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Li XB, Huang CL, Zhang Y, Ding JY, Xiang GS, Zhang GH, Yang SC, Hao B. Promiscuous Oxidosqualene Cyclases from Neoalsomitra integrifoliola Catalyzing the Formation of Tetracyclic, Pentacyclic, and Heterocyclic Triterpenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:3119-3123. [PMID: 38588021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Six oxidosqualene cyclases (NiOSC1-NiOSC6) from Neoalsomitra integrifoliola were characterized for the biosynthesis of diverse triterpene scaffolds, including tetracyclic and pentacyclic triterpenes from the 2,3-oxidosqualene (1) and oxacyclic triterpenes from the 2,3:22,23-dioxidosqualene (2). NiOSC1 showed high efficiency in the production of naturally rare (20R)-epimers of oxacyclic triterpenes. Mutagenesis results revealed that the NiOSC1-F731G mutant significantly increased the yields of (20R)-epimers compared to the wild type. Homology modeling and molecular docking elucidated the origin of the (20R)-configuration in the epoxide addition step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Chun-Li Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Jing-Yang Ding
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Xiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Bing Hao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
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2
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Mishra B, Bansal S, Tripathi S, Mishra S, Yadav RK, Sangwan NS. Differential regulation of key triterpene synthase gene under abiotic stress in Withania somnifera L. Dunal and its co-relation to sterols and withanolides. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 208:108419. [PMID: 38377888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), is one of the most reputed Indian medicinal plants, having immense pharmacological activities due to the occurrence of withanolides. The withanolides are biosynthesized through triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway with the involvement of WsCAS leading to cyclization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene, which is a key metabolite to further diversify to a myriad of phytochemicals. In contrast to the available reports on the studies of WsCAS in withanolide biosynthesis, its involvement in phytosterol biosynthesis needs investigation. Present work deals with the understanding of role of WsCAS triterpenoid synthase gene in the regulation of biosynthesis of phytosterols & withanolides. Docking studies of WsCAS protein revealed Conserved amino acids, DCATE motif, and QW motif which are involved in efficient substrate binding, structure stabilization, and catalytic activity. Overexpression/silencing of WsCAS leading to increment/decline of phytosterols confers its stringent regulation in phytosterols biosynthesis. Differential regulation of WsCAS on the metabolic flux towards phytosterols and withanolide biosynthesis was observed under abiotic stress conditions. The preferential channelization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene towards withanolides and/or phytosterols occurred under heat/salt stress and cold/water stress, respectively. Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol showed major contribution in high/low temperature and salt stress, and campesterol in water stress management. Overexpression of WsCAS in Arabidopsis thaliana led to the increment in phytosterols in general. Thus, the WsCAS plays important regulatory role in the biosynthetic pathway of phytosterols and withanolides under abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shilpi Bansal
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smrati Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritesh K Yadav
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031, India.
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3
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Guan Z, Song Y, de Vries M, Permentier H, Tepper P, van Merkerk R, Setroikromo R, Quax WJ. The Promiscuity of Squalene Synthase-Like Enzyme: Dehydrosqualene Synthase, a Natural Squalene Hyperproducer? J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:3017-3024. [PMID: 38315649 PMCID: PMC10870770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Dehydrosqualene synthase (CrtM), as a squalene synthase-like enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus, can naturally utilize farnesyl diphosphate to produce dehydrosqualene (C30H48). However, no study has documented the natural production of squalene (C30H50) by CrtM. Here, based on an HPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS study, we report that the expression of crtM in vitro or in Bacillus subtilis 168 both results in the output of squalene, dehydrosqualene, and phytoene (C40H64). Notably, wild-type CrtM exhibits a significantly higher squalene yield compared to squalene synthase (SQS) from Bacillus megaterium with an approximately 2.4-fold increase. Moreover, the examination of presqualene diphosphate's stereostructures in both CrtM and SQS enzymes provides further understanding into the presence of multiple identified terpenoids. In summary, this study not only provides insights into the promiscuity demonstrated by squalene synthase-like enzymes but also highlights a new strategy of utilizing CrtM as a potential replacement for SQS in cell factories, thereby enhancing squalene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guan
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Yafeng Song
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen9713 AV, The Netherlands
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application,
State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510070, China
| | - Marcel de Vries
- Interfaculty
Mass Spectrometry Center, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar Permentier
- Interfaculty
Mass Spectrometry Center, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Tepper
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Quax
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen9713 AV, The Netherlands
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Zhang SY, Peng YQ, Xiang GS, Song WL, Feng L, Jiang XY, Li XJ, He SM, Yang SC, Zhao Y, Zhang GH. Functional characterization of genes related to triterpene and flavonoid biosynthesis in Cyclocarya paliurus. Planta 2024; 259:50. [PMID: 38285114 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) generating triterpenoid skeletons in Cyclocarya paliurus were identified for the first time, and two uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyzing the glycosylation of flavonoids were characterized. Cyclocarya paliurus, a native rare dicotyledonous plant in China, contains an abundance of triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides that exhibit valuable pharmaceutical effects in preventing hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. However, the molecular mechanism explaining the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponin and flavonoid glycoside in C. paliurus remains unclear. In this study, the triterpene content in different tissues and the expression pattern of genes encoding the key enzymes associated with triterpenoid saponin and flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis were studied using transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The eight upstream oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis were functionally characterized, among them CpalOSC6 catalyzed 2,3;22,23-dioxidosqualene to form 3-epicabraleadiol; CpalOSC8 cyclized 2,3-oxidosqualene to generate dammarenediol-II; CpalOSC2 and CpalOSC3 produced β-amyrin and CpalOSC4 produced cycloartenol, while CpalOSC2-CpalOSC5, CpalOSC7, and CpalOSC8 all produced lanosterol. However, no catalytic product was detected for CpalOSC1. Moreover, two downstream flavonoid uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) (CpalUGT015 and CpalUGT100) that catalyze the last step of flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis were functionally elucidated. These results uncovered the key genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides in C. paliurus that could be applied to produce flavonoid glycosides and key triterpenoid saponins in the future via a synthetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Yan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Qing Peng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Xiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Wan-Ling Song
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Feng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin-Yue Jiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Si-Mei He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Fengyuan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China.
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5
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Lertphadungkit P, Qiao X, Ye M, Bunsupa S. Characterization of oxidosqualene cyclases from Trichosanthes cucumerina L. reveals key amino acids responsible for substrate specificity of isomultiflorenol synthase. Planta 2022; 256:58. [PMID: 35980476 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two key amino acids of isomultiflorenol synthase, Y125 and M254, were first proposed. They could be associated with the production of isomultiflorenol. Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) are the first committed enzymes in the triterpenoid biosynthesis by converting 2,3-oxidosqualene to specific triterpenoid backbones. Thus, these enzymes are potential targets for developing plant-active compounds through the study of triterpenoid biosynthesis. We applied transcriptome information and metabolite profiling from Trichosanthes cucumerina L. to define the diversity of triterpenoids in this plant through OSCs. Isomultiflorenol synthase and cucurbitadienol synthase were previously identified in this plant. Here, three new OSCs, TcBAS, TcLAS, and TcCAS, were cloned and functionally characterized as β-amyrin synthase, lanosterol synthase, and cycloartenol synthase activities, respectively. We also took advantage of the multiple sequence alignment and molecular docking of OSCs exhibiting in this plant and other plant OSCs to identify key residues associated with isomultiflorenol synthase specificity. Two novel key amino acids, referred to the Y125 and M254, were first discovered. These results provide information on a possible catalytic mechanism for plant OSCs that produce specific products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpatsorn Lertphadungkit
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Somnuk Bunsupa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Huang L, Hu Y, Huang R, Chen J, Zhang X, Yue J, Feng L, She Y, Ji A, Zheng Y, Liu Z, Zhang R, Duan L. Oxidosqualene Cyclases Involved in the Biosynthesis of Diverse Triterpenes in Camellia sasanqua. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:8075-8084. [PMID: 35729682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sasanqua is an important economic plant that is rich in lipophilic triterpenols with pharmacological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, the key enzymes related to triterpene biosynthesis have seldom been studied in C. sasanqua. Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) are the rate-limiting enzymes related to triterpene biosynthesis. In this study, seven putative OSC genes (CsOSC1-7) were mined from the C. sasanqua transcriptome. Six CsOSCs were characterized for the biosynthesis of diverse triterpene skeletons, including α-amyrin, β-amyrin, δ-amyrin, dammarenediol-II, ψ-taraxasterol, taraxasterol, and cycloartenol by the heterologous expression system. CsOSC3 was a multiple functional α-amyrin synthase. Three key residues, Trp260, Tyr262, and Phe415, are critical to the catalytic performance of CsOSC3 judging from the results of molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis. These findings provide important insights into the biosynthesis pathway of triterpenes in C. sasanqua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufang Huang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yonger Hu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ruoshi Huang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiabo Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiande Zhang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jingyang Yue
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Laibao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P. R. China
| | - Yaru She
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Aijia Ji
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zheng
- The Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, Basic Medical Science College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Duan
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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7
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Abstract
Triterpenoids are one of the most diverse compounds in plant metabolites, and they have a wide variety of physiological activities and are of important economic value. Oxidosqualene cyclases catalyze the cyclization of 2, 3-oxidosqualene to generate different types of sterols and plant triterpenoids, which is of great significance to the structural diversity of natural products. However, the mechanism of the diversified cyclization of 2, 3-oxidosqualene catalyzed by oxidosqualene cyclases remains unclear. This review summarized the research progress of oxidosqualene cyclases from the aspects of catalytic function, molecular evolutionary relationship between genes and proteins, protein structure, molecular simulation and molecular calculations, which may provide a reference for protein engineering and metabolic engineering of triterpene cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyu Chen
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yaru Pang
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Quanbing Chen
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Lü
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
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Salvador-Castell M, Golub M, Erwin N, Demé B, Brooks NJ, Winter R, Peters J, Oger PM. Characterisation of a synthetic Archeal membrane reveals a possible new adaptation route to extreme conditions. Commun Biol 2021; 4:653. [PMID: 34079059 PMCID: PMC8172549 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that adaptation to high temperature involved the synthesis of monolayer-forming ether phospholipids. Recently, a novel membrane architecture was proposed to explain the membrane stability in polyextremophiles unable to synthesize such lipids, in which apolar polyisoprenoids populate the bilayer midplane and modify its physico-chemistry, extending its stability domain. Here, we have studied the effect of the apolar polyisoprenoid squalane on a model membrane analogue using neutron diffraction, SAXS and fluorescence spectroscopy. We show that squalane resides inside the bilayer midplane, extends its stability domain, reduces its permeability to protons but increases that of water, and induces a negative curvature in the membrane, allowing the transition to novel non-lamellar phases. This membrane architecture can be transposed to early membranes and could help explain their emergence and temperature tolerance if life originated near hydrothermal vents. Transposed to the archaeal bilayer, this membrane architecture could explain the tolerance to high temperature in hyperthermophiles which grow at temperatures over 100 °C while having a membrane bilayer. The induction of a negative curvature to the membrane could also facilitate crucial cell functions that require high bending membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maksym Golub
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, Grenoble, France
- Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | - Nelli Erwin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bruno Demé
- Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Roland Winter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Judith Peters
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, Grenoble, France.
- Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France.
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9
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Choi HS, Han JY, Choi YE. Identification of triterpenes and functional characterization of oxidosqualene cyclases involved in triterpene biosynthesis in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Plant Sci 2020; 301:110656. [PMID: 33218626 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a member of the family Asteraceae and is most often used for green salads. Triterpenes are the largest class of natural compounds in plants and have beneficial health effects. Here, we identified various triterpene esters (taraxasterol acetates, ψ-taraxasterol acetates, taraxerol acetates, lupeol acetates, α-amyrin acetates, β-amyrin acetates, and germanicol acetate) and free triterpenes (α-amyrin, β-amyrin, taraxerol, and taraxasterol) in both the leaves and roots of lettuce. Triterpene biosynthesis occurs through the action of oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), which generates various types of triterpenes from 2,3-oxidosqualene. None of the OSC genes involved in triterpene biosynthesis in lettuce have been characterized. Five putative lettuce OSC genes (LsOSC1, LsOSC2, LsOSC3, LsOSC4, and LsOSC5) were selected from a transcriptome database. These five genes were functionally characterized via heterologous expression in yeast. The first two enzymes were multifunctional triterpene synthase and the last three genes were monofunctional. Transgenic yeast expressing LsOSC1 produced five triterpenes, namely, taraxasterol, Ψ-taraxasterol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and dammarenediol-II. Yeast expressing LsOSC2 produced baurenol and Ψ-taraxasterol. LsOSC3, LsOSC4, and LsOSC5 expression led to β-amyrin, taraxerol, and lupeol production, respectively. Transcriptional activity assessment of the five genes revealed that all the OSC genes were more actively transcribed in roots than in leaves, and LsOSC5 among the five OSC genes showed the highest expression in both the leaves and the roots. In conclusion, we identified structurally diverse free triterpenes and triterpene esters in lettuce plants and characterized five OSC genes, which are key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of diverse triterpenes in lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Suk Choi
- Division of Forest Sciences, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Han
- Division of Forest Sciences, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Division of Forest Sciences, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Salvador-Castell M, Demé B, Oger P, Peters J. Lipid Phase Separation Induced by the Apolar Polyisoprenoid Squalane Demonstrates Its Role in Membrane Domain Formation in Archaeal Membranes. Langmuir 2020; 36:7375-7382. [PMID: 32515591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Archaea synthesize methyl-branched, ether phospholipids, which confer the archaeal membrane exceptional physicochemical properties. A novel membrane organization was proposed recently to explain the thermal and high pressure tolerance of the polyextremophilic archaeon Thermococcus barophilus. According to this theoretical model, apolar molecules could populate the midplane of the bilayer and could alter the physicochemical properties of the membrane, among which is the possibility to form membrane domains. We tested this hypothesis using neutron diffraction on a model archaeal membrane composed of two archaeal diether lipids with phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine headgroups in the presence of the apolar polyisoprenoid squalane. We show that squalane is inserted in the midplane at a maximal concentration between 5 and 10 mol % and that squalane can modify the lateral organization of the membrane and induces the coexistence of separate phases. The lateral reorganization is temperature- and squalane concentration-dependent and could be due to the release of lipid chain frustration and the induction of a negative curvature in the lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Demé
- Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble Cedex 9 F-38042, France
| | - Phil Oger
- INSA Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240, Villeurbanne 69621, France
| | - Judith Peters
- Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble Cedex 9 F-38042, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble 38000, France
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11
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Yin J, Yang J, Ma H, Liang T, Li Y, Xiao J, Tian H, Xu Z, Zhan Y. Expression characteristics and function of CAS and a new beta-amyrin synthase in triterpenoid synthesis in birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.). Plant Sci 2020; 294:110433. [PMID: 32234222 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids produced by the secondary metabolism of Betula platyphylla Suk. exhibit important pharmacological activities, such as tumor inhibition, anti-HIV, and defense against pathogens, but the yield of natural synthesis is low, which is insufficient to meet people's needs. In this study, we identified two OSC genes of birch, named as BpCAS and Bpβ-AS, respectively. The expression of BpCAS and Bpβ-AS were higher levels in roots and in stems, respectively, and they induced expression in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene and mechanical damage. The function of the two genes in the triterpene synthesis of birch was identified by reverse genetics. The inhibition of Bpβ-AS gene positively regulates synthesis of betulinic acid. BpCAS interference can significantly promote the upregulation of lupeol synthase gene (BPW) and β-amyrin synthase gene(BPY), and conversion of 2,3-oxidosqualene to the downstream products betulinic acid and oleanolic acid. This study provided a basis for the genetic improvement of triterpenoid synthesis in birch through genetic engineering. The obtained transgenic birch and suspension cells served as material resources for birch triterpenoid applications in further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongsi Ma
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Tian Liang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jialei Xiao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150010, China
| | - Hongmei Tian
- Forest Botanical Garden of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
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12
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Srivastava G, Garg A, Misra RC, Chanotiya CS, Ghosh S. Transcriptome analysis and functional characterization of oxidosqualene cyclases of the arjuna triterpene saponin pathway. Plant Sci 2020; 292:110382. [PMID: 32005387 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) tree has been popular in Indian traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular ailments. The tree accumulates bioactive triterpene glycosides (saponins) and aglycones (sapogenins), in a tissue-preferential manner. Oleanane triterpenes/saponins (derived from β-amyrin) with potential cardioprotective function predominantly accumulate in the bark. However, arjuna triterpene saponin pathway enzymes remain to be identified and biochemically characterized. Here, we employed a combined transcriptomics, metabolomics and biochemical approach to functionally define a suite of oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) that catalyzed key reactions towards triterpene scaffold diversification. De novo assembly of 131 millions Illumina NextSeq500 sequencing reads obtained from leaf and stem bark samples led to a total of 156,650 reference transcripts. Four distinct OSCs (TaOSC1-4) with 54-71 % sequence identities were identified and functionally characterized. TaOSC1, TaOSC3 and TaOSC4 were biochemically characterized as β-amyrin synthase, cycloartenol synthase and lupeol synthase, respectively. However, TaOSC2 was found to be a multifunctional OSC producing both α-amyrin and β-amyrin, but showed a preference for α-amyrin product. Both TaOSC1 and TaOSC2 produced β-amyrin, the direct precursor for oleanane triterpene/saponin biosynthesis; but, TaOSC1 transcript expressed preferentially in bark, suggesting a major role of TaOSC1 in the biosynthesis of oleanane triterpenes/saponins in bark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Srivastava
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Anchal Garg
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rajesh Chandra Misra
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Chandan Singh Chanotiya
- Chemical Sciences Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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13
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Gorkowski K, Donahue NM, Sullivan RC. Emerging investigator series: determination of biphasic core-shell droplet properties using aerosol optical tweezers. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2018; 20:1512-1523. [PMID: 29897369 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a new algorithm for the analysis of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) found in the cavity enhanced Raman spectra retrieved from optically tweezed droplets. Our algorithm improves the computational scaling when analyzing core-shell droplets (i.e. phase-separated or biphasic droplets) in the aerosol optical tweezers (AOT), making it computationally practical to analyze spectra collected at a few Hz over hours-long experiments. This enables the determination of the size and refractive index of both the core and shell phases with high accuracy, at 0.5 Hz time resolution. Phase-separated core-shell droplets are common morphologies in a wide variety of biophysical, colloidal, and aerosolized chemical systems, and have recently become a major focus in understanding the atmospheric chemistry of particulate matter. Our new approach reduces the number of parameters directly searched for, decreasing computational demands. We assess the accuracy of the diameters and refractive indices retrieved from a homogeneous or core-shell droplet. We demonstrate the performance of the new algorithm using experimental data from a droplet of aqueous glycerol coated by squalane. We demonstrate that a shell formation causes adjacent WGMs to split from each other in their wavenumber position through the addition of a secondary organic aerosol shell around a NaCl(aq) droplet. Our new algorithm paves the way for more in-depth physiochemical experiments into liquid-liquid phase separation and their consequences for interfacial chemistry-a topic with growing experimental needs for understanding the dynamics and chemistry of atmospheric aerosol particles, and in biochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Gorkowski
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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14
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Philippe N, Rivron L, De Bruin B, Schofield J, Roy S. Two new convenient syntheses of 14C-squalene from turbinaric acid. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:878-884. [PMID: 30066967 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-14 labeled (6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene, also known as squalene, was synthesized as a tool for pharmacokinetic studies. Two simple and efficient labeling approaches were developed to give [2-14 C]-squalene and [3-14 C]-squalene from a halogenated precursor derived from turbinaric acid. They were obtained in 13.5% radiochemical yield in 6 steps and in 38% radiochemical yield in 3 steps respectively from carbon-14 labeled potassium cyanide with a radiochemical purity higher than 98% in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Philippe
- Isotope Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Luc Rivron
- Isotope Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Béatrice De Bruin
- Isotope Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Joseph Schofield
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi-Aventis R&D, Alfortville, France
| | - Sébastien Roy
- Isotope Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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15
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Zhao Y, Fan J, Wang C, Feng X, Li C. Enhancing oleanolic acid production in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioresour Technol 2018; 257:339-343. [PMID: 29526355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid is a plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoid compound with various biological activities. Recently, biosynthesis of oleanolic acid in microbes has been demonstrated as a promising and green way, but the production is too low for industrialization. To improve oleanolic acid production, this study constructed a novel pathway for biosynthesis of oleanolic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by improving the pairing efficiency between cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and reductase. Furthermore, to improve the transcriptional efficiency of heterologous genes, the cellular galactose regulatory network was reconstructed by knocking out galactose metabolic genes GAL80 and GAL1. Finally, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, squalene synthase and 2,3-oxidosqualene synthase were further overexpressed, increasing oleanolic acid production up to 186.1 ± 12.4 mg/L in flask shake. Combined with fermentation optimization, the final oleanolic acid production was 606.9 ± 9.1 mg/L with a yield of 16.0 ± 0.8 mg/g DCW which was 7.6-fold higher than the reported maximum production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhao
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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16
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McCulley C, Geier MJ, Hudson BM, Gagné MR, Tantillo DJ. Biomimetic Platinum-Promoted Polyene Polycyclizations: Influence of Alkene Substitution and Pre-cyclization Conformations. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11158-11164. [PMID: 28719198 PMCID: PMC5699452 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Results of kinetic experiments and quantum chemical computations on a series of platinum-promoted polycyclization reactions are described. Analyses of these results reveal a reactivity model that reaches beyond the energetics of the cascade itself, incorporating an ensemble of pre-cyclization conformations of the platinum-alkene reactant complex, only a subset of which are productive for bi- (or larger) cyclization and lead to products. Similarities and differences between this scenario, including reaction coordinates for polycyclization, for platinum- and enzyme-promoted polycyclization reactions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McCulley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael J. Geier
- Caudill Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brandi M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michel R. Gagné
- Caudill Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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17
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Tatli M, Naik MT, Okada S, Dangott LJ, Devarenne TP. Isolation and Characterization of Cyclic C 33 Botryococcenes and a Trimethylsqualene Isomer from Botryococcus braunii Race B. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:953-958. [PMID: 28333447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three cyclic C33 botryococcenes and one new trimethylsqualene isomer were isolated from the B race, Showa (Berkeley) strain of Botryococcus braunii, which is known to produce large amounts of isoprenoid hydrocarbons ranging in carbon number from 30 to 34. Their purity was determined by GC-MS, and structures were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR. One of these molecules, cyclic C33-1 botryococcene (5), has an unusual connection of a methylenecyclohexane ring to the molecule backbone not seen before in botryococcenes. This report further adds to our knowledge of the wide range of isoprenoid hydrocarbon structures produced by B. braunii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo , Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) , Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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18
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Jo HJ, Han JY, Hwang HS, Choi YE. β-Amyrin synthase (EsBAS) and β-amyrin 28-oxidase (CYP716A244) in oleanane-type triterpene saponin biosynthesis in Eleutherococcus senticosus. Phytochemistry 2017; 135:53-63. [PMID: 28012567 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is a woody medical shrub belonging to the Araliaceae family. E. senticosus contains various types of saponins, including oleanane, noroleanane, lupane, and 3,4-secolupane types, depending on the aglycone structure. Oleanane-type triterpenes are the major saponin components in E. senticosus. Two enzymes (β-amyrin synthase and β-amyrin 28-oxidase) are essential for oleanane-type saponin biosynthesis from 2,3-oxidosqualene. In the present study, two full-length cDNAs encoding EsBAS and CYP716A244 were isolated based on transcriptomics analysis of plant leaves. Both β-amyrin synthase (EsBAS) and β-amyrin 28-oxidase (CYP716A244), isolated from E. senticosus, were functionally characterised. β-amyrin production was confirmed by heterologous expression of the EsBAS gene in yeast and tobacco. Oleanolic acid production was confirmed by co-expression of both EsBAS and CYP716A244 in engineered yeast and transgenic tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jeong Jo
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Su Hwang
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Nakagawa Y, Oya SI, Kanno D, Nakaji Y, Tamura M, Tomishige K. Regioselectivity and Reaction Mechanism of Ru-Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis of Squalane and Model Alkanes. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:189-198. [PMID: 27863013 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of the C-C hydrogenolysis activity on reaction parameters and the structure of the substrate alkanes was investigated for Ru/CeO2 catalyst with very small (dispersion: H/Ru=0.89) Ru particles. The substrate concentration and reaction temperature did not have a significant effect on the selectivity pattern, except that methane production was promoted at high temperatures. However, the hydrogen pressure had a marked effect on the selectivity pattern. Ctertiary -C bond dissociation, terminal Csecondary -Cprimary bond dissociation, and fragmentation to form excess methane had negative reaction order with respect to hydrogen partial pressure, whereas Csecondary -Csecondary bond dissociation had an approximately zero reaction order. Therefore, a high hydrogen pressure is essential for the regioselective hydrogenolysis of Csecondary -Csecondary bonds in squalane. Ru/SiO2 catalyst with larger Ru particles showed similar changes in the product distribution during the change in hydrogen pressure. The reaction mechanism for each type of C-C bond dissociation is proposed based on reactivity trends and DFT calculations. The proposed intermediate species for the internal Csecondary -Csecondary dissociation, terminal Csecondary -Cprimary dissociation, and Ctertiary -C dissociation is alkyls, alkylidynes, and alkenes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
- Research Center for Rare Metal and Green Innovation, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Oya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kanno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakaji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masazumi Tamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
- Research Center for Rare Metal and Green Innovation, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tomishige
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
- Research Center for Rare Metal and Green Innovation, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
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20
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Ito R, Nakada C, Hoshino T. β-Amyrin synthase from Euphorbia tirucalli L. functional analyses of the highly conserved aromatic residues Phe413, Tyr259 and Trp257 disclose the importance of the appropriate steric bulk, and cation-π and CH-π interactions for the efficient catalytic action of the polyolefin cyclization cascade. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 15:177-188. [PMID: 27942657 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02539k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Many of the functions of the active site residues in β-amyrin synthase and its catalytic mechanism remain unclear. Herein, we examined the functions of the highly conserved Phe413, Tyr259, and Trp257 residues in the β-amyrin synthase of Euphorbia tirucalli. The site-specific mutants F413V and F413M [corrected] showed nearly the same enzymatic activities as the wild type, indicating that π-electrons are not needed for the catalytic reaction. However, the F413A [corrected] mutant yielded a large amount of the tetracyclic dammarane skeleton, with decreased production of β-amyrin. This indicates that the Phe413 [corrected] residue is located near the D-ring formation site and works to position the oxidosqualene substrate correctly within the reaction cavity. On the other hand, the major catalysis-related function of the Tyr259 and Trp257 residues is to yield their π-electrons to the cationic intermediates. The Y259F variant showed nearly equivalent activity to that of the wild type, but aliphatic mutants such as the Ala, Val, and Leu variants showed significantly decreased the activity and yielded the tetracyclic dammarane scaffold, strongly demonstrating that the Tyr259 residue stabilizes the baccharenyl secondary cation via cation-π interaction. The aliphatic variants of Trp257 exhibited remarkably decreased enzymatic activity, and lupeol was produced in a high production ratio, indicating that Trp257 stabilizes the oleanyl cation via cation-π interaction. The aromatic Phe and Tyr mutants exhibited high activities owing to their more increased π-electron density relative to that of the aliphatic mutants, but lupeol was produced in a significantly high yield besides β-amyrin. The Trp residue is likely to be responsible for the robust binding of Me-30 through CH-π interaction. The decreased π-electron density of the Phe and Tyr mutants compared to that of Trp would have resulted in the high production of lupeol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryousuke Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Chika Nakada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Hoshino
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
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Andre CM, Legay S, Deleruelle A, Nieuwenhuizen N, Punter M, Brendolise C, Cooney JM, Lateur M, Hausman J, Larondelle Y, Laing WA. Multifunctional oxidosqualene cyclases and cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of apple fruit triterpenic acids. New Phytol 2016; 211:1279-94. [PMID: 27214242 PMCID: PMC5089662 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus × domestica) accumulates bioactive ursane-, oleanane-, and lupane-type triterpenes in its fruit cuticle, but their biosynthetic pathway is still poorly understood. We used a homology-based approach to identify and functionally characterize two new oxidosqualene cyclases (MdOSC4 and MdOSC5) and one cytochrome P450 (CYP716A175). The gene expression patterns of these enzymes and of previously described oxidosqualene cyclases were further studied in 20 apple cultivars with contrasting triterpene profiles. MdOSC4 encodes a multifunctional oxidosqualene cyclase producing an oleanane-type triterpene, putatively identified as germanicol, as well as β-amyrin and lupeol, in the proportion 82 : 14 : 4. MdOSC5 cyclizes 2,3-oxidosqualene into lupeol and β-amyrin at a ratio of 95 : 5. CYP716A175 catalyses the C-28 oxidation of α-amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol and germanicol, producing ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, betulinic acid, and putatively morolic acid. The gene expression of MdOSC1 was linked to the concentrations of ursolic and oleanolic acid, whereas the expression of MdOSC5 was correlated with the concentrations of betulinic acid and its caffeate derivatives. Two new multifuntional triterpene synthases as well as a multifunctional triterpene C-28 oxidase were identified in Malus × domestica. This study also suggests that MdOSC1 and MdOSC5 are key genes in apple fruit triterpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle M. Andre
- Department of Environmental Research and InnovationLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenue des Hauts‐FourneauxL‐4362Esch/AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Department of Environmental Research and InnovationLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenue des Hauts‐FourneauxL‐4362Esch/AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Amélie Deleruelle
- Department of Environmental Research and InnovationLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenue des Hauts‐FourneauxL‐4362Esch/AlzetteLuxembourg
- Institut des Sciences de la VieUCLouvainB‐1348Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Niels Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedMt Albert Research CentrePrivate Bag 92 169Auckland1142New Zealand
| | - Matthew Punter
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedMt Albert Research CentrePrivate Bag 92 169Auckland1142New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedMt Albert Research CentrePrivate Bag 92 169Auckland1142New Zealand
| | - Janine M. Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedRuakuraHamilton3240New Zealand
| | - Marc Lateur
- Walloon Agricultural Research CentreRue de LirouxB‐5030GemblouxBelgium
| | - Jean‐François Hausman
- Department of Environmental Research and InnovationLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenue des Hauts‐FourneauxL‐4362Esch/AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Institut des Sciences de la VieUCLouvainB‐1348Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - William A. Laing
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedMt Albert Research CentrePrivate Bag 92 169Auckland1142New Zealand
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22
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Liang HC, Gao LL, Hu ZF, Gong T, Chen JJ, Yang JL, Zhu P. [Expression, subcellular localization and characterization of dammarenediol-Ⅱ synthase of Panax ginseng in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2016; 51:998-1003. [PMID: 29883079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To study the expression and subcellular localization of recombinant dammarenediol-Ⅱ synthase (DS) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the dammarenediol-Ⅱ synthase gene ds was cloned from Panax ginseng, and the gene ds was fused with the gene of green fluorescent protein to obtain the fusion gene ds-gfp. The recombinant expression plasmids pESC-HIS-DS and pESC-HIS-DS-GFP were constructed and transformed into S. cerevisiae INVSc1 to obtain recombinant strains INVSc1-DS and INVSc1-DS-GFP. Microsomes of recombinant strains were prepared by differential centrifugation and observed by fluorescence microscope. The green fluorescence was only detected in INVSc1-DS-GFP microsomes, which indicated that DS was a membrane protein. It was also proved that dammarenediol-Ⅱ was produced from the cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene catalyzed by DS through in vitro enzymatic reaction. In addition, our results revealed that the fusion expression of ds with gfp significantly improved the production of dammarenediol-Ⅱ from 7.53 mg·g(-1) to 12.24 mg·g(-1). This study provides a new strategy in the optimization of the pathway of ginsenosides biosynthesis in S.cerevisiae.
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Zhang J, Dai L, Yang J, Liu C, Men Y, Zeng Y, Cai Y, Zhu Y, Sun Y. Oxidation of Cucurbitadienol Catalyzed by CYP87D18 in the Biosynthesis of Mogrosides from Siraitia grosvenorii. Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:1000-7. [PMID: 26903528 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mogrosides, the principally bioactive compounds extracted from the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii, are a group of glycosylated cucurbitane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins that exhibit a wide range of notable biological activities and are commercially available worldwide as natural sweeteners. The biosynthesis of mogrosides involves initial cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene to the triterpenoid skeleton of cucurbitadienol, followed by a series of oxidation reactions catalyzed by Cyt P450s (P450s) and then glycosylation reactions catalyzed by UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs). We previously reported the identification of a cucurbitadienol synthase (SgCbQ) and a mogrol C-3 hydroxyl glycosyltransferase (UGT74AC1). However, molecular characterization of further transformation of cucurbitadienol to mogrol by P450s remains unavailable. In this study, we report the successful identification of a multifunctional P450 (CYP87D18) as being involved in C-11 oxidation of cucurbitadienol. In vitro enzymatic activity assays showed that CYP87D18 catalyzed the oxidation of cucurbitadienol at C-11 to produce 11-oxo cucurbitadienol and 11-hydroxy cucurbitadienol. Furthermore, 11-oxo-24,25-epoxy cucurbitadienol as well as 11-oxo cucurbitadienol and 11-hydroxy cucurbitadienol were produced when CYP87D18 was co-expressed with SgCbQ in genetic yeast, and their structures were confirmed by liquid chromatography-solid-phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry coupling (LC-SPE-NMR-MS). Taken together, these results suggest a role for CYP87D18 as a multifunctional cucurbitadienol oxidase in the mogrosides pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangsheng Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Longhai Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jiangang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Can Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yan Men
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yi Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yueming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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Jourdain R, Moga A, Vingler P, El Rawadi C, Pouradier F, Souverain L, Bastien P, Amalric N, Breton L. Exploration of scalp surface lipids reveals squalene peroxide as a potential actor in dandruff condition. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:153-63. [PMID: 26842231 PMCID: PMC4796319 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dandruff is a common but complex disorder with three major contributing factors: (1) individual predisposition, (2) scalp sebum and (3) Malassezia yeast colonization. To obtain further insights into the role of sebum in dandruff biogenesis, we analyzed scalp lipid species in a cohort of ten dandruff-free (control) and ten dandruff-afflicted volunteers by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Lipid peroxidation levels and biochemical markers of oxidative stress were also assessed. Squalene, a major sebum component, was significantly more peroxidized in dandruff-affected scalps, resulting in significantly higher ratios of squalene monohydroperoxide (SQOOH)/squalene. This was observed when comparing dandruff-affected zones of dandruff subjects to both their non-affected zones and control subjects. In addition, other biomarkers such as malondialdehyde indicated that oxidative stress levels were raised on dandruff scalps. Surprisingly, differences regarding either free or bound fatty acids were fairly rare and minor. Certain novel findings, especially squalene peroxidation levels, were then confirmed in a validation cohort of 24 dandruff-affected subjects, by comparing dandruff-affected and non-dandruff zones from the same individuals. As SQOOH can induce both keratinocyte inflammatory responses and hyperproliferation in vitro, we hypothesized that increased SQOOH could be considered as a new etiological dandruff factor via its ability to impair scalp barrier function. Our results also indicated that Malassezia could be a major source of squalene peroxidation on the scalp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc Souverain
- L'OREAL Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | | | - Lionel Breton
- L'OREAL Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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Morcillo P, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. Heavy metals produce toxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the marine teleost fish SAF-1 cell line. Chemosphere 2016; 144:225-33. [PMID: 26363324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of cell lines to test the toxicity of aquatic pollutants is a valuable alternative to fish bioassays. In this study, fibroblast SAF-1 cells from the marine gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) were exposed for 24 h to the heavy metals Cd, Hg, MeHg (Methylmercury), As or Pb and the resulting cytotoxicity was assessed. Neutral red (NR), MTT-tetrazolio (MTT), crystal violet (CV) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) viability tests showed that SAF-1 cells exposed to the above heavy metals produced a dose-dependent reduction in the number of viable cells. Methylmercury showed the highest toxicity (EC50 = 0.01 mM) followed by As, Cd, Hg and Pb. NR was the most sensitive method followed by MTT, CV and LDH. SAF-1 cells incubated with each of the heavy metals also exhibited an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis cell death. Moreover, the corresponding gene expression profiles pointed to the induction of the metallothionein protective system, cellular and oxidative stress and apoptosis after heavy metal exposure for 24 h. This report describes and compares tools for evaluating the potential effects of marine contamination using the SAF-1 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morcillo
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Á Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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26
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Robinson ES, Saleh R, Donahue NM. Probing the Evaporation Dynamics of Mixed SOA/Squalane Particles Using Size-Resolved Composition and Single-Particle Measurements. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:9724-32. [PMID: 26158746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the formation and evaporation of mixed-particles containing squalane (a surrogate for hydrophobic primary organic aerosol, POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is presented. In these experiments, one material (D62-squalane or SOA from α-pinene + O3) was prepared first to serve as surface area for condensation of the other, forming the mixed-particles. The mixed-particles were then subjected to a heating-ramp from 22 to 44 °C. We were able to determine that (1) almost all of the SOA mass is comprised of material less volatile than D62-squalane; (2) AMS collection efficiency in these mixed-particle systems can be parametrized as a function of the relative mass fraction of the components; and (3) the vast majority of D62-squalane is able to evaporate from the mixed particles, and does so on the same time scale regardless of the order of preparation. We also performed two-population mixing experiments to directly test whether D62-squalane and SOA from α-pinene + O3 form a single solution or two separate phases. We find that these two OA types are immiscible, which informs our inference of the morphology of the mixed-particles. If the morphology is core-shell and dictated by the order of preparation, these data indicate that squalane is able to diffuse relatively quickly through the SOA shell, implying that there are no major diffusion limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Shipley Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rawad Saleh
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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27
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Seki H, Tamura K, Muranaka T. P450s and UGTs: Key Players in the Structural Diversity of Triterpenoid Saponins. Plant Cell Physiol 2015; 56:1463-71. [PMID: 25951908 PMCID: PMC7107090 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The recent spread of next-generation sequencing techniques has facilitated transcriptome analyses of non-model plants. As a result, many of the genes encoding enzymes related to the production of specialized metabolites have been identified. Compounds derived from 2,3-oxidosqualene (the common precursor of sterols, steroids and triterpenoids), a linear compound of 30 carbon atoms produced through the mevalonate pathway, are called triterpenes. These include essential sterols, which are structural components of biomembranes; steroids such as the plant hormones, brassinolides and the toxin in potatoes, solanine; as well as the structurally diverse triterpenoids. Triterpenoids containing one or more sugar moieties attached to triterpenoid aglycones are called triterpenoid saponins. Triterpenoid saponins have been shown to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancerogenic and antiviral effects. This review summarizes the recent progress in gene discovery and elucidates the biochemical functions of biosynthetic enzymes in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Special focus is placed on key players in generating the structural diversity of triterpenoid saponins, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and the UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Perspectives on further gene discovery and the use of biosynthetic genes for the microbial production of plant-derived triterpenoid saponins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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28
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Gas-Pascual E, Simonovik B, Schaller H, Bach TJ. Inhibition of Cycloartenol Synthase (CAS) Function in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. Lipids 2015; 50:761-72. [PMID: 26033687 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco BY-2 cell suspensions are our preferred model for studying isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways, due to their easy genetic transformation and the efficient absorption of metabolic precursors, intermediates, and/or inhibitors. Using this model system, we have analyzed the effects of chemical and genetic blockage of cycloartenol synthase (CAS, EC 5.4.99.8), an oxidosqualene cyclase that catalyzes the first committed step in the sterol pathway of plants. BY-2 cells were treated with RO 48-8071, a potent inhibitor of oxidosqualene cyclization. Short-term treatments (24 h) resulted in accumulation of oxidosqualene with no changes in the final sterol products. Interestingly, long-term treatments (6 days) induced down-regulation in gene expression not only of CAS but also of the SMT2 gene coding sterol methyltransferase 2 (EC 2.1.1.41). This explains some of the increase in 24-methyl sterols at the expense of the 24-ethyl sterols stigmasterol and sitosterol. In our alternative strategy, CAS gene expression was partially blocked by using an inducible artificial microRNA. The limited effectiveness of this approach might be explained by some dependence of the machinery for RNAi formation on an operating MVA/sterol pathway. For comparison we checked the effect of RO 48-8071 on a green cell suspension of Arabidopsis and on seedlings, containing a small spectrum of triterpenes besides phytosterols. Triterpenes remained essentially unaffected, but phytosterol accumulation was clearly diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Gas-Pascual
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
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Lin YL, Lee YR, Tsao NW, Wang SY, Shaw JF, Chu FH. Characterization of the 2,3-Oxidosqualene Cyclase Gene from Antrodia cinnamomea and Enhancement of Cytotoxic Triterpenoid Compound Production. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:1556-1562. [PMID: 26125648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea is a scarce, epiphyte, host-specific, brown-rot fungus that produces diverse bioactive compounds with potent biological activity. Natural wild-type fruiting bodies of A. cinnamomea are rare and highly valued, but their artificial culture poses challenges. Triterpenoids are a group of secondary metabolites that contribute to the bioactivities of A. cinnamomea. 2,3-Oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) is a key enzyme in triterpenoid biosynthesis, which converts 2,3-oxidosqualene (OS) into polycyclic triterpenoids. In this study, we isolated a 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase gene from A. cinnamomea with degenerate primers and designated it as AcOSC. The full length AcOSC cDNA was subcloned into a yeast expression vector, and AcOSC activity was confirmed. RT-PCR results showed that AcOSC expression was highest in the wild-type fruiting body and correlated with a higher concentration of triterpenoids. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation was conducted to enhance the triterpenoid synthesis capacity of the cultured mycelium. Metabolite profiling was conducted by LC-MS/MS and principal component analysis (PCA). The compositions and contents of metabolites in the AcOSC transgenic lines were different from those in the wild-type mycelium and vector control. The levels of two important triterpenoids, dehydrosulphurenic acid (DSA) and dehydroeburicoic acid (DEA), were increased in A. cinnamomea oxidosqualene cyclase overexpression strains compared to controls. In summary an Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation procedure was established that successfully increased the level of transgene expression and enhanced the triterpenoid content in cultured A. cinnamomea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Liang Lin
- †School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Lee
- †School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsao
- ‡Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichun, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- ‡Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichun, Taiwan
- §Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- ⊥Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- ∥Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hua Chu
- †School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- #Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University, Nan-Tou, Taiwan
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Abstract
The correlation between the amount of lipid peroxide and squalene in skin surface lipid was observed by statistical analysis. To investigate the mechanism of skin surface lipid peroxidation, especially the role of active oxygen, squalene was irradiated by long wavelength ultraviolet light (UVA) with or without the photosensitizer, 8-methoxypsoralen (8MOP). Sodium azide (NaN3), a singlet oxygen quencher, or deuterium oxide, which elongates the life time of singlet oxygen, were also added in these experiments. The lipid peroxidation was detectable by observing malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. The MDA value in squalene solution was increased by UVA irradiation, and this effect was enhanced under the presence of 8MOP. These effects were repressed by the addition of NaN3 in the experimental system. These results may show that squalene peroxidation was mediated by singlet oxygen. Epidermal keratin could inhibit the increase of MDA values in human skin surface lipid in vitro. The inhibitory effect of epidermal protein on the deposition or the formation of lipid peroxide in skin surface was suggested.
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Abstract
The X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) of a stable, spherical nitroxide spin probe, perdeuterated 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidine-1-oxyl (pDTO) has been used to study the nanostructural organization of a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids (ILs) with alkyl chain lengths from two to eight carbons. By employing nonlinear least-squares fitting of the EPR spectra, we have obtained values of the rotational correlation time and hyperfine coupling splitting of pDTO to high precision. The rotational correlation time of pDTO in ILs and squalane, a viscous alkane, can be fit very well to a power law functionality with a singular temperature, which often describes a number of physical quantities measured in supercooled liquids. The viscosity of the ILs and squalane, taken from the literature, can also be fit to the same power law expression, which means that the rotational correlation times and the ionic liquid viscosities have similar functional dependence on temperature. The apparent activation energy of both the rotational correlation time of pDTO and the viscous flow of ILs and squalane increases with decreasing temperature; in other words, they exhibit strong non-Arrhenius behavior. The rotational correlation time of pDTO as a function of η/T, where η is the shear viscosity and T is the temperature, is well described by the Stokes-Einstein-Debye (SED) law, while the hydrodynamic probe radii are solvent dependent and are smaller than the geometric radius of the probe. The temperature dependence of hyperfine coupling splitting is the same in all four ionic liquids. The value of the hyperfine coupling splitting starts decreasing with increasing alkyl chain length in the ionic liquids in which the number of carbons in the alkyl chain is greater than four. This decrease together with the decrease in the hydrodynamic radius of the probe indicates a possible existence of nonpolar nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirna Peric
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Center for Supramolecular Studies California State University at Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330
| | - Miroslav Peric
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Center for Supramolecular Studies California State University at Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330
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Wang QH, Gao LL, Liang HC, Du GH, Gong T, Yang JL, Zhu P. [Downregulation of lanosterol synthase gene expression by antisense RNA technology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2015; 50:118-122. [PMID: 25924486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene is the key branch point of ergosterol and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Downregulation of 2,3-oxidosqualene metabolic flux to ergosterol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae may redirect the metabolic flux toward the triterpenoid synthetic pathway. In our study, primers were designed according to erg7 gene sequence of S. cerevisiae. Three fragments including 5' long fragment, 5' short fragment and erg7 coding region fragment were amplified by PCR. 5' long fragment consists of the promoter and a part of erg7 coding region sequence. 5' short fragment consists of a part of promoter and a part of erg7 coding region sequence. These fragments were inserted reversely into pESC-URA to construct antisense expression plasmids. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into S. cerevisiae INVSc1 and recombinant strains were screened on the nutritional deficient medium SD-URA. The erg7 expression level of recombinant strains, which harbored antisense expression plasmid of erg7 coding region, was similar to that of INVScl by semi-quantitative PCR detection. But erg7 expression level of recombinant strains, which harbored 5' long antisense fragment and 5' short antisense fragment, was significantly lower than that of the control. The results of TLC and HPLC showed that the ergosterol content of recombinant strains, which harbored 5' long antisense fragment, decreased obviously. The ergosterol contents of the others were almost equal to that of INVSc1. Lanosterol synthase gene expression was downregulated by antisense RNA technology in S. cerevisiae, which lays a foundation for reconstructing triterpenoid metabolic pathway in S. cerevisiae by synthetic biology technology.
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Abstract
Whether driven by external mechanical stresses (shear flow) or induced by membrane-active peptides and/or proteins, the collective growth of tubules in membranous fluids has seldom been reported. The pearling destabilization of these membranous tubules which requires an activation of the shape distortion, often induced by optical tweezers, membrane-active biomolecules or an electrical field, has also rarely been observed under mild experimental conditions. Here we report such events of collective tubulation and pearling destabilization in sessile drops of a didodecyl-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) vesicular solution that are confined by a surrounding oil medium. Based on the wetting dynamics and the features of the tubulation process, we show that the growth of the tubules here relies on a mechanism of "pinning-induced pulling" from the retracting drop, rather than the classical hydrodynamic fingering instability. We show that the whole tubulation process is driven by a strong coupling between the bulk properties of the ternary (DAAB/water/oil) system and the dynamics of wetting. Finally, we discuss the pearling destabilization of these tubules under vanishing static interface tension and quite mild tensile force arising from their pulling. We show that under those mild conditions, shape disturbances readily grow, either as pearling waves moving toward the drop-reservoir or as Rayleigh-type peristaltic modulations. Besides revealing singular non-Rayleigh pearling modes, this work also brings new insights into the flow dynamics in membranous tubules anchored to an infinite reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Haidara
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR 7361-CNRS/Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France.
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Gas-Pascual E, Berna A, Bach TJ, Schaller H. Plant oxidosqualene metabolism: cycloartenol synthase-dependent sterol biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109156. [PMID: 25343375 PMCID: PMC4208727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant sterol pathway exhibits a major biosynthetic difference as compared with that of metazoans. The committed sterol precursor is the pentacyclic cycloartenol (9β,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3β-ol) and not lanosterol (lanosta-8,24-dien-3β-ol), as it was shown in the late sixties. However, plant genome mining over the last years revealed the general presence of lanosterol synthases encoding sequences (LAS1) in the oxidosqualene cyclase repertoire, in addition to cycloartenol synthases (CAS1) and to non-steroidal triterpene synthases that contribute to the metabolic diversity of C30H50O compounds on earth. Furthermore, plant LAS1 proteins have been unambiguously identified by peptidic signatures and by their capacity to complement the yeast lanosterol synthase deficiency. A dual pathway for the synthesis of sterols through lanosterol and cycloartenol was reported in the model Arabidopsis thaliana, though the contribution of a lanosterol pathway to the production of 24-alkyl-Δ(5)-sterols was quite marginal (Ohyama et al. (2009) PNAS 106, 725). To investigate further the physiological relevance of CAS1 and LAS1 genes in plants, we have silenced their expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. We used virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) based on gene specific sequences from a Nicotiana tabacum CAS1 or derived from the solgenomics initiative (http://solgenomics.net/) to challenge the respective roles of CAS1 and LAS1. In this report, we show a CAS1-specific functional sterol pathway in engineered yeast, and a strict dependence on CAS1 of tobacco sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Gas-Pascual
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS & Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Berna
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS & Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas J. Bach
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS & Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS & Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, Strasbourg, France
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35
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Gao LL, Wang QH, Liang HC, Gong T, Yang JL, Zhu P. [Construction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae haploid mutant deficient in lanosterol synthase gene]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2014; 49:742-746. [PMID: 25151749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lanosterol synthase is encoded by the erg7 gene and catalyzes the cyclization of 2, 3-oxidosqualene, which is a rate-limiting step of the inherent mevalonate (MVA)/ergosterol metabolic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The intermediate 2, 3-oxidosqualene is also the precursor of triterpenoids. Therefore, the cyclization of 2, 3-oxidosqualene is the key branch point of ergosterol and triterpenoids biosynthesis. Down-regulation of 2, 3-oxidosqualene metabolic flux to ergosterol in S. cerevisiae may redirect the metabolic flux toward the triterpenoid synthetic pathway reconstructed by the synthetic biology approach. To construct erg7 knockout cassette harboring the loxP-Marker-loxP element, long primers were designed, which were homologous to the sequences of both erg7 ORF and plasmid pUG66. The cassette was transformed into diploid wild strain INVSc1 by LiAc/SS Carrier DNA/PEG method and then erg7 gene haploid deficient mutant was obtained by homologous recombination. The results of semiquantitative PCR and real-time quantitative PCR revealed that erg7 expression level in erg7 gene haploid deficient mutant is one time lower than that in wild strain. The results of TLC and HPLC showed that the ergosterol content in deficient mutant decreased to 42% of that in wild strain.
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36
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Tran TV, Malainer C, Schwaiger S, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H. NF-κB inhibitors from Eurycoma longifolia. J Nat Prod 2014; 77:483-8. [PMID: 24467387 PMCID: PMC3971761 DOI: 10.1021/np400701k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The roots of Eurycoma longifolia have been used in many countries of Southeast Asia to alleviate various diseases including malaria, dysentery, sexual insufficiency, and rheumatism. Although numerous studies have reported the pharmacological properties of E. longifolia, the mode of action of the anti-inflammatory activity has not been elucidated. Bioguided isolation of NF-κB inhibitors using an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter gene assay led to the identification of a new quassinoid, eurycomalide C (1), together with 27 known compounds including 11 quassinoids (2-12), six alkaloids (13-18), two coumarins (19, 20), a squalene derivative (21), a triterpenoid (22), and six phenolic compounds (23-28) from the extract of E. longifolia. Evaluation of the biological activity revealed that C19-type and C20-type quassinoids, β-carboline, and canthin-6-one alkaloids are potent NF-κB inhibitors, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range, while C18-type quassinoids, phenolic compounds, coumarins, the squalene derivative, and the triterpenoid turned out to be inactive when tested at a concentration of 30 μM. Eurycomalactone (2), 14,15β-dihydroklaieanone (7), and 13,21-dehydroeurycomanone (10) were identified as potent NF-κB inhibitors with IC50 values of less than 1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Van
Anh Tran
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Medicine and Pharmacy of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Clemens Malainer
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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37
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Kolesar KR, Buffaloe G, Wilson KR, Cappa CD. OH-initiated heterogeneous oxidation of internally-mixed squalane and secondary organic aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:3196-3202. [PMID: 24555558 DOI: 10.1021/es405177d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has established that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can exist as an amorphous solid, leading to various suggestions that the addition of SOA coatings to existing particles will decrease the reactivity of those particles toward common atmospheric oxidants. Experimental evidence suggests that O3 is unable to physically diffuse through an exterior semisolid or solid layer thus inhibiting reaction with the core. The extent to which this suppression in reactivity occurs for OH has not been established, nor has this been demonstrated specifically for SOA. Here, measurements of the influence of adding a coating of α-pinene+O3 SOA onto squalane particles on the OH-initiated heterogeneous oxidation rate are reported. The chemical composition of the oxidized internally mixed particles was monitored online using a vacuum ultraviolet-aerosol mass spectrometer. Variations in the squalane oxidation rate with particle composition were quantified by measurement of the effective uptake coefficient, γeff, which is the loss rate of a species relative to the oxidant-particle collision rate. Instead of decreasing, the measured γeff increased continuously as the SOA coating thickness increased, by a factor of ∼2 for a SOA coating thickness of 42 nm (corresponding to ca. two-thirds of the particle mass). These results indicate that heterogeneous oxidation of ambient aerosol by OH radicals is not inhibited by SOA coatings, and further that condensed phase chemical pathways and rates in organic particles depend importantly on composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryn R Kolesar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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38
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Doig M, Warrens CP, Camp PJ. Structure and friction of stearic acid and oleic acid films adsorbed on iron oxide surfaces in squalane. Langmuir 2014; 30:186-195. [PMID: 24364665 DOI: 10.1021/la404024v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The structure and friction of fatty acid surfactant films adsorbed on iron oxide surfaces lubricated by squalane are examined using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. The structures of stearic acid and oleic acid films under static and shear conditions, and at various surface coverages, are described in detail, and the effects of unsaturation in the tail group are highlighted. At high surface coverage, the measured properties of stearic acid and oleic acid films are seen to be very similar. At low and intermediate surface coverages, the presence of a double bond, as in oleic acid, is seen to give rise to less penetration of lubricant in to the surfactant film and less layering of the lubricant near to the film. The kinetic friction coefficient is measured as a function of shear rate within the hydrodynamic (high shear rate) lubrication regime. Lubricant penetration and layering are observed to be correlated with friction coefficient. The friction coefficient with oleic acid depends only weakly on surface coverage, while stearic acid admits more lubricant penetration, and its friction coefficient increases significantly with decreasing surface coverage. Connections between film structure and friction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doig
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland
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Okajima M, Wada Y, Hosoya T, Hino F, Kitahara Y, Shimokawa KI, Ishii F. Preparation and physicochemical properties of surfactant-free emulsions using electrolytic-reduction ion water containing lithium magnesium sodium silicate. Drug Discov Ther 2013; 7:90-94. [PMID: 23715508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant-free emulsions by adding jojoba oil, squalane, olive oil, or glyceryl trioctanoate (medium chain fatty acid triglycerides, MCT) to electrolytic-reduction ion water containing lithium magnesium sodium silicate (GE-100) were prepared, and their physiochemical properties (thixotropy, zeta potential, and mean particle diameter) were evaluated. At an oil concentration of 10%, the zeta potential was ‒22.3 ‒ ‒26.8 mV, showing no marked differences among the emulsions of various types of oil, but the mean particle diameters in the olive oil emulsion (327 nm) and MCT emulsion (295 nm) were smaller than those in the other oil emulsions (452-471 nm). In addition, measurement of the hysteresis loop area of each type of emulsion revealed extremely high thixotropy of the emulsion containing MCT at a low concentration and the olive emulsion. Based on these results, since surfactants and antiseptic agents markedly damage sensitive skin tissue such as that with atopic dermatitis, surfactant- and antiseptic-free emulsions are expected to be new bases for drugs for external use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okajima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Lokvam J, Fine PVA. An oxidized squalene derivative from Protium subserratum Engl. (Engl.) growing in Peru. Molecules 2012; 17:7451-7. [PMID: 22706374 PMCID: PMC6268440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17067451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protium subserratum (Burseraceae) is a neotropical tree species that is comprised of several habitat-specific ecotypes having distinct defense chemical profiles. A previously unknown triterpene, 25,30-dicarboxy-26,27,28,29-tetraacetoxy-10,11,14,15-tetrahydrosqualene, was isolated from P. subserratum young leaf tissue of one ecotype growing in Peru. The structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic study, including 1 and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lokvam
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Triterpenes are one of the largest classes of plant metabolites and have important functions. A diverse array of triterpenoid skeletons are synthesized via the isoprenoid pathway by enzymatic cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene. The genomes of the lower plants Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and moss (Physcomitrella patens) contain just one oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) gene (for sterol biosynthesis), whereas the genomes of higher plants contain nine to 16 OSC genes. Here we carry out functional analysis of rice OSCs and rigorous phylogenetic analysis of 96 OSCs from higher plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Sorghum bicolor and Brachypodium distachyon. The functional analysis identified an amino acid sequence for isoarborinol synthase (OsIAS) (encoded by Os11g35710/OsOSC11) in rice. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that expansion of OSC members in higher plants has occurred mainly through tandem duplication followed by positive selection and diversifying evolution, and consolidated the previous suggestion that dicot triterpene synthases have been derived from an ancestral lanosterol synthase instead of directly from their cycloartenol synthases. The phylogenetic trees are consistent with the reaction mechanisms of the protosteryl and dammarenyl cations which parent a wide variety of triterpene skeletal types, allowing us to predict the functions of the uncharacterized OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lixin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Song Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jo Dicks
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul ÓMáille
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China
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Abstract
Squalene is a polyunsaturated hydrocarbon with a formula of C₃₀H₅₀. Squalene can be found in certain fish oils, especially shark liver oil, in high amounts and some vegetable oils in relatively smaller amounts. Human sebum also contains 13% squalene as one of its major constituents. Squalane is a saturated derivative of squalene and also found in these sources. Interest in squalene has been raised after its characterization in shark liver oil which is used as a traditional medicine for decades. Several studies exhibited results that prove certain bioactivities for squalene and squalane. Up to date, anticancer, antioxidant, drug carrier, detoxifier, skin hydrating, and emollient activities of these substances have been reported both in animal models and in vitro environments. According to promising results from recent studies, squalene and squalane are considered important substances in practical and clinical uses with a huge potential in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Abstract
We propose a new theoretical model of dynamic wetting for systems comprising two immiscible liquids, in which one liquid displaces another from the surface of a solid. Such systems are important in many industrial processes and the natural world. The new model is an extension of the molecular-kinetic theory of wetting and offers a way to predict the dynamics of a two-liquid system from the individual wetting dynamics of its parent liquids. We also present the results of large-scale molecular dynamics simulations for one- and two-liquid systems and show them to be in good agreement with the new model. Finally, we show that the new model is consistent with the limited data currently available from experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seveno
- Laboratory of Surface and Interfacial Physics, Université de Mons, 20 place du parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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44
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Inagaki YS, Etherington G, Geisler K, Field B, Dokarry M, Ikeda K, Mutsukado Y, Dicks J, Osbourn A. Investigation of the potential for triterpene synthesis in rice through genome mining and metabolic engineering. New Phytol 2011; 191:432-448. [PMID: 21501172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The first committed step in sterol biosynthesis in plants involves the cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene by the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme cycloartenol synthase. 2,3-Oxidosqualene is also a precursor for triterpene synthesis. Antimicrobial triterpenes are common in dicots, but seldom found in monocots, with the notable exception of oat. Here, through genome mining and metabolic engineering, we investigate the potential for triterpene synthesis in rice. The first two steps in the oat triterpene pathway are catalysed by a divergent OSC (AsbAS1) and a cytochrome P450 (CYP51). The genes for these enzymes form part of a metabolic gene cluster. To investigate the origins of triterpene synthesis in monocots, we analysed systematically the OSC and CYP51 gene families in rice. We also engineered rice for elevated triterpene content. We discovered a total of 12 OSC and 12 CYP51 genes in rice and uncovered key events in the evolution of triterpene synthesis. We further showed that the expression of AsbAS1 in rice leads to the accumulation of the simple triterpene, β-amyrin. These findings provide new insights into the evolution of triterpene synthesis in monocots and open up opportunities for metabolic engineering for disease resistance in rice and other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshi-Shige Inagaki
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Plant Pathology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tsushiama-naka 1-1-1, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Graham Etherington
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Katrin Geisler
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ben Field
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Melissa Dokarry
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Kousuke Ikeda
- Plant Pathology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tsushiama-naka 1-1-1, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yukako Mutsukado
- Plant Pathology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tsushiama-naka 1-1-1, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Jo Dicks
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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45
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Lens M, Podesta Marty MH. Assessment of the kinetics of the antioxidative capacity of topical antioxidants. J Drugs Dermatol 2011; 10:262-267. [PMID: 21369642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
While there is at least one standardized test available for evaluating the antioxidant capacity of cosmetic formulations, the authors proposed a new in vivo method to determine kinetics of squalene (SQ) photo-oxidation products (squalene monohydroperoxide, SQmOOH) as a reliable method with which to evaluate antioxidant capacity of a cosmetic formulation. Topical antioxidant formulation was applied on the foreheads of 30 volunteers. Sebum samples were collected before application of topical antioxidant and after one hour, three hours and five hours from the application of topical antioxidant. One half of the sebutape was irradiated and SQmOOH/SQ ratios in the skin lipid were analyzed using HPLC method. These results showed protective action of the topical antioxidant formulation against skin lipid peroxidation with a significant reduction of the quantity of SQmOOH (P<0.0001). Determination of the kinetics of squalene peroxidation is a reliable in vivo method in the evaluation of antioxidant capacity of cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Lens
- King's College, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St.Thomas' Hospital, United Kingdom.
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46
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Kozlov VG, Viktorova EG. [Evaluation of the efficiency and reactogenicity of emulsion-based adjuvant systems in the manufacture of polyclonal enteroviral diagnostic sera]. Vopr Virusol 2011; 56:41-46. [PMID: 21545042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Whether various adjuvants might be used in the manufacture of commercial enteroviral diagnostic sera (EDS) was studied. The following adjuvants: Ribi, SAF-1, and TiterMax were compared; vaseline-lanoline emulsion used to prepare EDSs, as well as modified Freund's complete adjuvant served as controls. Chinchilla rabbits were intramuscularly injected enterovirus antigens (enterovirus 70 and ECHO 2) together with the adjuvant emulsions. TiterMax showed the highest efficiency comparable with the activity of Freund's adjuvant. The activities of Ribi, SAF-1, and vaseline-lanoline emulsion were 3-4 times lower. The neutralizing activity of the sera obtained after 2-3 (TiterMax) or 4-5 (Ribi, SAF-1) immunizations was maximal. Further immunizations resulted in a reduction in the titers of neutralizing antibodies. TiterMax and vaseline-lanoline emulsion caused minimal complications at the site of inoculation whereas SAF-1 and Ribi gave rise to severer inflammatory responses.
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Bildstein L, Dubernet C, Marsaud V, Chacun H, Nicolas V, Gueutin C, Sarasin A, Bénech H, Lepêtre-Mouelhi S, Desmaële D, Couvreur P. Transmembrane diffusion of gemcitabine by a nanoparticulate squalenoyl prodrug: an original drug delivery pathway. J Control Release 2010. [PMID: 20691740 DOI: 10.1039/c0sm00342e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
We have designed an amphiphilic prodrug of gemcitabine (dFdC) by its covalent coupling to a derivative of squalene, a natural lipid. The resulting bioconjugate self-assembled spontaneously in water as nanoparticles that displayed a promising in vivo anticancer activity. The aim of the present study was to provide further insight into the in vitro subcellular localization and on the metabolization pathway of the prodrug. Cells treated with radiolabelled squalenoyl gemcitabine (SQdFdC) were studied by differential detergent permeation, and microautography coupled to fluorescent immunolabeling and confocal microscopy. This revealed that the bioconjugate accumulated within cellular membranes, especially in those of the endoplasmic reticulum. Radio-chromatography analysis proved that SQdFdC delivered dFdC directly in the cell cytoplasm. Mass spectrometry studies confirmed that gemcitabine was then either converted into its biologically active triphosphate metabolite or exported from the cells through membrane transporters. To our knowledge, this is the first description of such an intracellular drug delivery pathway. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that SQdFdC was more active than dFdC on a transporter-deficient human resistant leukemia model, which was explained by the subcellular distribution of the drugs and their metabolites. The squalenoylation drug delivery strategy might, therefore, dramatically improve the efficacy of gemcitabine on transporter-deficient resistant cancer in the clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bildstein
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, IFR 141-ITFM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
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48
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Kato S, Taira H, Aoshima H, Saitoh Y, Miwa N. Clinical evaluation of fullerene-C60 dissolved in squalane for anti-wrinkle cosmetics. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2010; 10:6769-6774. [PMID: 21137794 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2010.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Highly purified and organic solvent-free fullerene-C60 was dissolved, at nearly saturated concentration of 278 ppm, in squalane prepared from olive oil, which is designated as LipoFullerene (LF-SQ) and was examined for usage as a cosmetic ingredient with antioxidant ability. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-wrinkle formation efficacy of LF-SQ in subjects. A total of 23 Japanese women (group I: age 38.9 +/- 3.8, n = 11, group II; age 39.4 +/- 4.3, n = 12) were enrolled in an 8-week trial of LF-SQ blended cream in a randomized, matched pair double-blind study. The LF-SQ cream was applied twice daily on the right or left half of the face, and squalane blended cream (without fullerene-C60) was applied as the placebo on another half of the face. As clinical evaluations of wrinkle grades, visual observation and photographs, and silicone replicas of both crow's feet areas were taken at baseline (0 week) and at 4th and 8th weeks. Skin replicas were analyzed using an optical profilometry technique. The wrinkle and skin-surface roughness features were calculated and statistically analyzed. Subsequently, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), moisture levels of the stratum corneum, and visco-elasticity (suppleness: RO and elasticity: R7) were measured on cheeks by instrumental analysis. LF-SQ cream enhanced the skin moisture and the anti-wrinkle formation. LF-SQ cream that was applied on a face twice daily was not effective at 4th week, but significantly more effective than the placebo at 8th week (p < 0.05) without severe side effects. The roughness-area ratio showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) at 8th week with LF-SQ cream as compared to 0 week with LF-SQ cream, but no significant difference was detected between LF-SQ cream and the placebo. We suggest that LF-SQ could be used as an active ingredient for wrinkle-care cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kato
- Laboratory of Cell-Death Control BioTechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562, Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
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Camin F, Bontempo L, Ziller L, Piangiolino C, Morchio G. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and hydrogen to distinguish olive oil from shark squalene-squalane. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:1810-1816. [PMID: 20499327 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Squalene and its hydrogenated derivate squalane are widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. The two compounds are mainly produced from the liver oil of deep sea sharks and from olive oil distillates. Squalene and squalane from shark cost less than the same compounds derived from olive oil, and the use of these shark-derived compounds is unethical in cosmetic formulations. In this work we investigate whether (13)C/(12)C and (2)H/(1)H ratios can distinguish olive oil from shark squalene/squalane and can detect the presence of shark derivates in olive oil based products. The (13)C/(12)C ratios (expressed as delta(13)C values) of bulk samples and of pure compounds measured using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) were significantly lower in authentic olive oil squalene/squalane (N: 13; -28.4 +/- 0.5 per thousand; -28.3 +/- 0.8 per thousand) than in shark squalene/squalane samples (N: 15; -20.5 +/- 0.7 per thousand; -20.4 +/- 0.6 per thousand). By defining delta(13)C threshold values of -27.4 per thousand and -26.6 per thousand for olive oil bulk and pure squalene/squalane, respectively, illegal addition of shark products can be identified starting from a minimum of 10%. (2)H/(1)H analysis is not useful for distinguishing the two different origins. Delta(13)C analysis is proposed as a suitable tool for detecting the authenticity of commercial olive oil squalene and squalane samples, using IRMS interfaced to an elemental analyser if the purity is higher than 80% and IRMS interfaced to a gas chromatography/combustion system for samples with lower purity, including solutions of squalane extracted from cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Camin
- IASMA Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
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Abstract
Squalene is a linear triterpene that is extensively utilized as a principal component of parenteral emulsions for drug and vaccine delivery. In this review, the chemical structure and sources of squalene are presented. Moreover, the physicochemical and biological properties of squalene-containing emulsions are evaluated in the context of parenteral formulations. Historical and current parenteral emulsion products containing squalene or squalane are discussed. The safety of squalene-based products is also addressed. Finally, analytical techniques for characterization of squalene emulsions are examined.
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