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Myers RD, Adell A, Lankford MF. Simultaneous comparison of cerebral dialysis and push-pull perfusion in the brain of rats: a critical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998; 22:371-87. [PMID: 9579326 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(97)00025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, studies of the in vivo activity of neurotransmitters and other endogenous factors in the brain have comprised a major effort in the neurosciences. Historically, the technology of push-pull perfusion was utilized as a major approach to investigations in this field. In the last 10 years, cerebral dialysis has been used as an alternative method essentially for the same scientific purpose, since the perfusion technique was viewed as difficult and excessively damaging to tissue. This review considers the representative literature in which both systems have been used to study local neurochemical responses to a drug or other chemical factor, a physiological condition or other situation. In addition, new experiments have been undertaken to compare, in the same animal and at the same time, the utility and properties inherent in the techniques of push-pull perfusion and cerebral dialysis in terms of the profile of a neurotransmitter activity and their local histopathological effects. A miniaturized 33/26 ga push-pull needle and a 24 ga dialysis probe were implanted simultaneously in the left and right caudate nuclei, respectively, in the anesthetized rat. An artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was perfused simultaneously through both devices at a rate of 10 microliters/min in the push-pull cannula and at 1.0 or 2.0 microliters/min in the dialysis probe. Within a series of 8-10 successive perfusions, excess K+ ions in a concentration of either 30 or 60 mM were incorporated in the CSF and delivered simultaneously to both the push-pull cannula and dialysis probe. Samples of perfusate and dialysate were assayed chromatographically by coulometric HPLC detector and quantitated in terms of the pg/min efflux of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The results showed that the resting level of DA was almost undetectable in dialysate samples from either structure; in push-pull perfusates the recovery of DA ranged between 7.0 to 10.0 pg/min, which was increased threefold by excess K+ ions. The recovery of DA and the three metabolites in samples of push-pull perfusate was two to four times that in samples of dialysate during the condition of excess K+ ions. Post-mortem histological analysis of the sites of perfusion and dialysis revealed little or no differences in the cytological damage induced by either the perfusion needle or dialysis probe. Finally, the advantages and limitations of each of these two experimental approaches to in vivo analysis of neurotransmitter efflux are reviewed in relation to the selection of an open or closed system for the on-line study of in vivo neurochemical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Hery F, Faudon M, Fueri C. Release of serotonin in structures containing serotoninergic nerve cell bodies: dorsalis raphe nucleus and nodose ganglia of the cat. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 473:239-55. [PMID: 3467627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb23620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Myers RD. Development of push-pull systems for perfusion of anatomically distinct regions of the brain of the awake animal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 473:21-41. [PMID: 2879491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb23601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Myers RD, Gurley-Orkin L. New "micro push-pull" catheter system for localized perfusion of diminutive structures in brain. Brain Res Bull 1985; 14:477-83. [PMID: 4027691 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(85)90026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new double-lumen micro-catheter has been adapted for use in an integrated push-pull cannula system for perfusion of brain tissue of the unrestrained animal. The catheter consists of a single strand of polyethylene tubing available in sizes with an external diameter ranging from 280-480 microns. A microcapillary pipette is drawn and inserted into each lumen of the two channels. The pipettes are then connected by polyethylene tubing to calibrated gas-tight syringes mounted on the reciprocating decks of an infusion-withdrawal pump. Since the diameter of the orifice of each lumen is equal, the simultaneous delivery and withdrawal of an osmotically balanced artificial CSF at a perfusion site is assured. In prototype experiments, the tissue exchange of 3H-norepinephrine and 14C-dopamine incorporated into the CSF perfusate was examined simultaneously at hypothalamic sites in the rat. At perfusion rates of 12.5 and 25.0 microliter/min, the mean recovery of the catecholamine neurotransmitters in terms of the radio-label residual in the perfusate ranged between 85-88 percent. The principal advantages of the new system are its flexibility, ease of sterilization and its diminutive size which enables perfusion, for the first time, of individual nuclei or fiber tracts in the brain of a laboratory animal such as the rat. Thus, a more precise delivery of a drug or other chemical agent to the site of perfusion as well as the collection of a released transmitter substance from the same anatomical locus can now be accomplished.
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Myers RD, Rezvani AH, Gurley-Orkin LA. New double-lumen polyethylene cannula for push-pull perfusion of brain tissue in vivo. J Neurosci Methods 1985; 12:205-18. [PMID: 2858607 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(85)90003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A new concept in the design of a push-pull cannula device for localized perfusion of brain tissue in the conscious and/or unrestrained animal is described. A catheter, consisting of a single strand of polyethylene tubing, contains an internal dividing septum which runs longitudinally throughout its length. The orifice of each lumen is of equal diameter and provides an integrated system for simultaneous delivery and withdrawal of a perfusate from the perfusion locus. The principal features of the new cannula system are: its simplicity of fabrication due to its all-plastic construction; multiple tip configurations adapted for a specific anatomical requirement including V-shaped, slanted, horizontal and side-by-side opening; direct visualization of the perfusate monitor bubble through the wall of the transparent catheter; since there are no joints, lack of leakage of perfusate and occlusion of pull channel; ease of sterilization by liquid or gas methods; and infrequency of damage because of catheter flexibility. Using radiolabeled dopamine and norepinephrine, prototype experiments carried out with 3 flow rates and 3 tip configurations revealed differences in substrate exchange which depend upon a given experimental parameter. The practical advantages are discussed of the new perfusion system in comparison with dialysis needles as well as with more commonly used concentric, metallic push-pull cannulae. Finally, technical applications are presented of the methods for the rat and other animals in which either the pharmacological delivery of a drug over a specified interval, or recovery of a neurotransmitter released into the cerebral parenchyma is a principal experimental objective.
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Myers RD, Hepler JR. Glass-plastic push-pull cannula system for regional perfusion of sites in the brain. J Neurosci Methods 1983; 9:163-71. [PMID: 6316040 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(83)90129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A new non-metallic push-pull cannula device is described for the localized perfusion of brain sites in the rat or other animal. Comprised entirely of glass and plastic materials, the cannula is intended for usage in an experiment in which the presence in tissue of metal tubing for delivery of perfusate is methodologically inappropriate. The main features of the cannula include its light weight, a Delrin pedestal base, a micro-glass guide tube, a polyethylene stylet, plastic spacers for adjustment of depth of perfusion, a protective cap for the chronic maintenance of the preparation, low cost and re-usability. The push-pull cannula is of concentric design and is fashioned from glass capillary and polyethylene tubing which are bonded at their common junctions by an epoxy cement. During a push-pull perfusion a special perfusion cap is used not only to hold the cannula firmly in place but also to protect the glass components from external damage. To further coincide with the metal-free requirements of the preparation, bone screws of nylon are used during the surgical implantation of the pedestal base. A prototype experiment illustrating its use in an unrestrained animal also is presented. The special applications for this cannula system are discussed which include its usage in experiments in either the anesthetized or unanesthetized rat exposed to microwave radiation where the presence of metal in the field would result in unwanted 'hot spots' in the cerebral tissue.
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Fujiwara H, Uemoto M, Tanaka C. Stimulation of the rat dorsal raphe in vivo releases labeled serotonin from the parietal cortex. Brain Res 1981; 216:351-60. [PMID: 7248780 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In vivo release of labeled serotonin ([3H]5-HT) from the parietal cortex was investigated by cortical cup technique and electrical stimulation of midbrain raphe in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The spontaneous efflux of tritium from the parietal cortex preload with [3H]5-HT followed a multiphasic exponential course. After 120 min, the rate of efflux appeared to fit the single exponential function (slow phase). Imipramine (10(-6)-10(-3) M) produced a dose-dependent increase in the spontaneous release. When pargyline in concentrations ranging from 10(-4) to 10(-3) M were added to the medium in the cup, the unchanged [3H]5-HT significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner and the slow declining coefficient of tritium efflux significantly decreased in the presence of 10(-4) pargyline. Stimulation of the rostral two-thirds of the dorsal raphe and the lateral 5-HT bundle originating from the dorsal raphe significantly increased the release of [3H]5-HT and its metabolites while stimulation of the caudal one-third of the dorsal raphe did not produce a significant increase in the release of [3H]5-HT and its metabolites. Stimulation of the medium raphe produced no or only a slight increase in the release of [3H]5-HT and its metabolites. These findings are a direct demonstration of the in vivo release of [3H]5-HT from the parietal cortex with stimulation of the dorsal raphe, particularly the rostral two-thirds of the nucleus and provide the neurochemical evidence for the dorsal raphe-cortical 5-HT pathway via the lateral 5-HT bundle.
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Mandl G, Desai N, Capaday C. Nitrous oxide modifies visual responses in the cat retina, striate cortex and superior colliculus. Brain Res 1980; 193:401-14. [PMID: 7388599 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular records from 54 single cells in cat optic tract (14), visual cortex (18) and superior colliculus (22), have shown that ventilation of acute animals with a 70%: 30% mixture of N2O/O2 can modify unit responses to visual stimuli. Results indicate that, under nitrous oxide, (a) responses to flashed or moving stimuli may be severely reduced, and frequently abolished. This may be accompanied by either a sharp decrease; or, conversely, by a dramatic increase, in the resting discharge rate; (b) the degree of directional preference of a given unit, in response to a moving visual stimulus, may be substantially modified; (c) the temporal distribution of unit firing may be modified. While about half (57%) of the units in the optic tract were affected by N2O, only 28% of cortical cells showed any N2O-related response modification. The largest effect was observed in the superior colliculus, where 86% of cells were influenced by the anaesthetic. It is suggested that these results might be explained by a selective interference of N2O with serotonergic transmitter mechanisms.
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Héry F, Simonnet G, Bourgoin S, Soubrié P, Artaud F, Hamon M, Glowinski J. Effect of nerve activity on the in vivo release of [3H]serotonin continuously formed from L-[3H]tryptophan in the caudate nucleus of the cat. Brain Res 1979; 169:317-34. [PMID: 221075 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)91033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new isotopic approach has been developed to study the in vivo release of serotonin (5-HT). 'Encéphale isolé' cats were implanted with a push-pull cannula in the ventrocaudal part of the head of the caudate nucleus to estimate the release of [3H]5-HT continuously synthesized from L-[3H]tryptophan. Both [3H]5-HT and [3H]tryptamine were found in superfusates. Resting steady state in the release of [3H]indoleamines was observed as soon as 20 min after the beginning of the superfusion with L-[3H]tryptophan; the levels of [3H]5-HT in superfusates were 2.5 times those of [3H]tryptamine and about 6 times the blank value. They were markedly enhanced in the presence of fluoxetine (5 x 10(-6)M), a blocker of the 5-HT uptake process. A marked increase in the release of [3H]5-HT was seen during the local depolarization of 5-HT terminals with potassium chloride (60 mM) or batrachotoxin (10(-6)M) or during the stimulation of 5-HT cell bodies in the nucleus raphe dorsalis with L-glutamic acid (5 x 10(-5)M). These treatments did not enhance the efflux of [3H]tryptamine. The potassium-evoked release of [3H]5-HT was reduced by LSD (10(-5)M). LSD added alone in the superfusing fluid was without effect. The batrachotoxin-evoked release of [3H]5-HT was inhibited in the presence of tetrodotoxin (9 x 10(-6)M). The spontaneous release of [3H]5-HT and [3H]tryptamine was markedly reduced in the presence of a calcium-free medium containing cobalt (10 mM). A transient slight reduction in the spontaneous release of [3H]5-HT was observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin (9 x 10(-6)M). The local cooling of 5-HT cell bodies with a cryoelectrode induced a slight reversible decrease in [3H]5-HT release. These last two treatments were without significant effect on [3H]tryptamine efflux in superfusates. These results indicate that the release of [3H]5-HT endogenously formed from [3H]tryptophan is dependent on nerve activity and that this is not the case for [3H]tryptamine. The advantages of the isotopic approach for in vivo studies on the release of 5-HT are discussed.
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Ternaux JP, Hery F, Hamon M, Bourgoin S, Glowinski J. 5-HT release from ependymal surface of the caudate nucleus in 'encéphale isolé' cats. Brain Res 1977; 132:575-9. [PMID: 303139 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ternaux JP, Boireau A, Bourgoin S, Hamon M, Hery F, Glowinski J. In vivo release of 5-HT in the lateral ventricle of the rat: effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan and tryptophan. Brain Res 1976; 101:533-48. [PMID: 1081901 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo release of 5-HT was examined in the rat brain. For this purpose, the left lateral ventricle was perfused at a constant rate with an artificial CSF for several hours in animals anaesthetized with halothane. 5-HT was estimated in serial 1-h collected fractions. The amine was first isolated by adsorption on a Sephadex G-10 column and then assayed using the radioenzymatic method of Saavedra et al.37, slightly modified to improve its sensitivity. The quantity of 5-HT released spontaneously during the first hour fraction was 296 pg, it was lower (99 pg/h) in the following fractions. 5-HT released into the CSF may in great part originate from serotoninergic terminals localized in structures surrounding the ventricle. This was suggested by experiments in which exogenous [3H]5-HT or [3H]tryptophan were perfused through the lateral ventricle during a few hours. [3H]5-HT taken up or synthetized was mainly localized in structures surrounding the ventricular space. The acute injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan (100 mg/kg) induced an immediate important and long lasting increase of 5-HT release. In contrast the acute injection of tryptophan (100 mg/kg) led to a transient and moderate elevation of 5-HT release which was only detected during the second hour of perfusion. Curiously a similar pattern of transmitter release was observed following the constant intravenous infusion of the amino acid (70 mg/kg/h) except that the increase in 5-HT release was much more pronounced during the second hour than after the acute injection. Parallel experiments were made to determine the time course of the changes of free and total tryptophan levels in plasma and of those of tryptophan, 5-HT, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic-acid (5-HIAA) in brain tissues, induced by the acute and long term administrations of tryptophan. Moreover the rate of 5-HT synthesis was estimated using the monoamine oxidase inhibition method 2 and 5 h after both tryptophan treatments in halothane anaesthetized rats. 5-HT levels and the synthesis rate of the transmitter were increased at 2 h (when both tryptophan treatments stimulated 5-HT release). Despite the presence of high tryptophan levels in plasma and tissues and of high 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in tissues, the synthesis rate of 5-HT (as the 5-HT release) was similar to that of controls 5 h after the onset of tryptophan infusion. These results suggest that some relationships occurred between the changes in 5-HT SYNTHESIs and release after the first hour of perfusion. The absence of effects of tryptophan treatments on 5-HT release during the first hour of perfusion are also discussed.
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Feldberg W. The Ferrier Lecture, 1974. Body temperature and fever: changes in our views during the last decade. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1975; 191:199-229. [PMID: 2913 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1975.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past, research on body temperature too often nearly became a branch of physics. A model from physics, the thermostat, was taken to explain the thermoregulatory functions of the anterior hypothalamus. A change occurred when simple methods became available for injecting drugs into the cerebral ventricles of unanaesthetized animals, and when intraventricular injections of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine were found to affect temperature. These monoamines appear to exert a tonic influence on temperature by being released from monoaminergic neurons ending in the hypothalamus. But they are not the mediators of endotoxin fever. Nor are they essential for maintaining normal temperature. The mediators of endotoxin fever are E prostaglandins. They raise temperature when injected intraventricularly, appear during endotoxin and lipid A fever in cerebrospinal fluid, but disappear from it when fever is brought down by antipyretics which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Many bodily functions, other than temperature, are kept constant. It is the ‘milieu intérieur’ of Claude Bernard that is kept constant. A factor which apparently governs the ‘milieu intérieur’ in the hypothalamus is the calcium ion concentration, since lack of calcium in the hypothalamus raises (and excess lowers) temperature.
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Veale WL, Myers RD, Beleslin DB. Effects of calcium on the release of serotonin from isolated sites within the diencephalon of the cat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1973; 1:259-64. [PMID: 4590736 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(73)90114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Myers RD, Waller MB. Differential release of acetylcholine from the hypothalamus and mesencephalon of the monkey during regulation. J Physiol 1973; 230:273-93. [PMID: 4196698 PMCID: PMC1350363 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
1. In unanaesthetized monkeys acclimated to primate chairs, 101 isolated sites in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon were perfused at a rate of 30-50 mul./min by means of push-pull cannulae. The perfusate, which contained an anticholinesterase, was assayed for acetylcholine (ACh) activity on the guinea-pig ileum in the presence of neostigmine.2. The body temperature of each animal was monitored continuously during an experiment by colonic and brain thermistors. To alter the ambient temperature by 15-20 degrees C, either a stream of warm air was passed over the monkey's trunk or containers of ice were placed in its chair chamber to cool the same region.3. Assays of the effluent revealed that the release of ACh varied according to the ambient temperature as follows: elevated only during cooling; elevated only during warming; elevated by both thermal stimuli; suppressed only by cooling; suppressed only by warming; suppressed by both thermal stimuli; elevated during cooling but suppressed by warming; and elevated by warming and suppressed by cooling.4. A composite anatomical ;mapping' of all perfusion sites revealed that in response to either peripheral cooling or warming, the output of ACh varied at only 36% of all sites anterior to the mid-hypothalamic plane, but at 65% of those loci caudal to this coronal plane.5. In the anterior, preoptic area, cooling enhanced the output of ACh at 88% of the active releasing sites, whereas warming reduced the release of ACh at 80% of these perfusion loci. Posterior to this region, ACh release was elevated by cooling at about half of the active releasing sites, but lowered by warming at nearly every active perfusion locus. Within the mesencephalon, the ratio of the temperature-induced change in ACh release was similar but in an opposite direction, since the level of ACh in the effluent collected from two out of three sites was augmented by cooling, but diminished by warming.6. These results provide additional evidence for the neurochemical model of Myers & Yaksh (1969), which suggests that a cholinergic pathway originating in the anterior, preoptic region transmits efferent signals for heat production. Further, within the posterior hypothalamic area as well as in the mesencephalon of the monkey, the characteristics of the ACh releasing sites reflect a function delegated primarily to heat gain, although evidence of a cholinergic pathway for the heat loss system is also presented.
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Beleslin DB, Myers RD. Spontaneous release and during metrazol convulsions of 5-hydroxytryptamine in some brain regions of conscious cat. EXPERIENTIA 1973; 29:182-3. [PMID: 4692760 DOI: 10.1007/bf01945463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pepeu G. The release of acetylcholine from the brain: an approach to the study of the central cholinergic mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 1973; 2:259-88. [PMID: 4151733 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(73)90009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tebécis AK, Di Maria A. A re-evaluation of the mode of action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on lateral geniculate neurones: comparison with catecholamines and LSD. Exp Brain Res 1972; 14:480-93. [PMID: 4340071 DOI: 10.1007/bf00236590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. ERGEBNISSE DER PHYSIOLOGIE, BIOLOGISCHEN CHEMIE UND EXPERIMENTELLEN PHARMAKOLOGIE 1972; 64:166-307. [PMID: 4403272 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-05462-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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