1
|
Arpicco S, Battaglia L, Brusa P, Cavalli R, Chirio D, Dosio F, Gallarate M, Milla P, Peira E, Rocco F, Sapino S, Stella B, Ugazio E, Ceruti M. Recent studies on the delivery of hydrophilic drugs in nanoparticulate systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
2
|
Keller M, Wolfgardt A, Müller C, Wilcken R, Böckler FM, Oliaro-Bosso S, Ferrante T, Balliano G, Bracher F. Arylpiperidines as a new class of oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 109:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
3
|
Lutsenko MT, Dovzhikova IV. A Method for Detection of Cholesterol Synthesis in the Placenta during Exacerbation of Cytomegalovirus Infection. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 160:174-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
4
|
Maurizio C, Flavio R, Maria Enrica DP, Elena T, Giuseppina DL. Conformational features of 4-(N)-squalenoyl-gemcitabine in solution: a combined NMR and molecular dynamics investigation. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj02091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Folded conformations of 4-(N)-squalenoyl-gemcitabine in solution are obtained from a comparison of experimental and theoretical J-couplings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ceruti Maurizio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi di Torino
- 10125 Torino
- Italy
| | - Rocco Flavio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi di Torino
- 10125 Torino
- Italy
| | - Di Pietro Maria Enrica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende (CS)
- Italy
| | - Tocci Elena
- Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR)
- 87036 Rende (CS)
- Italy
| | - De Luca Giuseppina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende (CS)
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moorthy NSHN, Cerqueira NMFSA, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Combined ligand and structure based binding mode analysis of oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
6
|
Watanabe T, Kurata I, Umezawa Y, Takahashi Y, Akamatsu Y. Inhibitors of human 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) discovered by virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:231-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
7
|
Watanabe T, Umezawa Y, Takahashi Y, Akamatsu Y. Novel pyrrole- and 1,2,3-triazole-based 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5807-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
Oliaro-Bosso S, Taramino S, Viola F, Tagliapietra S, Ermondi G, Cravotto G, Balliano G. Umbelliferone aminoalkyl derivatives as inhibitors of human oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:589-98. [PMID: 18830877 DOI: 10.1080/14756360802318688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and murine lanosterol synthases (EC 5.4.99.7) were studied as targets of a series of umbelliferone aminoalkyl derivatives previously tested as inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclases from other eukaryotes. Tests were carried out on cell cultures of human keratinocytes and mouse 3T3 fibroblasts incubated with radiolabeled acetate, and on homogenates prepared from yeast cells expressing human lanosterol synthase, incubated with radiolabeled oxidosqualene. In cell cultures of both human keratinocytes and mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, the observed inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis was selective for oxidosqualene cyclase. The most active compounds bear an allylmethylamino chain in position-7 of the coumarin ring. The inhibition was critically dependent on the position and length of the inhibitor side chain, as well as on the type of aminoalkyl group inserted at the end of the same chain. Molecular docking analyses, carried out to clarify details of inhibitors/enzyme interactions, proved useful to explain the observed differences in inhibitory activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Galli U, Oliaro-Bosso S, Taramino S, Venegoni S, Pastore E, Tron GC, Balliano G, Viola F, Sorba G. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new (2E,6E)-10-(dimethylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-decadien-1-ol ethers as inhibitors of human and Trypanosoma cruzi oxidosqualene cyclase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:220-4. [PMID: 17027267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New dimethylamino truncated squalene ether derivatives containing a different aromatic moiety (phenyl, naphthyl, and biphenyl) or a simple alkyl (n-hexylic) group were synthesized as inhibitors of the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) and of the sterol biosynthetic pathway. The activity against human OSC was compared with the activity against the OSCs of pathogenic organisms such as Pneumocystis carinii and Trypanosoma cruzi. The phenyl derivative was the most potent inhibitor of T. cruzi OSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldina Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche and Drug and Food Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oliaro-Bosso S, Ceruti M, Balliano G, Milla P, Rocco F, Viola F. Analogs of squalene and oxidosqualene inhibit oxidosqualene cyclase of Trypanosoma cruzi expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lipids 2005; 40:1257-62. [PMID: 16477810 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a number of inhibitors of the enzyme oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC; EC 5.4.99.7), a key enzyme in sterol biosynthesis, were shown to inhibit in mammalian cells the multiplication of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite agent of Chagas' disease. The gene coding for the OSC of T. cruzi has been cloned and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression in yeast cells could be a safe and easy model for studying the activity and the selectivity of the potential inhibitors of T. cruzi OSC. Using a homogenate of S. cerevisiae cells expressing T. cruzi OSC, we have tested 19 inhibitors: aza, methylidene, vinyl sulfide, and conjugated vinyl sulfide derivatives of oxidosqualene and squalene, selected as representative of different classes of substrate analog inhibitors of OSC. The IC50 values of inhibition (the compound concentration at which the enzyme is inhibited by 50%) are compared with the values obtained using OSC of pig liver and S. cerevisiae. Many inhibitors of pig liver and S. cerevisiae OSC show comparable IC50 for T. cruzi OSC, but some phenylthiovinyl derivatives are 10-100 times more effective on the T. cruzi enzyme than on the pig or S. cerevisiae enzymes. The expression of proteins of pathogenic organisms in yeast seems very promising for preliminary screening of compounds that have potential therapeutic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cravotto G, Robaldo B, Binello A, Viola F, Oliaro-Bosso S, Avogadro M. Soybean germ oil inhibits oxidosqualene cyclase in 3T3 fibroblasts. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200401113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Lenhart A, Reinert DJ, Aebi JD, Dehmlow H, Morand OH, Schulz GE. Binding structures and potencies of oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors with the homologous squalene-hopene cyclase. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2083-92. [PMID: 12747780 DOI: 10.1021/jm0211218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The binding structures of 11 human oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors designed as cholesterol-lowering agents were determined for the squalene-hopene cyclase from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, which is the only structurally known homologue of the human enzyme. The complexes were produced by cocrystallization, and the structures were elucidated by X-ray diffraction analyses. All inhibitors were bound in the large active center cavity. The detailed binding structures are presented and discussed in the light of the IC50 values of these 11 as well as 17 other inhibitors. They provide a consistent picture for the inhibition of the bacterial enzyme and can be used to adjust and improve homology models of the human enzyme. The detailed active center structures of the two enzymes are too different to show an IC50 correlation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lenhart
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstrasse 21, Freiburg im Breisgau 79104, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rocco F, Bosso SO, Viola F, Milla P, Roma G, Grossi G, Ceruti M. Conjugated methyl sulfide and phenyl sulfide derivatives of oxidosqualene as inhibitors of oxidosqualene and squalene-hopene cyclases. Lipids 2003; 38:201-7. [PMID: 12784859 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Various (1E,3E)- and (1Z,3E)-conjugated methylthio derivatives of oxidosqualene (OS) and conjugated and non-conjugated phenylthio derivatives of OS were obtained. These compounds, designed as inhibitors of pig liver and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclases (OSC) (EC 5.4.99.7) and of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC) (EC 5.4.99.-), contain the reactive function adjacent to carbons involved in the formation of the third and the fourth cycle during OS cyclization. All the new compounds are inhibitors of OSC and SHC, with various degrees of selectivity. The conjugated methylthio derivatives behaved as potent inhibitors of S. cerevisiae OSC, whereas most of the phenylthio derivatives were especially active toward SHC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Rocco
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Binet J, Thomas D, Benmbarek A, de FD, Renaut P. Structure activity relationships of new inhibitors of mammalian 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase designed from isoquinoline derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:316-29. [PMID: 11911193 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have designed more potent inhibitors from the previously reported LF 05-0038, a 6-isoquinolinol based inhibitor of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (IC50: 1.1 microM). Replacement of the 3-OH group by various 3-substituted amino groups, and modification of the alkyl chain borne by the endocyclic nitrogen led to inhibitors with IC50 in the range of 0.15 to 1 microM. In a second step, opening of the bicyclic ring system afforded the corresponding aminoalkylpiperidines which were slightly more potent. Finally, introduction of suitable aromatic containing moieties on the piperidine nitrogen yielded very potent inhibitors such as 20x (IC50 = 18 nM) easy to synthesize and achiral. The recent availability of the crystal structure of squalene-hopene cyclase allowed us to construct a three-dimensional (3D) model of the related 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) which was tentatively used to describe the possible mode of binding of our compounds and which can be useful for designing new inhibitors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ceruti M, Balliano G, Rocco F, Milla P, Arpicco S, Cattel L, Viola F. Vinyl sulfide derivatives of truncated oxidosqualene as selective inhibitors of oxidosqualene and squalene-hopene cyclases. Lipids 2001; 36:629-36. [PMID: 11485168 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Various vinyl sulfide and ketene dithioacetal derivatives of truncated 2,3-oxidosqualene were developed. These compounds, having the reactive functions at positions C-2, C-15 and C-19 of the squalene skeleton, were studied as inhibitors of pig liver and Saccharomyces cerevisiae oxidosqualene cyclases (OSC) (EC 5.4.99.7) and of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius squalene hopene cyclase (SHC) (EC 5.4.99.-). They contain one or two sulfur atoms in alpha-skeletal position to carbons considered to be cationic during enzymatic cyclization of the substrate and should strongly interact with enzyme nucleophiles of the active site. Most of the new compounds are inhibitors of the OSC and of SHC, with various degrees of selectivity. The methylthiovinyl derivative, having the reactive group at position 19, was the most potent and selective inhibitor of the series toward S. cerevisiae OSC, with a concentration inhibiting 500% of the activity of 50 nM, while toward the animal enzyme it was 20 times less potent. These results could offer new insight for the design of antifungal drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ceruti
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Tossicologico e Biologico, Università di Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Viola F, Ceruti M, Cattel L, Milla P, Poralla K, Balliano G. Rationally designed inhibitors as tools for comparing the mechanism of squalene-hopene cyclase with oxidosqualene cyclase. Lipids 2000; 35:297-303. [PMID: 10783007 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-0526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC) (E.C. 5.4.99.-), an enzyme of bacterial membranes catalyzing the formation of pentacyclic sterol-like triterpenes, was studied by using different classes of compounds originally developed as inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) (E.C. 5.4.99.7), the enzyme of eukaryotes responsible for the formation of tetracyclic precursors of sterols. The mechanism of cyclization of squalene by SHC, beginning with a protonation of the 2,3 double bond by an acidic residue of the enzyme, followed by a series of electrophilic additions of the carbocationic intermediates to the double bonds, is similar to the mechanism of cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene by OSC. The inhibitors studied included: (i) analogs of the carbocationic intermediates formed during cyclization, such as aza-analogs of squalene and 2,3-oxidosqualene; (ii) affinity-labeling inhibitors bearing a methylidene reactive group; and (iii) vinyldioxidosqualenes and vinylsulfide derivatives of the substrates. Comparison of the results obtained with the two enzymes, SHC and OSC, showed that many of the most effective inhibitors of OSC were also able to inhibit SHC, while some derivatives acted as specific inhibitors. Differences could be easily explained on the basis of the different substrate specificity of the two enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Viola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Viola F, Balliano G, Milla P, Cattel L, Rocco F, Ceruti M. Stereospecific syntheses of trans-vinyldioxidosqualene and 3-hydroxysulfide derivatives, as potent and time-dependent 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:223-32. [PMID: 10968281 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
trans-Vinyldioxidosqualene and beta-hydroxysulfide derivatives were synthesized stereospecifically and evaluated as inhibitors of animal and yeast oxidosqualene cyclases. Only trans-vinyldioxidosqualene and 2,3-epoxy-vinyl-beta-hydroxysulfides, having the reactive function at crucial positions 14,15 and 18,19, were active as inhibitors of animal and yeast cyclases. (14-trans)-28-Methylidene-2,3: 14,15-dioxidoundecanorsqualene 27 was the most potent inhibitor of the series of pig liver cyclase, with an IC50 of 0.4 microM, and it behaved also as the most active time-dependent inhibitor of the animal enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Viola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pogliani L, Milanesio M, Ceruti M, Viterbo D. Conformational and dynamical study of squalene derivatives. III: azasqualenes and solvated squalene. Chem Phys Lipids 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(99)00063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Milla P, Viola F, Ceruti M, Rocco F, Cattel L, Balliano G. 19-Azasqualene-2,3-epoxide and its N-oxide: metabolic fate and inhibitory effect on sterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lipids 1999; 34:681-8. [PMID: 10478925 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
19-Azasqualene-2,3-epoxide was more inhibitory than the corresponding N-oxide against 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) solubilized from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (IC50 7+/-2 and 25+/-5 microM, respectively). Both compounds showed a reversible, noncompetitive-type inhibition on solubilized OSC. Different inhibitory properties between the compounds were especially evident when measuring [14C]acetate incorporation into nonsaponifiable lipids extracted from treated cells. In cells treated with 19-azasqualene-2,3-epoxide at 30 microM, the radioactivity associated with the oxidosqualene fraction, which was negligible in the controls, rose to over 40% of the nonsaponifiable lipids, whereas it remained at a slightly appreciable level in cells treated with the N-oxide derivative under the same conditions. 19-Azasqualene-2,3-epoxide was also more effective than the N-oxide as a cell growth inhibitor (minimal concentration of compound needed to inhibit yeast growth: 45 and >100 microM, respectively). The two inhibitors underwent different metabolic fates in the yeast: while 19-azasqualene-2,3-epoxide did not undergo any transformation, its N-oxide was actively reduced to the corresponding amine in whole and in "ultrasonically stimulated" cells. The N-oxide reductases responsible for this transformation appear to be largely confined within the microsomal fractions and require NADPH for their activity. A possible relationship between the inhibitory properties of the two compounds and their metabolic fates is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Milla
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ceruti M, Rocco F, Viola F, Balliano G, Milla P, Arpicco S, Cattel L. 29-Methylidene-2,3-oxidosqualene derivatives as stereospecific mechanism-based inhibitors of liver and yeast oxidosqualene cyclase. J Med Chem 1998; 41:540-54. [PMID: 9484504 DOI: 10.1021/jm970534j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two pairs of isomers (18Z)- (8), (18E)-29-methylidene-2,3-oxidohexanorsqualene (21), and (18Z)- (31), (18E)-29-methylidene-2,3-oxidosqualene (34), have been obtained in a fully stereospecific manner, as inhibitors of rat and yeast oxidosqualene cyclase. A new method for the synthesis of C22 squalene aldehyde 2,3-epoxide is reported, as well as that of other 19-modified 2,3-oxidosqualene analogues. We found that the activity is the opposite in the two series: the (E)-hexanormethylidene 21 and the (Z)-methylidene 31 are potent and irreversible inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclase, while (Z)-hexanormethylidene 8 and (E)-methylidene 34 are almost completely inactive. Reduction of the 18,19-double bond, such as in 39, eliminates the activity, while removal of both of the 19-linked groups such as in heptanor derivative 40 greatly reduces inhibition of the enzyme. (E)-Hexanormethylidene 21 results the first irreversible inhibitor of the series toward the yeast enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ceruti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Polak A. Antifungal therapy, an everlasting battle. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1997; 49:219-318. [PMID: 9388389 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8863-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
23
|
Guo DA, Mangla AT, Zhou W, Lopez M, Jia Z, Nichols SD, Nes WD. Antifungal sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Subcell Biochem 1997; 28:89-116. [PMID: 9090292 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5901-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the course of the last decade, the development of SBIs, and particularly sterol biomethylation inhibitors, has been based on the rational design approach. Successful though this approach has been in elucidating sterol biomethylation enzymology, its limitations are becoming apparent from the findings that: (i) 24,25-double bond metabolism gives rise to cholesterol and ergosterol in a mechanistically similar manner, (ii) 25-azasterols are harmful to human physiology, and (iii) side-chain modified sterols designed to inhibit the SMT enzyme in S. cerevisiae may be ineffective or operate by another kinetic mechanism in a related organism, rendering it therapeutically nonuseful. Nevertheless, it may be possible to ultimately capitalize on the unique aspects of sterol biomethylation chemistry and enzymology to design taxa-specific inhibitors. With increased understanding of the structure and function of SMT enzymes in different fungi, it should be possible to prepare novel mechanism-based inactivators to control SMT activity uniquely and with high specific activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|