxidative into a reductive pathway. In a separate experiment, the amounts of ethanol consumed by and blood ethanol concentrations attained in ethanol-drinking golden hamsters were determined at 5 different time intervals between 6 PM and 7 AM when most feeding activities occurred. Except in the first hour after lights were turned off, ethanol was consumed at a relatively even pace throughout the night (2-3 g/kg/3 h) and blood ethanol levels were maintained at the low mM range which rarely exceeded 2 mM. These results suggest that the biochemical pathway that catalyzes 5-HT metabolism is extremely sensitive to ethanol and can play an important role in mediating the reported clinically beneficial action of a low concentration of ethanol during alcohol detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Keung
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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15
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Keung WM, Vallee BL. Kudzu root: an ancient Chinese source of modern antidipsotropic agents. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1998; 47:499-506. [PMID: 9461670 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) is one of the earliest medicinal plants used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has many profound pharmacological actions including antidipsotropic (antialcohol abuse) activity. Although both the roots and flowers of kudzu, Radix and Flos puerariae, respectively, have been used to treat alcohol abuse safely and effectively in China for more than a millennium, their true efficacy, active constituents, sites and mechanisms of action have never been critically examined. Recently, we have demonstrated that a crude extract of Radix puerariae suppresses the free-choice ethanol intake of ethanol-preferring golden Syrian hamsters and have identified two of its isoflavones, daidzin and daidzein, that account for this effect. Since then, we and other investigators have confirmed these findings in rats that were either trained or genetically bred to prefer and consume large amounts of ethanol. This article summarizes recent progress on the pharmacological and biochemical studies of the antidipsotropic isoflavones isolated from Radix puerariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Keung
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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16
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Keung WM, Klyosov AA, Vallee BL. Daidzin inhibits mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and suppresses ethanol intake of Syrian golden hamsters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:1675-9. [PMID: 9050837 PMCID: PMC19975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.5.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Daidzin is the major active principle in extracts of radix puerariae, a traditional Chinese medication that suppresses the ethanol intake of Syrian golden hamsters. It is the first isoflavone recognized to have this effect. Daidzin is also a potent and selective inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2). To establish a link between these two activities, we have tested a series of synthetic structural analogs of daidzin. The results demonstrate a direct correlation between ALDH-2 inhibition and ethanol intake suppression and raise the possibility that daidzin may, in fact, suppress ethanol intake of golden hamsters by inhibiting ALDH-2. Hamster liver contains not only mitochondrial ALDH-2 but also high concentrations of a cytosolic form, ALDH-1, which is a very efficient catalyst of acetaldehyde oxidation. Further, the cytosolic isozyme is completely resistant to daidzin inhibition. This unusual property of the hamster ALDH-1 isozyme accounts for the fact we previously observed that daidzin can suppress ethanol intake of this species without blocking acetaldehyde metabolism. Thus, the mechanism by which daidzin suppresses ethanol intake in golden hamsters clearly differs from that proposed for the classic ALDH inhibitor disulfiram. We postulate that a physiological pathway catalyzed by ALDH-2, so far undefined, controls ethanol intake of golden hamsters and mediates the antidipsotropic effect of daidzin.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Keung
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Sood C, O'Brien PJ. Chloroacetaldehyde-induced hepatocyte cytotoxicity. Mechanisms for cytoprotection. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:1025-32. [PMID: 8093090 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
2-Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA)-induced cytotoxicity in isolated hepatocytes was enhanced markedly if hepatocyte alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenase was inhibited prior to CAA addition. Hepatocyte GSH depletion, ATP depletion and lipid peroxidation by CAA were also enhanced markedly. Furthermore, CAA was about 10- and 70-fold more cytotoxic than its oxidative or reductive metabolite chloroacetate or chloroethanol, respectively. Nutrients such as lactate, xylitol, sorbitol or glycerol, which increase cytosolic NADH levels, prevented CAA cytotoxicity in normal hepatocytes but further enhanced cytotoxicity toward alcohol dehydrogenase inactivated hepatocytes, suggesting that increased cytosolic NADH reduces CAA via alcohol dehydrogenase in normal hepatocytes but prevents CAA oxidation in alcohol dehydrogenase inactivated hepatocytes. However, increasing cytosolic NADH levels with ethanol or NADH-generating nutrients after CAA had been metabolized also prevented cytotoxicity and caused a partial ATP recovery, whereas oxidation of cytosolic NADH with pyruvate markedly increased cytotoxicity. This indicates that cytotoxic CAA concentrations cause oxidative stress and that ATP levels can be restored if cellular redox homeostasis is normalized with reductants. Furthermore, except for fructose, nutrients that did not increase NADH did not affect CAA-induced cytotoxicity. Fructose also caused a partial ATP recovery, and its protection was prevented by the glycolytic inhibitor fluoride. Hepatocytes isolated from fasted animals were 4- to 6-fold more susceptible to CAA-induced ATP depletion and cytotoxicity. No lipid peroxidation occurred at these lower CAA concentrations. Furthermore, all nutrients, including alanine, glutamine and glucose, prevented cytotoxicity toward hepatocytes isolated from fasted animals. The susceptibility of hepatocytes to CAA cytotoxicity, therefore, depends on both cellular redox homeostasis and cellular energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sood
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Abstract
The rate of alcohol metabolism is determined by the kinetic characteristics and concentrations of the alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and by the rate of restoration of the redox state of the cell. Several potent competitive and uncompetitive inhibitors of the alcohol dehydrogenases can decrease the rate of alcohol metabolism; they may be useful for preventing the potentially deleterious effects of ethanol metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenases have very broad specificity and can readily reduce a variety of carbonyl compounds by exchange reactions while ethanol is metabolized. Agents that increase the rate of metabolism need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Plapp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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19
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Kurys G, Shah PC, Kikonygo A, Reed D, Ambroziak W, Pietruszko R. Human aldehyde dehydrogenase. cDNA cloning and primary structure of the enzyme that catalyzes dehydrogenation of 4-aminobutyraldehyde. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 218:311-20. [PMID: 8269919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (E3 isozyme), with wide substrate specificity and low Km for 4-aminobutyraldehyde, was only recently characterized [Kurys, G., Ambroziak, W. & Pietruszko, R. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 4715-4721] and in this study we report on its primary structure. Polyclonal antibodies, specific for the E3 isozyme and three oligonucleotide probes derived from amino acid sequence of the E3 protein, were used for isolation of the first cDNA clone encoding the human enzyme (1503 bp; coding for 440 amino acid residues). Additional clones were obtained by using the first isolated clone as a probe. The largest clone of 1635 bp coded for 462 amino acid residues; it was longer at the 3'end of the cDNA non-coding region. The identity of the clone was established by DNA sequencing and by comparison with peptide sequences derived from the E3 protein, which constituted approximately 29% of the total primary structure of the E3 isozyme. The start codon was never encountered despite a variety of different approaches (500 amino acid residues were expected on the basis of SDS-gel molecular-mass determination of the E3 isozyme subunit). Despite the great catalytic similarity between the E3 and E1 isozymes [Ambroziak, W. & Pietruszko, R. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 13011-13018], the primary structure of the E3 isozyme has only approximately 40.6% of positional identity with that of the E1 isozyme. Sequence comparison with GenBank and Protein Identification Resource database sequences indicated no primary structure of aldehyde dehydrogenase more closely resembling the E3 isozyme than that of Escherichia coli betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (52.7% positional identity), a prokaryotic enzyme specific for betaine aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kurys
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-0969
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20
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Helander A, Tottmar O. Effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde and disulfiram on the metabolism of biogenic aldehydes in isolated human blood cells and platelets. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:3981-5. [PMID: 2446627 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde and disulfiram on the metabolism of biogenic aldehydes were measured in different human blood fractions. Intact erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) or 5-hydroxy-indole-3-acetaldehyde (5-HIAL), the aldehydes derived from dopamine and serotonin, respectively. The disappearance of the aldehyde and the formation of acid and alcohol metabolites were analysed in the presence of different concentrations of ethanol, acetaldehyde or disulfiram using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Ethanol at a concentration of 20 mM did not affect the biogenic aldehyde metabolism. High concentrations of acetaldehyde caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the disappearance rate of the biogenic aldehydes and of the formation rate of acid metabolites. In incubations with leukocytes or platelets, the inhibition of the acid formation was associated with a slight increase in the formation of the alcohol metabolites. Disulfiram at a concentration of 50 microM totally inhibited the metabolism of DOPAL and 5-HIAL in incubations with erythrocytes or platelets, whereas much less inhibition was observed in incubations with leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Helander
- Department of Zoophysiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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21
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Sanny CG, Weiner H. Inactivation of horse liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by disulfiram. Evidence that disulfiram is not an active-site-directed reagent. Biochem J 1987; 242:499-503. [PMID: 3593264 PMCID: PMC1147733 DOI: 10.1042/bj2420499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of mitochondrial (pI 5) horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase by disulfiram (tetraethylthiuram disulphide) was investigated to determine if the drug was an active-site-directed inhibitor. Stoichiometry of inhibition was determined by using an analogue, [35S]tetramethylthiuram disulphide. A 50% loss of the dehydrogenase activity was observed when only one site per tetrameric enzyme was modified, and complete inactivation was not obtained even after seven sites per tetramer were modified. Modification of only two sites accounted for a loss of 75% of the initial catalytic activity. The number of functioning active sites per tetrameric enzyme, as determined by the magnitude of the pre-steady-state burst of NADH formation, did not decrease until approx. 75% of the catalytic activity was lost. These data indicate that disulfiram does not modify the essential nucleophilic amino acid at the active site of the enzyme. The data support an inactivation mechanism involving the formation of a mixed disulphide with a non-essential cysteine residue, resulting in a lowered specific activity of the enzyme.
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22
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Tank AW, Deitrich RA, Weiner H. Effects of induction of rat liver cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase on the oxidation of biogenic aldehydes. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:4563-9. [PMID: 2431694 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phenobarbital and tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induce two different forms of aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3, ALDH), designated phi and tau respectively, in the rat liver cytosol. The physiological substrates for these enzymes are as yet unknown. In this study we investigated whether the induction of these enzymes forms affected the metabolism of dopamine and norepinephrine in rat liver slices. A 10-fold increase in phi-ALDH produced by phenobarbital treatment resulted in small increases in the formation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid from the biogenic amines. The 50- to 100-fold elevation of the tau-isozyme did not alter the rate of formation of the acids. When liver slices were incubated with 40 mM ethanol, the formation of the reduced products of dopamine and norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, respectively, was favored. Under these conditions, the induction of the phi-isoenzyme again produced only a small increase in the formation of the acid products, whereas the induction of the tau-isoenzyme had no effect on acid production from biogenic amine metabolism. The results suggest that neither the phi- nor the tau-forms of ALDH are involved in the hepatic metabolism of dopamine or norepinephrine and support the conclusion that the oxidation of the aldehyde derived from dopamine occurs in mitochondria [A. W. Tank, H. Weiner and J. Thurman, Biochem. Pharmac. 30, 3265 (1981)].
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23
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MacKerell AD, Blatter EE, Pietruszko R. Human aldehyde dehydrogenase: kinetic identification of the isozyme for which biogenic aldehydes and acetaldehyde compete. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1986; 10:266-70. [PMID: 3526948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Michaelis constants and maximal velocities for phenylacetaldehyde (a metabolite of phenylethylamine), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (a metabolite of dopamine), 5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde (a metabolite of serotonin), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (a metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine) have been determined for both cytoplasmic (E1) and mitochondrial (E2) isozymes of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3). Kinetic constants with biogenic aldehydes have never been previously determined for individual homogeneous isozymes of aldehyde dehydrogenase from any species. Mathematical treatment of these constants suggests that competition with acetaldehyde during alcohol metabolism would severely inhibit dehydrogenation of biogenic aldehydes with the mitochondrial and not the cytoplasmic isozyme of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase.
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Hellström-Lindahl E, Weiner H. Effects of disulfiram on the oxidation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde in rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34:1529-35. [PMID: 3994763 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro oxidation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde was studied in liver samples from disulfiram-treated and control rats. With 25 microM substrate, both cytosol and mitochondria appeared to make a nearly equal contribution to the oxidation of benzaldehyde, whereas ca. 90% of acetaldehyde oxidation occurred in mitochondria. When the Km values for benzaldehyde with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were determined, two Km values (3 and 120 microM) were obtained with mitochondria, but only a single Km value (25 microM) was obtained with the cytosolic fraction. The relatively high Km (2.9 mM) found with microsomes makes it unlikely that microsomes are important in the oxidation of benzaldehyde. In intact mitochondria, with 200 microM acetaldehyde or benzaldehyde the matrix space enzyme accounted for 77 and 62%, respectively, of the total ALDH activity. When the activity was determined in a mixture containing both substrates, the activity was found not to be additive, indicating that both substrates are oxidized by the same matrix space enzyme. With subcellular fractions, from livers of disulfiram-treated and control rats, a greater degree of inhibition of ALDH was obtained when acetaldehyde was a substrate compared to that with benzaldehyde in cytosol and mitochondria. Microsomal ALDH was not inhibited by disulfiram. In liver slices from rats given disulfiram, a statistically significant inhibition was found when either 25 or 250 microM acetaldehyde was used (46 and 33%). With benzaldehyde, a significant inhibition (24%) was observed only with the lower substrate concentration. Finding that both mitochondrial fractions and slices were less inhibited at the higher substrate concentration implies that the high Km enzyme is not inhibited. It can be concluded that, in rat, disulfiram inhibiting liver ALDH not only affects oxidation of acetaldehyde, but also that of benzaldehyde.
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Duley JA, Harris O, Holmes RS. Analysis of human alcohol- and aldehyde-metabolizing isozymes by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1985; 9:263-71. [PMID: 3893198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis were used to identify the various isozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), aldehyde oxidase (AOX), and xanthine oxidase (XOX). ADH types I, II, and III were located primarily in the cytosol fraction of liver, but some activity was found also in the small granule fraction. The ALDH-I and -IV isozymes were found in the large granule fraction, while ALDH-II and -III were present in the cytosol and ALDH-V in the small granule fraction. AOX and XOX each appeared as a single cytosolic form with some small granule activity. The tissue distribution of these isozymes is presented and the physiological role of each enzyme is discussed.
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26
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Abstract
Two aldehyde reductases with mol. wt 78,000 and 32,000 and one carbonyl reductase with mol. wt 31,000 were purified to homogeneity from human liver cytosol. The high molecular weight aldehyde reductase exhibited properties similar to alcohol dehydrogenase; it had a single subunit of mol. wt 41,000 and a pI value of 10 to 10.5, and showed preference for NADH over NADPH as cofactor and sensitivity to SH-reagents, pyrazole, o-phenanthroline and isobutyramide. The enzyme reduced aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, alicyclic ketones and alpha-diketones and an optimal pH of 6.0, and oxidized various alcohols with NAD as a cofactor at an optimal pH of 8.8. The identity of the enzyme with alcohol dehydrogenase was established by starch gel electrophoresis and co-purification of the two enzymes. The other enzymes were NADPH-dependent and monomeric reductases; the aldehyde reductase reduced aldehydes, hexonates and alpha-diketones and was sensitive to barbiturates, diphenylhydantoin and valproate, while the carbonyl reductase showed a broad substrate specificity for aldehydes, ketones and quinones and was inhibited by SH-reagent, quercitrin and benzoic acid. The latter enzyme appeared in three multiforms with different charges which occurred in differing ratios in liver specimens. Comparison of kinetic constants for aldehydes among the enzymes indicated that alcohol dehydrogenase is the best reductase with the highest affinity and Kcat values. The enzyme also catalyzed oxidation and reduction of aromatic aldehydes in the presence of NAD at physiological pH of 7.2. Tissue distribution of the three enzymes and variation of their specific activities in human livers were examined.
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Weiner H, Coker FG, Vrbanac JJ. Application of metabolic profiling to study the effects of ethanol on metabolism in rats. Alcohol 1984; 1:105-9. [PMID: 6537214 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(84)90064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rat urine was analyzed by both gas chromatography and a combination of gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy in an attempt to apply the technique of metabolic profiling to determine if ethanol consumption produced an alteration in acid excretion products. Rats were fed a liquid diet for seven days then fed ethanol in the same diet. The 24 hr urine for the last day of control and the first day of ethanol differed greatly with respect to four compounds. These were an increase in threonic, glucuronic and an undetermined acid and a decrease in pyroglutamic acid. The biological basis for the alterations was not investigated. Glucuronic acid forms conjugates with many compounds. Possibly an acute dose of ethanol may alter the removal of some compounds from the liver.
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Nakayama T, Hara A, Sawada H. Purification and characterization of a novel pyrazole-sensitive carbonyl reductase in guinea pig lung. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 217:564-73. [PMID: 6753749 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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