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Adachi M, Kumagai T, Hosho K, Nagata K, Fujiyoshi M, Shimada M. Exploring Acute Liver Damage: Slimming Health Foods and CYP3A4 Induction. Yonago Acta Med 2024; 67:124-134. [PMID: 38803590 PMCID: PMC11128086 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Patients taking multiple drugs and various health foods often develop acute hepatitis. We hypothesized that the interaction between health foods and drug metabolism was the cause of severe liver injury in these patients. Therefore, we studied changes in the activity of the drug-metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P450 (CYP), using slimming health food extracts and elucidated the molecular mechanism of liver injury onset through hepatotoxicity evaluation. Methods For cytotoxicity testing, health food extract samples were added to HepG2 cells derived from hepatic parenchymal cells and culture medium, and cell viability was calculated 48 h after culture. To evaluate CYP3A4 induction, 3-1-10 cells constructed with a reporter linked to CYP3A4 gene were used, and reporter activity was measured 48 h after culture. Results In the chronological order of the slimming health food intake history of the patient, niacinamide and Gymnema sylvestre extracts strongly inhibited HepG2 cell viability. In contrast, dietary supplements A and Coleus forskohlii extract strongly induced CYP3A4 reporter activity. To confirm CYP3A4 induction in humans, humanized CYP3A/pregnane X receptor (PXR) mice were treated with forskolin. CYP3A4 mRNA expression levels were elevated 3.9 times compared to that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Coleus forskohlii extract showed the strongest transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 gene. In a mouse model of human-type drug metabolism, forskolin induced CYP3A4 transcription. Thus, we concluded that CYP3A4 induction by Coleus forskohlii is one of the causes of crucial hepatocellular injury, which is a type of liver injury caused by the active metabolite of acetaminophen produced by CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Adachi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kumagai
- Laboratory of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Keiko Hosho
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Nagata
- Laboratory of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | | | - Miki Shimada
- Department of Pharmacy, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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Joshi P, Kang SY, Acharya P, Sidhpura D, Lee MY. High-throughput assessment of metabolism-mediated neurotoxicity by combining 3D-cultured neural stem cells and liver cell spheroids. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105688. [PMID: 37660999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that biotransformation in the liver plays an important role in the augmented toxicity and detoxification of chemicals, relatively little efforts have been made to incorporate biotransformation into in vitro neurotoxicity testing. Conventional in vitro systems for neurotoxicity tests lack the capability of investigating the qualitative and quantitative differences between parent chemicals and their metabolites in the human body. Therefore, there is a need for an in vitro toxicity screening system that can incorporate hepatic biotransformation of chemicals and predict the susceptibility of their metabolites to induce neurotoxicity. To address this need, we adopted 3D cultures of metabolically competent HepaRG cell line with ReNcell VM and established a high-throughput, metabolism-mediated neurotoxicity testing system. Briefly, spheroids of HepaRG cells were generated in an ultralow attachment (ULA) 384-well plate while 3D-cultured ReNcell VM was established on a 384-pillar plate with sidewalls and slits (384PillarPlate). Metabolically sensitive test compounds were added in the ULA 384-well plate with HepaRG spheroids and coupled with 3D-cultured ReNcell VM on the 384PillarPlate, which allowed us to generate metabolites in situ by HepaRG cells and test them against neural stem cells. We envision that this approach could be potentially adopted in pharmaceutical and chemical industries when high-throughput screening (HTS) is necessary to assess neurotoxicity of compounds and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Joshi
- Bioprinting Laboratories Inc., 12200 Ford Road, Dallas, TX 75234, United States of America
| | - Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, United States of America
| | - Prabha Acharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, United States of America
| | - Darshita Sidhpura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, United States of America
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Bioprinting Laboratories Inc., 12200 Ford Road, Dallas, TX 75234, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, United States of America.
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Zhu L, Fan X, Cao C, Li K, Hou W, Ci X. Xanthohumol protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via Nrf2 activation through the AMPK/Akt/GSK3β pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115097. [PMID: 37406514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the world's popular and safe painkillers, and overdose can cause severe liver damage and even acute liver failure. The effect and mechanism of the xanthohumol on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. METHODS The hepatoprotective effects of xanthohumol were studied using APAP-induced HepG2 cells and acute liver injury of mouse, seperately. RESULTS In vitro, xanthohumol inhibited H2O2- and acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Xanthohumol up-regulated the expression of Nrf2. Further mechanistic studies showed that xanthohumol triggered Nrf2 activation via the AMPK/Akt/GSK3β pathway to exert a cytoprotective effect. In vivo, xanthohumol significantly ameliorated acetaminophen-induced mortality, the elevation of ALT and AST, GSH depletion, MDA formation and histopathological changes. Xanthohumol effectively suppressed the phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of JNK, mitochondrial translocation of Bax, the activation o cytochrome c, AIF secretion and Caspase-3. In vivo, xanthohumol increased Nrf2 nuclear transcription and AMPK, Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation in vivo. In addition, whether xanthohumol protected against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in Nrf2 knockout mice has not been illustated. CONCLUSION Thus, xanthohumol exerted a hepatoprotective effect by inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through the AMPK/Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyu Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130001, China
| | - Xiaoye Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130001, China
| | - Chunyuan Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changzhun, China
| | - Kailiang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changzhun, China
| | - Wenli Hou
- Department of Cadre Ward, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Xinxin Ci
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130001, China.
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Chilvery S, Yelne A, Khurana A, Saifi MA, Bansod S, Anchi P, Godugu C. Acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity: An overview of the promising protective effects of natural products and herbal formulations. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154510. [PMID: 36332383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver plays an important role in regulating the metabolic processes and is the most frequently targeted organ by toxic chemicals. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a well-known anti-allergic, anti-pyretic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which upon overdose leads to hepatotoxicity, the major adverse event of this over-the-counter drug. PURPOSE APAP overdose induced acute liver injury is the second most common cause that often requires liver transplantation worldwide, for which N-acetyl cysteine is the only synthetic drug clinically approved as an antidote. So, it was felt that there is a need for the novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of liver diseases with less adverse effects. This review provides detailed analysis of the different plant extracts; phytochemicals and herbal formulations for the amelioration of APAP-induced liver injury. METHOD The data was collected using different online resources including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Springer, and Web of Science using keywords given below. RESULTS Over the past decades various reports have revealed that plant-based approaches may be a better treatment choice for the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in pre-clinical experimental conditions. Moreover, herbal compounds provide several advantages over the synthetic drugs with fewer side effects, easy availability and less cost for the treatment of life-threatening diseases. CONCLUSION The current review summarizes the hepatoprotective effects and therapeutic mechanisms of various plant extracts, active phytoconstituents and herbal formulations with potential application against APAP induced hepatotoxicity as the numbers of hepatoprotective natural products are more without clinical relativity. Further, pre-clinical pharmacological research will contribute to the designing of natural products as medicines with encouraging prospects for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilekha Chilvery
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Yelne
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sapana Bansod
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pratibha Anchi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Wei H, Li AP. Permeabilized cryopreserved human hepatocytes as an exogenous metabolic system in a novelmetabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA) for the evaluation of metabolic activation anddetoxification of drugs associated with drug induced liver injuries: Results with acetaminophen,amiodarone, cyclophosphamide, ketoconazole, nefazodone, and troglitazone. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:140-149. [PMID: 34750194 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a novel in vitro experimental system, the metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA), for the definition of the roles of hepatic drug metabolism in toxicity. MDCA employs permeabilized cofactor-supplemented cryopreserved human hepatocytes (MetMax{trade mark, serif} human hepatocytes, MMHH), as an exogenous metabolic activating system, and HEK-293 cells, a cell line devoid of drug metabolizing enzyme activity, as target cells for the quantification of drug toxicity. The assay was performed in the presence and absence of cofactors for key drug metabolism pathways known to play key roles in drug toxicity: NADPH/NAD+ for phase 1 oxidation, UDPGA for UGT mediated glucuronidation, PAPS for SULT mediated sulfation, and GSH for GST mediated GSH conjugation. Six drugs with clinically significant hepatoxicity, resulting in liver failure or a need for liver transplantation: acetaminophen, amiodarone, cyclophosphamide, ketoconazole, nefazodone and troglitazone were evaluated. All six drugs exhibited cytotoxicity enhancement by NADPH, suggesting metabolic activation via phase 1 oxidation. Attenuation of cytotoxicity by UDPGA was observed for acetaminophen, ketoconazole and troglitazone, by PAPS for acetaminophen, ketoconazole and troglitazone, and by GSH for all six drugs. Our results suggest that MDCA can be applied towards the elucidation of metabolic activation and detoxification pathways, providing information that can be applied in drug development to guide structure optimization to reduce toxicity and to aid the assessment of metabolism-based risk factors for drug toxicity. GSH detoxification represents an endpoint for the identification of drugs forming cytotoxic reactive metabolites, a key property of drugs with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Significance Statement Application of the metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA) for the elucidation of the roles of metabolic activation and detoxification pathways in drug toxicity may provide information to guide structure optimization in drug development to reduce hepatotoxic potential, and to aid the assessment of metabolism-based risk factors. GSH detoxification represents an endpoint for the identification of drugs forming cytotoxic reactive metabolites may be applied towards the evaluation of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, United States
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., United States
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Kirkland D, Kovochich M, More SL, Murray FJ, Monnot AD, Miller JV, Jaeschke H, Jacobson-Kram D, Deore M, Pitchaiyan SK, Unice K, Eichenbaum G. A comprehensive weight of evidence assessment of published acetaminophen genotoxicity data: Implications for its carcinogenic hazard potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 122:104892. [PMID: 33592196 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment initiated a review of the carcinogenic hazard potential of acetaminophen, including an assessment of its genotoxicity. The objective of this analysis was to inform this review process with a weight-of-evidence assessment of more than 65 acetaminophen genetic toxicology studies that are of widely varying quality and conformance to accepted standards and relevance to humans. In these studies, acetaminophen showed no evidence of induction of point or gene mutations in bacterial and mammalian cell systems or in in vivo studies. In reliable, well-controlled test systems, clastogenic effects were only observed in unstable, p53-deficient cell systems or at toxic and/or excessively high concentrations that adversely affect cellular processes (e.g., mitochondrial respiration) and cause cytotoxicity. Across the studies, there was no clear evidence that acetaminophen causes DNA damage in the absence of toxicity. In well-controlled clinical studies, there was no meaningful evidence of chromosomal damage. Based on this weight-of-evidence assessment, acetaminophen overwhelmingly produces negative results (i.e., is not a genotoxic hazard) in reliable, robust high-weight studies. Its mode of action produces cytotoxic effects before it can induce the stable, genetic damage that would be indicative of a genotoxic or carcinogenic hazard.
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Jaeschke H, Murray FJ, Monnot AD, Jacobson-Kram D, Cohen SM, Hardisty JF, Atillasoy E, Hermanowski-Vosatka A, Kuffner E, Wikoff D, Chappell GA, Bandara SB, Deore M, Pitchaiyan SK, Eichenbaum G. Assessment of the biochemical pathways for acetaminophen toxicity: Implications for its carcinogenic hazard potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 120:104859. [PMID: 33388367 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2019 California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) initiated a review of the carcinogenic hazard potential of acetaminophen. In parallel with this review, herein we evaluated the mechanistic data related to the steps and timing of cellular events following therapeutic recommended (≤4 g/day) and higher doses of acetaminophen that may cause hepatotoxicity to evaluate whether these changes indicate that acetaminophen is a carcinogenic hazard. At therapeutic recommended doses, acetaminophen forms limited amounts of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQI) without adverse cellular effects. Following overdoses of acetaminophen, there is potential for more extensive formation of NAPQI and depletion of glutathione, which may result in mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage, but only at doses that result in cell death - thus making it implausible for acetaminophen to induce the kind of stable, genetic damage in the nucleus indicative of a genotoxic or carcinogenic hazard in humans. The collective data demonstrate a lack of a plausible mechanism related to carcinogenicity and are consistent with rodent cancer bioassays, epidemiological results reviewed in companion manuscripts in this issue, as well as conclusions of multiple international health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | - Samuel M Cohen
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jerry F Hardisty
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Edwin Kuffner
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Health, Fort Washington, PA, USA
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8
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Ozawa S, Miura T, Terashima J, Habano W, Ishida S. Recent Progress in Prediction Systems for Drug-induced Liver Injury Using in vitro Cell Culture. Drug Metab Lett 2020; 14:25-40. [PMID: 33267768 DOI: 10.2174/1872312814666201202112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to avoid drug-induced liver injury (DILI), in vitro assays, which enable the assessment of both metabolic activation and immune reaction processes that ultimately result in DILI, are needed. OBJECTIVE In this study, the recent progress in the application of in vitro assays using cell culture systems is reviewed for potential DILI-causing drugs/xenobiotics and a mechanistic study on DILI, as well as for the limitations of in vitro cell culture systems for DILI research. METHODS Information related to DILI was collected through a literature search of the PubMed database. RESULTS The initial biological event for the onset of DILI is the formation of cellular protein adducts after drugs have been metabolically activated by drug metabolizing enzymes. The damaged peptides derived from protein adducts lead to the activation of CD4+ helper T lymphocytes and recognition by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which destroy hepatocytes through immunological reactions. Because DILI is a major cause of drug attrition and drug withdrawal, numerous in vitro systems consisting of hepatocytes and immune/inflammatory cells, or spheroids of human primary hepatocytes containing non-parenchymal cells have been developed. These cellular-based systems have identified DILIinducing drugs with approximately 50% sensitivity and 90% specificity. CONCLUSION Different co-culture systems consisting of human hepatocyte-derived cells and other immune/inflammatory cells have enabled the identification of DILI-causing drugs and of the actual mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ozawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba. Japan
| | - Toshitaka Miura
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba. Japan
| | - Jun Terashima
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba. Japan
| | - Wataru Habano
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba. Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki. Japan
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Immortalization of human hepatocytes from biliary atresia with CDK4 R24C, cyclin D1, and TERT for cytochrome P450 induction testing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17503. [PMID: 33060611 PMCID: PMC7567112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are an important tool for in vitro toxicology testing. In addition to primary cultures, a limited number of immortalized cell lines have been developed. We here describe a new cell line, designated as HepaMN, which has been established from a liver associated with biliary atresia. Hepatocytes were isolated from a liver of 4-year-old girl with biliary atresia and immortalized by inoculation with CSII-CMV-TERT, CSII-CMV-Tet-Off, CSII-TRE-Tight-cyclin D1 and CSII-TRE-Tight-CDK4R24C (mutant CDK4: an INK4a-resistant form of CDK4) lentiviruses at the multiplicity of infection of 3 to 10. HepaMN cells exhibited morphological homogeneity, displaying hepatocyte-like phenotypes. Phenotypic studies in vivo and in vitro revealed that HepaMN cells showed polarized and functional hepatocyte features along with a canalicular cell phenotype under defined conditions, and constitutively expressed albumin and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I in addition to epithelial markers. Since HepaMN cells are immortal and subcloned, kinetics and expression profiles were independent of population doublings. HepaMN cells showed increased CYP3A4 expression after exposure to rifampicin, implying that their close resemblance to normal human hepatocytes makes them suitable for research applications including drug metabolism studies.
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10
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Murray FJ, Monnot AD, Jacobson-Kram D, Cohen SM, Hardisty JF, Bandara SB, Kovochich M, Deore M, Pitchaiyan SK, Gelotte CK, Lai JCK, Atillasoy E, Hermanowski-Vosatka A, Kuffner E, Unice KM, Yang K, Gebremichael Y, Howell BA, Eichenbaum G. A critical review of the acetaminophen preclinical carcinogenicity and tumor promotion data and their implications for its carcinogenic hazard potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104801. [PMID: 33039518 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2019 the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) initiated a review of the carcinogenic hazard potential of acetaminophen, including an assessment of the long-term rodent carcinogenicity and tumor initiation/promotion studies. The objective of the analysis herein was to inform this review process with a weight-of-evidence assessment of these studies and an assessment of the relevance of these models to humans. In most of the 14 studies, there were no increases in the incidences of tumors in any organ system. In the few studies in which an increase in tumor incidence was observed, there were factors such as absence of a dose response and a rodent-specific tumor supporting that these findings are not relevant to human hazard identification. In addition, we performed qualitative analysis and quantitative simulations of the exposures to acetaminophen and its metabolites and its toxicity profile; the data support that the rodent models are toxicologically relevant to humans. The preclinical carcinogenicity results are consistent with the broader weight of evidence assessment and evaluations of multiple international health authorities supporting that acetaminophen is not a carcinogenic hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kyunghee Yang
- DILIsym Services Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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11
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Zhang C, Zhang Q, Li J, Yu L, Li F, Li W, Li Y, Peng H, Zhao J, Carmichael PL, Wang Y, Peng S, Guo J. Integration of in vitro data from three dimensionally cultured HepaRG cells and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for assessment of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 114:104661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Chang L, Xu D, Zhu J, Ge G, Kong X, Zhou Y. Herbal Therapy for the Treatment of Acetaminophen-Associated Liver Injury: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32218738 PMCID: PMC7078345 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury worldwide, and mitochondrial oxidative stress is considered the major event responsible for APAP-associated liver injury (ALI). Despite the identification of N-acetyl cysteine, a reactive oxygen species scavenger that is regarded as an effective clinical treatment, therapeutic effectiveness remains limited due to rapid disease progression and diagnosis at a late phase, which leads to the need to explore various therapeutic approaches. Since the early 1990s, a number of natural products and herbs have been found to have hepatoprotective effects against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in terms of acute liver failure prevention and therapeutic amelioration of ALI. In this review, we summarize the hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of medicinal plants, including herbs and fruit extracts, along with future perspectives that may provide guidance to improve the current status of herbal therapy against ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongwei Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoni Kong
- Central Laboratory, Department of Liver Diseases, Institute of Clinical Immunology, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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All-electrochemical nanocomposite two-electrode setup for quantification of drugs and study of their electrocatalytical conversion by cytochromes P450. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ganetsky M, Berg AH, Solano JJ, Salhanick SD. Metabolomic analysis of acetaminophen induced subclinical liver injury. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 58:804-812. [PMID: 31818152 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1696970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This study examines the metabolomic profile in humans following acetaminophen (APAP) induced subclinical hepatoxicity in the presence and absence of propylene glycol (PG), a cytochrome P450 2E1 inhibitor.Methods: Plasma samples were collected during a previously performed randomized, cross-over trial where 21 subjects received APAP, four grams daily for two weeks in one arm and APAP, four grams daily with 20 mL PG in a second arm. Plasma collected at baseline and at day nine of each arm(time of peak elevation of liver function tests) underwent metabolomic analysis.Results: There were reduced phase two metabolites in subjects who displayed liver injury. There was also decreased sulfonation capacity in all subjects as well as in subjects displaying liver injury relative to subjects not displaying liver injury as evidenced by decreased sulfonation of hepatically derived steroids. There were decreased levels of acylcarnitines in subjects who displayed liver injury relative to subjects not displaying liver injury, indicating inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation.Conclusions: Daily APAP dosing led to saturation of metabolic pathways and inhibition of mitochondrial function in subjects displaying subclinical liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ganetsky
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anders H Berg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua J Solano
- Department of Integrated Medical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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15
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Zheng N, Gu Y, Hong Y, Sheng L, Chen L, Zhang F, Hou J, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Jia W, Li H. Vancomycin pretreatment attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury through 2-hydroxybutyric acid. J Pharm Anal 2019; 10:560-570. [PMID: 33425450 PMCID: PMC7775853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver injury caused by acetaminophen (AP) overdose is a leading public health problem. Although AP-induced liver injury is well recognized as the formation of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone (NAPQI), a toxic metabolite of AP, resulting in cell damage, emerging evidence indicates that AP-induced liver injury is also associated with gut microbiota. However, the gut microbiota-involved mechanism remains largely unknown. In our study, we found that vancomycin (Vac) pretreatment (100 mg/kg, twice a day for 4 days) attenuated AP-induced liver injury, altered the composition of gut microbiota, and changed serum metabolic profile. Moreover, we identified Vac pretreatment elevated cecum and serum 2-hydroxybutyric acid (2-HB), which ameliorated AP-induced cell damage and liver injury in mice by reducing AP bioavailability and elevating GSH levels. Our current results revealed the novel role of 2-HB in protecting AP-induced liver injury and add new evidence for gut microbiota in affecting AP toxicity. Vac pretreatment attenuated AP-induced liver injury in rats. Vac pretreatment elevated metabolite 2-HB both in cecum and serum. 2-HB attenuated the AP-induced hepatotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zheng
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lili Sheng
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zean Zhang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Jia
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Houkai Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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16
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Gai C, Yu M, Li Z, Wang Y, Ding D, Zheng J, Lv S, Zhang W, Li W. Acetaminophen sensitizing erastin-induced ferroptosis via modulation of Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3329-3339. [PMID: 31541463 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence confirms that ferroptosis plays an important role in tumor growth inhibition. However, some non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines are less sensitive to erastin-induced ferroptotic cell death. Elucidating the mechanism of resistance of cancer cells to erastin-induced ferroptosis and increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to erastin need to be addressed. In our experiment, erastin and acetaminophen (APAP) cotreatment inhibited NSCLC cell viability and promoted ferroptosis and apoptosis, accompanied with attenuation of glutathione and ectopic increases in lipid peroxides. Erastin and APAP promoted NSCLC cell death by regulating nucleus translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2); and the ferroptosis induced by erastin and APAP was abrogated by bardoxolone methyl (BM) with less generation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. As a downstream gene of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 expression decreased significantly with the cotreatment of erastin and APAP, which could be rescued by BM. In vivo experiment showed that the combination of erastin and APAP had a synergic therapeutic effect on xenograft of lung cancer. In short, the present study develops a new effective treatment for NSCLC by synergizing erastin and APAP to induce ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Gai
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyu Yu
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Zihaoran Li
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Dejun Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Shijun Lv
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Weifen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wentong Li
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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17
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Pu S, Liu Q, Li Y, Li R, Wu T, Zhang Z, Huang C, Yang X, He J. Montelukast Prevents Mice Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1070. [PMID: 31620001 PMCID: PMC6759817 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used over-the-counter antipyretic and analgesic drug. Overdose of APAP is the leading cause of hospital admission for acute liver failure. Montelukast is an antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (Cysltr1), which protects from inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the function of montelukast in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity remains unknown. In this study, we examined whether pharmacological inhibition of Cystlr1 could protect mice against APAP-induced hepatic damage. We found that APAP treatment upregulated messenger RNA and protein levels of Cysltr1 both in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of Cysltr1 by montelukast ameliorated APAP-induced acute liver failure. The hepatoprotective effect of montelukast was associated with upregulation of hepatic glutathione/glutathione disulfide level, reduction in c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase activation and oxidative stress. In mouse primary hepatocytes, inhibition of Cysltr1 by montelukast ameliorated the expression of inflammatory-related genes and APAP-induced cytotoxicity. We conclude that montelukast may be used to treat APAP-induced acute hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Pu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Cuiyuan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuping Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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18
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Xie W, Xie J, Vince R, More SS. Guanabenz Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Toxicity and Synergizes Analgesia in Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:162-171. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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19
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Marin TM, de Carvalho Indolfo N, Rocco SA, Basei FL, de Carvalho M, de Almeida Gonçalves K, Pagani E. Acetaminophen absorption and metabolism in an intestine/liver microphysiological system. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 299:59-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Ohtsuki Y, Sanoh S, Santoh M, Ejiri Y, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A protein degradation and subsequent increase in enzymatic activity through p38 MAPK activation by acetaminophen and salicylate derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:287-293. [PMID: 30587336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 plays an important role in drug metabolism. Although transcriptional regulation of CYP3A expression by chemicals has been comprehensively studied, its post-translational regulation is not fully understood. We previously reported that acetaminophen (APAP) caused accumulation of functional CYP3A protein via inhibition of CYP3A protein degradation through reduction of glycoprotein 78 (gp78), an E3 ligase of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Furthermore, N-acetyl-m-aminophenol, a regioisomer of APAP causes CYP3A protein accumulation, whereas p-acetamidobezoic acid, in which a hydroxy group of APAP was substituted for a carboxy group, did not lead to the same effects. However, the mechanism underlying the reduction of gp78 protein expression by APAP has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we selected 32 compounds including a phenolic hydroxyl group such as APAP and explored the compounds that increased CYP3A enzyme activity to analyze their common mechanism. Four compounds, including salicylate, increased CYP3A enzyme activity and led to the accumulation of functional CYP3A protein similarly to APAP. APAP and salicylate activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). gp78 is known to be phosphorylated by p38 MAPK; so, we investigated the relationship between p38 MAPK and CYP3A. APAP activated p38 MAPK, decreased gp78 protein expression, and subsequently induced CYP3A protein expression in a time-dependent manner. When SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, was co-administered with APAP, the inhibitory effects of APAP on CYP3A protein degradation were suppressed. In this study, we demonstrated the involvement of the p38 MAPK-gp78 pathway in suppressing CYP3A protein degradation by APAP. Salicylate derivatives may also suppress the CYP3A protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ohtsuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Masataka Santoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoko Ejiri
- Molding Component Business Department, New Business Development Division, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 1-1-3 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8115, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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21
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Bruckner DM, Connerney JJ, Dordick JS. Advancing in vitro
- in vivo
toxicity correlations via high-throughput three-dimensional primary hepatocyte culture. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Bruckner
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY, 12180
| | | | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY, 12180
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22
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Kim YC, Na JD, Kwon DY, Park JH. Silymarin prevents acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via up-regulation of the glutathione conjugation capacity in mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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23
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Ganetsky M, Berg AH, Solano JJ, Salhanick S. Inhibition of CYP2E1 With Propylene Glycol Does Not Protect Against Hepatocellular Injury in Human Acetaminophen Daily-Dosing Model. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 59:131-138. [PMID: 30151903 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is initiated by metabolism of APAP by the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) system, primarily CYP2E1. We previously demonstrated CYP inhibition following administration of a liquid APAP formulation containing propylene glycol, a CYP2E1 inhibitor, and other excipients. This study was undertaken to determine if propylene glycol specifically inhibits production of CYP-derived metabolites and if propylene glycol reduces the rise in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) seen following prolonged APAP dosing. Human subjects were randomized to receive 4 g of APAP daily in one arm of the study or 4 g of APAP with 5 mL of 99% propylene glycol in the other arm, both for 14 days. After a washout period of at least 14 days, subjects were crossed over between arms. Outcomes were rise of ALT greater than 2 times baseline (responders) and proportion of randomly sampled CYP-derived metabolites relative to total metabolites produced. There was no difference in percentage of responders between treatment groups: 6 of 21 in the APAP group (29%) compared with 8 of 20 in the APAP + propylene glycol group (40%); chi-square, P = .59. For all subjects, the mean percentage of CYP-derived metabolites produced was 5.8% (APAP) versus 4.3% (APAP + propylene glycol); P = .018. This effect was solely attributable to the responders: the mean percentage of CYP metabolites of responders was 7.7% (APAP) versus 4.6% (APAP + propylene glycol), P = .050, whereas there was no difference for the nonresponders. Five subjects were responders in both arms (2% probability of random occurrence). Our data indicates that propylene glycol inhibits CYP2E1 metabolism of APAP in some subjects but does not effect hepatocellular indury at the dose given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ganetsky
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anders H Berg
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua J Solano
- Department of Integrated Medical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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24
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Heruth DP, Shortt K, Zhang N, Li DY, Zhang LQ, Qing Ye S. Genetic Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:95-100. [PMID: 30076262 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen is commonly used to reduce pain and fever. Unfortunately, overdose of acetaminophen is a leading cause of acute liver injury and failure in many developed countries. The majority of acetaminophen is safely metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine; however, a small percentage is converted to the highly reactive N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). At therapeutic doses, NAPQI is inactivated by glutathione S-transferases, but at toxic levels, excess NAPQI forms reactive protein adducts that lead to hepatotoxicity. Individual variability in the response to both therapeutic and toxic levels of acetaminophen suggests a genetic component is involved in acetaminophen metabolism. In this review, we evaluate the genetic association studies that have identified 147 single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. The identification of novel genetic markers for acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity provides a rich resource for further evaluation and may lead to improved prognosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Heruth
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
| | - Katherine Shortt
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
| | - Nini Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
| | - Ding-You Li
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
| | - Li Q Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
| | - Shui Qing Ye
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (D.P.H., K.S., N.Z., L.Q.Z., S.Q.Y.), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy (N.Z., D.-Y.L.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (K.S., S.Q.Y.), University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri (K.S.); and Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China (N.Z.)
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25
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Karabacak M, Kanbur M, Eraslan G, Siliğ Y, Soyer Sarıca Z, Tekeli MY, Taş A. The effects of colostrum on some biochemical parameters in the experimental intoxication of rats with paracetamol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23897-23908. [PMID: 29881964 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the possible prophylactic and therapeutic effects of colostrum (COL) on acute organ injury caused by paracetamol (PAR) in rats were evaluated. Within the scope of this study, a 2-month-old male (150-200 g) 70 Wistar Albino rat was used and a total of seven groups were designed. The first group (CNT) was maintained for control purposes. The second group (COL-1) was given COL for 1 day, at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals, and blood and tissue sampling was performed at 24 h. The third group (COL-7) received COL for 7 days, at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals on day 1 and at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg on the following days, and blood and tissue samples were taken at the end of seventh day. The fourth group (PAR-1) was administered with PAR at a dose of 1.0 g/kg bw and was blood and tissue sampled at 24 h. The fifth group (PAR-7) received PAR at a dose of 1.0 g/kg bw on day 1 and was blood and tissue was removed at the end of day 7. The sixth group (PAR+COL-1) was administered with a combination of PAR (1 g/kg bw) and COL (500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals), and blood and tissue samples were collected at 24 h. The seventh group (PAR+COL-7) received 1.0 g/kg bw of PAR on day 1 and was given COL throughout the 7-day study period (at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals on day 1 and at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg on the following days). In the seventh group, blood and tissue samples were taken at the end of seventh day. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, creatinine, triglyceride, total bilirubin, total protein and albumin levels/activities were analysed in the serum samples. The malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels/activities, known as oxidative stress parameters, were assayed for tissue homogenates and blood (erythrocytes/plasma); in addition, enzyme activities of GSH S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (CYTB5), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), NADPH-cytochrome P450 C reductase (CYTC) and glutathione (GSH) levels/activities defined as drug metabolising parameters were measured in liver homogenates. In result, it was determined that PAR caused significant alterations in some biochemical and lipid peroxidation parameters and the activities/levels of drug metabolising parameters in the liver and that COL normalised some of these parameters and reduced PAR-induced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mürsel Karabacak
- Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational College, Laboratory and Veterinary Health Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Kanbur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Eraslan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yavuz Siliğ
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Soyer Sarıca
- Experimental Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Yasin Tekeli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayça Taş
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Diet, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Autophagy and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2153-2161. [PMID: 29876591 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug. APAP overdose can induce acute liver injury in humans, which is responsible for approximately 50% of total cases of acute liver failure in the United States and some European countries. Currently, the metabolism of APAP in the body has been extensively investigated; however, the exact mechanisms for APAP hepatotoxicity are not well understood. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses play a critical role in the pathogenesis of APAP hepatotoxicity. Autophagy is a catabolic machinery aimed at recycling cellular components and damaged organelles in response to a variety of stimuli, such as nutrient deprivation and toxic stress. Increasing evidence supports that autophagy is involved in the pathophysiological process of APAP-induced liver injury. In this review, we summarized the changes of autophagy in the liver following APAP intoxication and discussed the role and its possible mechanisms of autophagy in APAP hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, this review highlights the crosstalk between mitophagy, oxidative stress and inflammation in APAP-induced liver injury and presents some possible molecular mechanisms by which activated autophagy protects against APAP-induced liver injury.
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Pressman P, Hayes AW, Clemens R. Expediting toxicity testing with increased precision, predictive power, and clinical utility. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318773058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Federal Government management of health risks associated with the use of therapeutics and unintended environmental chemical exposures must be expedited to meet public health needs. Although US agencies initiated the Tox21 strategy over a decade ago to expedite toxicity testing and improve the reliability of risk assessments, recent status reports indicate that achieving its goals is still decades away. Emerging technologies create an opportunity to both expedite toxicity testing and improve its predictive power. The way forward may be an augmentation of the strategy aimed at enhancing the resolution and scope of Tox21 and exploring the adaptability of real-time chemical sensor, digital imaging, and other technologies to toxicity testing. Among the anticipated returns on the associated investment would likely be enhanced accuracy in prediction, reductions in the time needed to conduct hazard identifications and toxicity assessments, and an overall increase in the precision and reliability of the risk assessment process. This in turn expedites risk management decisions and reduces scientific uncertainty and the need to incorporate margins of safety that can add cost without necessarily returning improved health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger Clemens
- USC School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Fever depends on a complex physiologic response to infectious agents and other conditions. To alleviate fever, many medicinal agents have been developed over a century of trying to improve upon aspirin, which was determined to work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. We present the process of fever induction through prostaglandin synthesis and discuss the development of pharmaceuticals that target enzymes and receptors involved in prostaglandin-mediated signal transduction, including prostaglandin H2 synthase (also known as cyclooxygenase), phospholipase A2, microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1, EP receptors, and transient potential cation channel subfamily V member 1. Clinical use of established antipyretics will be discussed as well as medicinal agents under clinical trials and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lee
- Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Daniel L Simmons
- Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.
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Ginsberg G, Vulimiri SV, Lin YS, Kancherla J, Foos B, Sonawane B. A framework and case studies for evaluation of enzyme ontogeny in children's health risk evaluation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:569-593. [PMID: 28891786 PMCID: PMC8018602 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1369915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the ontogeny of Phase I and Phase II metabolizing enzymes may be used to inform children's vulnerability based upon likely differences in internal dose from xenobiotic exposure. This might provide a qualitative assessment of toxicokinetic (TK) variability and uncertainty pertinent to early lifestages and help scope a more quantitative physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) assessment. Although much is known regarding the ontogeny of metabolizing systems, this is not commonly utilized in scoping and problem formulation stage of human health risk evaluation. A framework is proposed for introducing this information into problem formulation which combines data on enzyme ontogeny and chemical-specific TK to explore potential child/adult differences in internal dose and whether such metabolic differences may be important factors in risk evaluation. The framework is illustrated with five case study chemicals, including some which are data rich and provide proof of concept, while others are data poor. Case studies for toluene and chlorpyrifos indicate potentially important child/adult TK differences while scoping for acetaminophen suggests enzyme ontogeny is unlikely to increase early-life risks. Scoping for trichloroethylene and aromatic amines indicates numerous ways that enzyme ontogeny may affect internal dose which necessitates further evaluation. PBTK modeling is a critical and feasible next step to further evaluate child-adult differences in internal dose for a number of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Ginsberg
- Partnership in Pediatric and Environmental Health, Hartford, CT 06134, USA
| | - Suryanarayana V. Vulimiri
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA
| | - Jayaram Kancherla
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Brenda Foos
- Office of Children’s Health Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Babasaheb Sonawane
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA
- Current Address: 13204 Moran Drive, North Potomac, MD 20878
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30
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Cao L, Kwara A, Greenblatt DJ. Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1762-1772. [PMID: 28872689 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excessive exposure to acetaminophen (APAP, paracetamol) can cause liver injury through formation of a reactive metabolite that depletes hepatic glutathione and causes hepatocellular oxidative stress and damage. Generation of this metabolite is mediated by Cytochrome-P450 (CYP) isoforms, mainly CYP2E1. A number of naturally occurring flavonoids can mitigate APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animal models. Our objective was to determine the mechanism of these protective effects and to evaluate possible human applicability. METHODS Two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, were evaluated as potential inhibitors of eight human CYP isoforms, of six UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms and of APAP glucuronidation and sulfation. The experimental model was based on in-vitro metabolism by human liver microsomes, using isoform-specific substrates. KEY FINDINGS Luteolin and quercetin inhibited human CYP isoforms to varying degrees, with greatest potency towards CYP1A2 and CYP2C8. However, 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) were generally in the micromolar range. UGT isoforms were minimally inhibited. Both luteolin and quercetin inhibited APAP sulfation but not glucuronidation. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of human CYP activity by luteolin and quercetin occurred with IC50 values exceeding customary in-vivo human exposure with tolerable supplemental doses of these compounds. The findings indicate that luteolin and quercetin are not likely to be of clinical value for preventing or treating APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Awewura Kwara
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J Greenblatt
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Discovery and structure-activity relationship of auriculatone: A potent hepatoprotective agent against acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3636-3642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kim SJ, Kim KM, Yang JH, Cho SS, Kim JY, Park SJ, Lee SK, Ku SK, Cho IJ, Ki SH. Sestrin2 protects against acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 269:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Immature mice are more susceptible than adult mice to acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42736. [PMID: 28205631 PMCID: PMC5311972 DOI: 10.1038/srep42736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose induces acute liver injury. The aim of the present study was to analyze the difference of susceptibility between immature and adult mice to APAP-induced acute liver injury. Weanling immature and adult mice were injected with APAP (300 mg/kg). As expected, immature mice were more susceptible than adult mice to APAP-induced acute liver injury. APAP-evoked hepatic c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation was stronger in immature mice than in adult mice. Hepatic receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1 was obviously activated at APAP-exposed immature and adult mice. Interestingly, hepatic RIP3 activation was more obvious in APAP-treated immature mice than adult mice. Although there was no difference on hepatic GSH metabolic enzymes between immature and adult mice, immature mice were more susceptible than adult mice to APAP-induced hepatic GSH depletion. Of interest, immature mice expressed a much higher level of hepatic Cyp2e1 and Cyp3a11 mRNAs than adult mice. Correspondingly, immature mice expressed a higher level of hepatic CYP2E1, the key drug metabolic enzyme that metabolized APAP into the reactive metabolite NAPQI. These results suggest that a higher level of hepatic drug metabolic enzymes in immature mice than adult mice might contribute to the difference of susceptibility to APAP-induced acute liver injury.
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Gonzalez HC, Jafri SM, Gordon SC. Management of Acute Hepatotoxicity Including Medical Agents and Liver Support Systems. Clin Liver Dis 2017; 21:163-180. [PMID: 27842770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can be predictable or idiosyncratic and has an estimated incidence of approximately 20 cases per 100,000 persons per year. DILI is a common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. No accurate tests for diagnosing DILI exist, and its diagnosis is based on exclusion of other conditions. Managing DILI includes discontinuing the suspected causative agent and in selected cases administering an antidote. Liver support systems are used for long-term support or as a bridge to transplantation and are effective for improving encephalopathy, hyperbilirubinemia, and other liver-related conditions, but whether they improve survival remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto C Gonzalez
- Department of Transplant Surgery/Center of Advanced Liver Disease, Methodist University Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 1211 Union Avenue, Suite 340, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Syed-Mohammed Jafri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Stuart C Gordon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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35
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Wang JX, Zhang C, Fu L, Zhang DG, Wang BW, Zhang ZH, Chen YH, Lu Y, Chen X, Xu DX. Protective effect of rosiglitazone against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury is associated with down-regulation of hepatic NADPH oxidases. Toxicol Lett 2017; 265:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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Is there a human health risk associated with indirect exposure to perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs)? Toxicology 2017; 375:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Wang L, Zhang S, Cheng H, Lv H, Cheng G, Ci X. Nrf2-mediated liver protection by esculentoside A against acetaminophen toxicity through the AMPK/Akt/GSK3β pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:401-412. [PMID: 27836781 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose accounts for the majority of acute liver failure cases, and oxidative stress plays a key role in its toxic effects. Esculentoside A (EsA) has anti-oxidant activities, but its therapeutic potential for APAP hepatotoxicity remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the protective effects and mechanism of EsA against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, EsA treatment inhibited APAP- or H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, H2O2 and O2- production, glutathione (GSH) depletion and apoptosis dependent on nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation in HepG2 cells. Moreover, EsA significantly increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and serine/threonine kinase (Akt), as well as glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) inhibitory phosphorylation at Ser9. Furthermore, an AMPK inhibitor (compound c) abolished the effects of EsA on AKT phosphorylation, GSK-3β inactivation, Nrf2 nuclear translocation and cytoprotection. With regard to APAP-induced acute liver injury, EsA attenuated the APAP-stimulated increases in the serum ALT and AST levels, as well as centrilobular necrosis and GSH depletion in the mice. In addition, it decreased the GSSG level, GSSG-to-GSH ratio, and the phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Further, the protective potential of EsA against mitochondrial dysfunction was exhibited not only by inhibiting Bax mitochondrial translocation and the release of mitochondrial inter-membrane proteins, such as apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), but also by activating Nrf2/HO-1. Collectively, our findings suggest that EsA has protective potential against APAP toxicity by potentiating the Nrf2-regulated survival mechanism through the AMPK/Akt/GSK3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China
| | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hang Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China
| | - Hongming Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China; Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinxin Ci
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China.
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Walubo A, Barr S, Abraham AM, Coetsee C. The role of cytochrome–P450 inhibitors in the prevention of hepatotoxicity after paracetamol overdose in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 23:49-54. [PMID: 15027815 DOI: 10.1191/0960327104ht415oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the understanding that some cytochrome P450 isoforms are responsible for activation of paracetamol to the hepatotoxic metabolite, N–acetyl–p–benzoquinineimine (NAPQI), the use of enzyme inhibitors for prevention and/or treatment of paracetamol hepatotoxicity is still not well researched. Here, a mixture of ketoconazole, isoniazid and caffeine (inhibitor solution), known inhibitors of CYP3A, CYP2E1 and CYP1A2, was investigated for prevention of hepatotoxicity after paracetamol over–dose in rats. The appropriate doses of paracetamol (1000 mg/kg/day) and the ‘inhibitor solution’ (ketoconazole 5 mg/kg, isoniazid 5 mg/kg and caffeine 10 mg;kg;KIC–5–50), were selected in preliminary experiments. Thereafter, two groups of 15 male Sprague–Dawley rats each were treated with the toxic dose of paracetamol intraperitoneally to induce severe hepatotoxicity. But one of the two groups was treated with the KIC–5–50 intraperitoneally 5 min after administration of paracetamol. Five rats were killed at 24, 48 and 72 hours after paracetamol administration. Plasma concentrations of paracetamol were determined by the polarization fluorescent immunoassay and a piece of liver was sent for histopathology examination. Liver function tests at 48 hours were higher in the ‘paracetamol only’ treated group than in the ‘KIC–5–50+paracetamol’ treated group’ (P<0.05), i.e., median (range) AST 2025 (530–4329) g/mL for the ‘paracetamol only’ treated group versus 0.17 (0.07–0.33) μg/ml for the ‘KIC–5–50-paracetamol’ treated group. Centrilobular necrosis, the pathogmonomic feature of paracetamol hepatotoxicity, was demonstrated only in the ‘paracetamol only’ treated group. In conclusion, coadministration of paracetamol with inhibitors of cytochrome P450 prevented the development of paracetamol–induced hepatotoxicity in rats, and this calls for research for enzyme inhibitors that may be of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Walubo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
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Abstract
Animal experiments cannot predict the probability of idiosyncratic drug toxicity; consequently, an important goal of the pharmaceutical industry is to develop a new methodology for preventing this form of drug reaction. Although the mechanism remains unclear, immune reactions are likely involved in the toxic processes underlying idiosyncratic drug toxicity: the drug is first activated into a chemically reactive metabolite that binds covalently to proteins and then acts as an immunogen. Therefore, screening tests to detect chemically reactive metabolites are conducted early during drug development and typically involve trapping with glutathione. More quantitative methods are then used in a later stage of drug development and frequently employ (14)Cor (3)H-labeled compounds. It has recently been demonstrated that a zone classification system can be used to separate risky drugs from likely safe drugs: by plotting the amount of each protein-bound reactive metabolite in vitro against the dose levels in vivo, the risk associated with each drug candidate can be assessed. A mechanism for idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity was proposed by analogy to virus-induced hepatitis, in which cytotoxic T lymphocytes play an important role. This mechanism suggests that polymorphism in human leukocyte antigens is involved in idiosyncrasy, and a strong correlation with a specific genotype of human leukocyte antigens has been found in many cases of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Therefore, gene biomarkers hold promise for reducing the clinical risk and prolonging the life cycle of otherwise useful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Yokohama College of Pharmacy
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40
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PharmGKB summary: pathways of acetaminophen metabolism at the therapeutic versus toxic doses. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 25:416-26. [PMID: 26049587 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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Raza H, John A. Differential Cytotoxicity of Acetaminophen in Mouse Macrophage J774.2 and Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells: Protection by Diallyl Sulfide. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145965. [PMID: 26714183 PMCID: PMC4694617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including acetaminophen (APAP), have been reported to induce cytotoxicity in cancer and non-cancerous cells. Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) causes liver injury in humans and animals. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion followed by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are believed to be the main causes of APAP toxicity. The precise molecular mechanism of APAP toxicity in different cellular systems is, however, not clearly understood. Our previous studies on mouse macrophage J774.2 cells treated with APAP strongly suggest induction of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. In the present study, using human hepatoma HepG2 cells, we have further demonstrated that macrophages are a more sensitive target for APAP-induced toxicity than HepG2 cells. Using similar dose- and time-point studies, a marked increase in apoptosis and DNA fragmentation were seen in macrophages compared to HepG2 cells. Differential effects of APAP on mitochondrial respiratory functions and oxidative stress were observed in the two cell lines which are presumably dependent on the varying degree of drug metabolism by the different cytochrome P450s and detoxification by glutathione S-transferase enzyme systems. Our results demonstrate a marked increase in the activity and expression of glutathione transferase (GST) and multidrug resistance (MDR1) proteins in APAP-treated HepG2 cells compared to macrophages. This may explain the apparent resistance of HepG2 cells to APAP toxicity. However, treatment of these cells with diallyl sulfide (DAS, 200 μM), a known chemopreventive agent from garlic extract, 24 h prior to APAP (10 μmol/ml for 18h) exhibited comparable cytoprotective effects in the two cell lines. These results may help in better understanding the mechanism of cytotoxicity caused by APAP and cytoprotection by chemopreventive agents in cancer and non-cancerous cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider Raza
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail:
| | - Annie John
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Siegmund W, Modess C, Scheuch E, Methling K, Keiser M, Nassif A, Rosskopf D, Bednarski PJ, Borlak J, Terhaag B. Metabolic activation and analgesic effect of flupirtine in healthy subjects, influence of the polymorphic NAT2, UGT1A1 and GSTP1. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:501-13. [PMID: 25264565 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The rare association of flupirtine with liver injury is most likely caused by reactive quinone diimines and their oxidative formation may be influenced by the activities of N-acetyltransferases (NAT) that conjugate the less toxic metabolite D13223, and by glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) that generate stable terminal glucuronides and mercapturic acid derivatives, respectively. The influence of genetic polymorphisms of NAT2, UGT1A1 and GSTP1 on generation of the terminal mercapturic acid derivatives and analgesic effects was evaluated to identify potential genetic risk factors for hepatotoxicity of flupirtine. METHODS Metabolic disposition of flupirtine was measured after intravenous administration (100 mg), after swallowing an immediate-release (IR) tablet (100 mg) and after repeated administration of modified release (MR) tablets (400 mg once daily 8 days) in 36 selected healthy subjects. Analgesic effects were measured using pain models (delayed onset of muscle soreness, electric pain). RESULTS Flupirtine IR was rapidly but incompletely absorbed (∼ 72%). Repeated administration of flupirtine MR showed lower bioavailability (∼ 60%). Approximately 12% of bioavailable flupirtine IR and 8% of bioavailable flupiritine MR was eliminated as mercapturic acid derivatives into the urine independent of the UGT1A1, NAT2 and GSTP1 genotype. Carriers of variant GSTP1 alleles showed lower bioavailability but increased intestinal secretion of flupirtine and increased efficiency in experimental pain. Flupirtine was not a substrate for ABCB1 and ABCC2. CONCLUSIONS Formation of mercapturic acid derivatives is a major elimination route for flupirtine in man. However, the theoretically toxic pathway is not influenced by the frequent polymorphisms of UGT1A1, NAT2 and GSTP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Siegmund
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Nelson LJ, Navarro M, Treskes P, Samuel K, Tura-Ceide O, Morley SD, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Acetaminophen cytotoxicity is ameliorated in a human liver organotypic co-culture model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17455. [PMID: 26632255 PMCID: PMC4668374 DOI: 10.1038/srep17455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Organotypic liver culture models for hepatotoxicity studies that mimic in vivo hepatic functionality could help facilitate improved strategies for early safety risk assessment during drug development. Interspecies differences in drug sensitivity and mechanistic profiles, low predictive capacity, and limitations of conventional monocultures of human hepatocytes, with high attrition rates remain major challenges. Herein, we show stable, cell-type specific phenotype/cellular polarity with differentiated functionality in human hepatocyte-like C3A cells (enhanced CYP3A4 activity/albumin synthesis) when in co-culture with human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), thus demonstrating biocompatibility and relevance for evaluating drug metabolism and toxicity. In agreement with in vivo studies, acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity was most profound in HUVEC mono-cultures; whilst in C3A:HUVEC co-culture, cells were less susceptible to the toxic effects of APAP, including parameters of oxidative stress and ATP depletion, altered redox homeostasis, and impaired respiration. This resistance to APAP is also observed in a primary human hepatocyte (PHH) based co-culture model, suggesting bidirectional communication/stabilization between different cell types. This simple and easy-to-implement human co-culture model may represent a sustainable and physiologically-relevant alternative cell system to PHHs, complementary to animal testing, for initial hepatotoxicity screening or mechanistic studies of candidate compounds differentially targeting hepatocytes and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J Nelson
- Department of Hepatology, Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Navarro
- Department of Hepatology, Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philipp Treskes
- Department of Hepatology, Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kay Samuel
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS); Cell Therapy Research Group, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); University of Barcelona. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain
| | - Steven D Morley
- Department of Hepatology, Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter C Hayes
- Department of Hepatology, Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John N Plevris
- Department of Hepatology, Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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44
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High-content screening imaging and real-time cellular impedance monitoring for the assessment of chemical’s bio-activation with regards hepatotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1916-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Timescale analysis of a mathematical model of acetaminophen metabolism and toxicity. J Theor Biol 2015; 386:132-46. [PMID: 26348886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen is a widespread and commonly used painkiller all over the world. However, it can cause liver damage when taken in large doses or at repeated chronic doses. Current models of acetaminophen metabolism are complex, and limited to numerical investigation though provide results that represent clinical investigation well. We derive a mathematical model based on mass action laws aimed at capturing the main dynamics of acetaminophen metabolism, in particular the contrast between normal and overdose cases, whilst remaining simple enough for detailed mathematical analysis that can identify key parameters and quantify their role in liver toxicity. We use singular perturbation analysis to separate the different timescales describing the sequence of events in acetaminophen metabolism, systematically identifying which parameters dominate during each of the successive stages. Using this approach we determined, in terms of the model parameters, the critical dose between safe and overdose cases, timescales for exhaustion and regeneration of important cofactors for acetaminophen metabolism and total toxin accumulation as a fraction of initial dose.
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46
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Chen PJ, Cai SP, Huang C, Meng XM, Li J. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B): A key regulator and therapeutic target in liver diseases. Toxicology 2015; 337:10-20. [PMID: 26299811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within proteins, which is controlled by the reciprocal action of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases, plays a key role in regulating almost all physiological responses. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that once the balance of tyrosine phosphorylation is disturbed, drastic effects can occur. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a classical non-transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase, is a pivotal regulator and promising drug target in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Recently it has received renewed attention in liver diseases and represents an intriguing opportunity as a drug target by modulating hepatocyte death and survival, hepatic lipogenesis and so on. Here, the multiple roles of PTP1B in liver diseases will be presented, with respect to liver regeneration, drug-induced liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shuang-Peng Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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47
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Seed ofBarbarea vernaas a Rich Source of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate to Provide Natural Protection from Environmental and Dietary Toxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1300/j133v03n03_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Igami K, Shimojo Y, Ito H, Miyazaki T, Kashiwada Y. Hepatoprotective effect of fermented ginseng and its major constituent compound K in a rat model of paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced liver injury. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:565-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This work aimed at evaluating the effect of fermented ginseng (FG) and fermented red ginseng (FRG) against rat liver injury caused by paracetamol (acetaminophen (APAP)).
Methods
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum and histopathological changes in the liver were analysed to determine the degree of liver injury. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) microarray analysis was performed to compare gene expression levels altered in the rat livers. Phosphorylated Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were detected using western blot analysis to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of compound K.
Key findings
Pretreatment with FG, containing compound K at high concentration, attenuated AST as well as ALT levels in rats, while no obvious effect was observed in the group that received FRG, whose content of compound K was lower than that of FG. In addition, the results of our histopathological analysis were consistent with changes in the serum biochemical analysis. DNA microarray analysis indicated that JNK- and glutathione S-transferase (GST)-related genes were involved in the hepatotoxicity. Notably, compound K, a major ginsenoside in FG, inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK in HepG2 cells.
Conclusions
FG was shown to possess hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol (APAP)-induced liver injury better than FRG. Compound K might play an important role for an anti-inflammatory activity of FG by inhibiting JNK signalling in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Igami
- Research & Development Center, Nagase and CO., LTD, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimojo
- Research & Development Center, Nagase and CO., LTD, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hisatomi Ito
- Research & Development Center, Nagase and CO., LTD, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiki Kashiwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Shomachi, Tokushima, Japan
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49
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Jho EH, Kang K, Oidovsambuu S, Lee EH, Jung SH, Shin IS, Nho CW. Gymnaster koraiensis and its major components, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and gymnasterkoreayne B, reduce oxidative damage induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide or acetaminophen in HepG2 cells. BMB Rep 2014; 46:513-8. [PMID: 24148773 PMCID: PMC4133837 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the protective effects of Gymnaster koraiensis against oxidative stress-induced hepatic cell damage. We used two different cytotoxicity models, i.e., the administration of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) and acetaminophen, in HepG2 cells to evaluate the protective effects of G. koraiensis. The ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of G. koraiensis and its major compound, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (DCQA), exerted protective effects in the t-BHP-induced liver cytotoxicity model. The EA fraction and DCQA ameliorated t-BHP-induced reductions in GSH levels and exhibited free radical scavenging activity. The EA fraction and DCQA also significantly reduced t-BHP-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the hexane fraction of G. koraiensis and its major compound, gymnasterkoreayne B (GKB), exerted strong hepatoprotection in the acetaminopheninduced cytotoxicity model. CYP 3A4 enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by the extract, hexane fraction, and GKB. The hexane fraction and GKB ameliorated acetaminophen-induced reductions in GSH levels and protected against cell death. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(10): 513-518]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Jho
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 210-340, Korea
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50
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Stamper BD. Transcriptional profiling of reactive metabolites for elucidating toxicological mechanisms: a case study of quinoneimine-forming agents. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 47:45-55. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.978081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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