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Chen S, Sun X, Zhang Y, Mu Y, Su D. Habenula bibliometrics: Thematic development and research fronts of a resurgent field. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:949162. [PMID: 35990593 PMCID: PMC9382245 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.949162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The habenula (Hb) is a small structure of the posterior diencephalon that is highly conserved across vertebrates but nonetheless has attracted relatively little research attention until the past two decades. The resurgent interest is motivated by neurobehavioral studies demonstrating critical functions in a broad spectrum of motivational and cognitive processes, including functions relevant to psychiatric diseases. The Hb is widely conceived as an “anti-reward” center that acts by regulating brain monoaminergic systems. However, there is still no general conceptual framework for habenula research, and no study has focused on uncovering potentially significant but overlooked topics that may advance our understanding of physiological functions or suggest potential clinical applications of Hb-targeted interventions. Using science mapping tools, we quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed the relevant publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from 2002 to 2021. Herein we present an overview of habenula-related publications, reveal primary research trends, and prioritize some key research fronts by complementary bibliometric analysis. High-priority research fronts include Ventral Pallidum, Nucleus Accumbens, Nicotine and MHb, GLT-1, Zebrafish, and GCaMP, Ketamine, Deep Brain Stimulation, and GPR139. The high intrinsic heterogeneity of the Hb, extensive connectivity with both hindbrain and forebrain structures, and emerging associations with all three dimensions of mental disorders (internalizing, externalizing, and psychosis) suggest that the Hb may be the neuronal substrate for a common psychopathology factor shared by all mental illnesses termed the p factor. A future challenge is to explore the therapeutic potential of habenular modulation at circuit, cellular, and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Diansan Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Diansan Su,
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Umino A, Iwama H, Umino M, Shimazu D, Kiuchi Y, Nishikawa T. Effects of Quinolinate-Induced Lesion of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex on Prefrontal and Striatal Concentrations of D-Serine in the Rat. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2728-2740. [PMID: 35604516 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
D-Serine has been shown to play an important role in the expression and control of a variety of brain functions by acting as the endogenous coagonist for the N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR), at least, in the forebrain. To obtain further insight into the still debatable cellular localization of the D-amino acid, we have examined the effects of the selective destruction of the neuronal cell bodies by quinolinate on the tissue or extracellular D-serine concentrations in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. A local quinolinate infusion into the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex produced a cortical lesion with a marked (- 65%) and non-significant alteration (- 5%) in the cortical and striatal tissue D-serine concentrations, respectively, 7 days post-infusion. In vivo microdialysis experiments in the right prefrontal lesion site 9 days after the quinolinate application revealed that the basal extracellular D-serine levels were also dramatically reduced (- 64%). A prominent reduction in the tissue levels of GABA in the interneurons of the prefrontal cortex (- 78%) without significant changes in those in the striatum (+ 12%) verified that a major lesion part was confined to the cortical portion. The lack of a significant influence of the prefrontal quinolinate lesion on its dopamine concentrations in the mesocortical dopamine projections suggests that the nerve terminals and axons in the lesion site may be spared. These findings are consistent with the perikarya-selective nature of the present quinolinate-induced lesion and further support the view that neuronal cell bodies of intrinsic neurons in the prefrontal cortical region contain substantial amounts of D-serine, which may sustain the basal extracellular concentrations of D-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Umino
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.,Departments of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Iwama
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.,Departments of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Kanagawa Psychiatric Center, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 233-0006, Japan
| | - Masakazu Umino
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Dai Shimazu
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.,Departments of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Musashishinjo-Kokorono Clinic, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0044, Japan
| | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan. .,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan. .,Departments of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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Abstract
Nectins are immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules constituting a family with four members, nectin-1, nectin-2, nectin-3, and nectin-4. In the brain, nectin-2 as well as nectin-1 and nectin-3 are expressed whereas nectin-4 is hardly expressed. In the nervous system, physiological functions of nectin-1 and nectin-3, such as synapse formation, mossy fiber trajectory regulation, interneurite affinity, contextual fear memory formation, and stress-related mental disorders, have been revealed. Nectin-2 is ubiquitously expressed in non-neuronal tissues and various nectin-2 functions in non-nervous systems have been extensively investigated, but nectin-2 functions in the brain have not been revealed until recently. Recent findings have revealed that nectin-2 is expressed in the specific areas of the brain and plays important roles, such as homeostasis of astrocytes and neurons and the formation of synapses. Moreover, a single nucleotide polymorphism in the human NECTIN2 gene is associated with Alzheimer's disease. We here summarize recent progress in our understanding of nectin-2 functions in the brain.
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Urits I, Gress K, Charipova K, Zamarripa AM, Patel PM, Lassiter G, Jung JW, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Pharmacological options for the treatment of chronic migraine pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2020; 34:383-407. [PMID: 33004155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating neurological condition with symptoms typically consisting of unilateral and pulsating headache, sensitivity to sensory stimuli, nausea, and vomiting. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that migraine is the third most prevalent medical disorder and second most disabling neurological condition in the world. There are several options for preventive migraine treatments that include, but are not limited to, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, botulinum toxins, NSAIDs, riboflavin, and magnesium. Patients may also benefit from adjunct nonpharmacological options in the comprehensive prevention of migraines, such as cognitive behavior therapy, relaxation therapies, biofeedback, lifestyle guidance, and education. Preventative therapies are an essential component of the overall approach to the pharmacological treatment of migraine. Comparative studies of newer therapies are needed to help patients receive the best treatment option for chronic migraine pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Urits
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kyle Gress
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Alec M Zamarripa
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Parth M Patel
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Grace Lassiter
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jai Won Jung
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Department of Anesthesiology, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Omar Viswanath
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Department of Anesthesiology, Shreveport, LA, USA; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE, USA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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5
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Shiotani H, Miyata M, Kameyama T, Mandai K, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, Mizutani K, Takai Y. Nectin‐2α is localized at cholinergic neuron dendrites and regulates synapse formation in the medial habenula. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:450-477. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Shiotani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
| | - Takeshi Kameyama
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Sagamihara Japan
- Department of Biochemistry Kitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara Japan
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
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Aizawa H, Zhu M. Toward an understanding of the habenula's various roles in human depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:607-612. [PMID: 31131942 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The habenula is an evolutionarily conserved structure in the vertebrate brain. Lesion and electrophysiological studies in animals have suggested that it is involved in the regulation of monoaminergic activity through projection to the brain stem nuclei. Since studies in animal models of depression and human functional imaging have indicated that increased activity of the habenula is associated with depressive phenotypes, this structure has attracted a surge of interest in neuroscience research. According to pathway- and cell-type-specific dissection of habenular function in animals, we have begun to understand how the heterogeneity of the habenula accounts for alteration of diverse physiological functions in depression. Indeed, recent studies have revealed that the subnuclei embedded in the habenula show a wide variety of molecular profiles not only in neurons but also in glial cells implementing the multifaceted regulatory mechanism for output from the habenula. In this review, we overview the known facts on mediolateral subdivision in the habenular structure, then discuss heterogeneity of the habenular structure from the anatomical and functional viewpoint to understand its emerging role in diverse neural functions relevant to depressive phenotypes. Despite the prevalent use of antidepressants acting on monoamine metabolisms, ~30% of patients with major depression are reported to be treatment-resistant. Thus, cellular mechanisms deciphering such diversity in depressive symptoms would be a promising candidate for the development of new antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Meina Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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7
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Interaction of nectin-2α with the auxiliary protein of the voltage-gated A-type K+ channel Kv4.2 dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein at the boundary between the adjacent somata of clustered cholinergic neurons in the medial habenula. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 94:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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8
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Grandhi RK, Abd-Elsayed A. Propofol Infusion Therapy. INFUSION THERAPY 2019:27-38. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17478-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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9
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Kawase H, Ago Y, Naito M, Higuchi M, Hara Y, Hasebe S, Tsukada S, Kasai A, Nakazawa T, Mishina T, Kouji H, Takuma K, Hashimoto H. mS-11, a mimetic of the mSin3-binding helix in NRSF, ameliorates social interaction deficits in a prenatal valproic acid-induced autism mouse model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 176:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Shiotani H, Miyata M, Itoh Y, Wang S, Kaito A, Mizoguchi A, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, Mandai K, Mochizuki H, Takai Y. Localization of nectin-2α at the boundary between the adjacent somata of the clustered cholinergic neurons and its regulatory role in the subcellular localization of the voltage-gated A-type K+channel Kv4.2 in the medial habenula. J Comp Neurol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Shiotani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Yu Itoh
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Aika Kaito
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
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11
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Histamine H3 receptor antagonists ameliorate attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder-like behavioral changes caused by neonatal habenula lesion. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 29:71-78. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Hsu YWA, Gile JJ, Perez JG, Morton G, Ben-Hamo M, Turner EE, de la Iglesia HO. The Dorsal Medial Habenula Minimally Impacts Circadian Regulation of Locomotor Activity and Sleep. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:444-455. [PMID: 28954569 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417730169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In nocturnal rodents, voluntary wheel-running activity (WRA) represents a self-reinforcing behavior. We have previously demonstrated that WRA is markedly reduced in mice with a region-specific deletion of the transcription factor Pou4f1 (Brn3a), which leads to an ablation of the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). The decrease in WRA in these dMHb-lesioned (dMHbCKO) mice suggests that the dMHb constitutes a critical center for conveying reinforcement by exercise. However, WRA also represents a prominent output of the circadian system, and the possibility remains that the dMHb is a source of input to the master circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the integrity of the circadian system in dMHbCKO mice. Here we show that the developmental lesion of the dMHb reduces WRA under both a light-dark cycle and constant darkness, increases the circadian period of WRA, but has no effect on the circadian amplitude or period of home cage activity or the daily amplitude of sleep stages, suggesting that the lengthening of period is a result of the decreased WRA in the mutant mice. Polysomnographic sleep recordings show that dMHbCKO mice have an overall unaltered daily amplitude of sleep stages but have fragmented sleep and an overall increase in total rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Photoresponsiveness is intact in dMHbCKO mice, but compared with control animals, they reentrain faster to a 6-h abrupt phase delay protocol. Circadian changes in WRA of dMHbCKO mice do not appear to emerge within the central pacemaker, as circadian expression of the clock genes Per1 and Per2 within the SCN is normal. We do find some evidence for fragmented sleep and an overall increase in total REM sleep, supporting a model in which the dMHb is part of the neural circuitry encoding motivation and involved in the manifestation of some of the symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei A Hsu
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer J Gile
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jazmine G Perez
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Glenn Morton
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Miriam Ben-Hamo
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric E Turner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Horacio O de la Iglesia
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Fore S, Palumbo F, Pelgrims R, Yaksi E. Information processing in the vertebrate habenula. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 78:130-139. [PMID: 28797836 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The habenula is a brain region that has gained increasing popularity over the recent years due to its role in processing value-related and experience-dependent information with a strong link to depression, addiction, sleep and social interactions. This small diencephalic nucleus is proposed to act as a multimodal hub or a switchboard, where inputs from different brain regions converge. These diverse inputs to the habenula carry information about the sensory world and the animal's internal state, such as reward expectation or mood. However, it is not clear how these diverse habenular inputs interact with each other and how such interactions contribute to the function of habenular circuits in regulating behavioral responses in various tasks and contexts. In this review, we aim to discuss how information processing in habenular circuits, can contribute to specific behavioral programs that are attributed to the habenula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fore
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, Norwegian Brain Centre, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fabrizio Palumbo
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, Norwegian Brain Centre, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robbrecht Pelgrims
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, Norwegian Brain Centre, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, Norwegian Brain Centre, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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14
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Lee M, Yoon J, Song H, Lee B, Lam DT, Yoon J, Baek K, Clevers H, Jeong Y. Tcf7l2 plays crucial roles in forebrain development through regulation of thalamic and habenular neuron identity and connectivity. Dev Biol 2017; 424:62-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Khalilzadeh E, Saiah GV. The possible mechanisms of analgesia produced by microinjection of morphine into the lateral habenula in the acute model of trigeminal pain in rats. Res Pharm Sci 2017. [PMID: 28626482 PMCID: PMC5465833 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.207205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of intra-habenular injection of morphine on acute trigeminal pain in rats. Also here, we examined the involvement of raphe nucleus opioid and 5HT3 receptors on the antinociceptive activity of intra habenular morphine to explore the possibility of existence of descending antinociceptive relay between the habenula and raphe nucleus. The numbers of eye wiping response elicited by applying a drop (40 μL) of NaCl (5 M) solution on the corneal surface were taken as an index of acute trigeminal nociception. Intra habenular microinjection of morphine at a dose of 2 μg was without effect, whereas at doses of 5 and 8 μg significantly produced antinociception. Microinjection of naltrexone (4 μg) and ondansetron (1 μg) into the dorsal raphe nucleus prior to intra-habenular saline did not produce any significant effect on corneal pain perception. Pretreatment of the raphe nucleus with ondansetron but not naltrexone prevented intra habenular morphine (8 μg) induced antinociception. Also, intra habenular injection of lidocaine (2%, 0.5 μL reduced corneal pain response. Moreover, intra-habenular microinjection of L-glutamic acid (1 and 2 μg/site) did not produce any analgesic activity in this model of pain. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the activation of the habenular μ opioid receptor by microinjection of morphine or inhibition of habenular neurons by microinjection of lidocaine produced an analgesic effect in the acute trigeminal model of pain in rats. The analgesic effect of intra habenular morphine was blocked by intra-dorsal raphe injection of serotonin 5-HT3 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Khalilzadeh
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Gholamreza Vafaei Saiah
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
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16
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Vertes RP, Hoover WB, Viana Di Prisco G. Theta Rhythm of the Hippocampus: Subcortical Control and Functional Significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:173-200. [PMID: 15653814 DOI: 10.1177/1534582304273594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The theta rhythm is the largest extracellular synchronous signal that can be recorded from the mammalian brain and has been strongly implicated in mnemonic processes of the hippocampus. We describe (a) ascending brain stem–forebrain systems involved in controlling theta and nontheta (desynchronization) states of the hippocampal electroencephalogram; (b) theta rhythmically discharging cells in several structures of Papez's circuit and their possible functional significance, specifically with respect to head direction cells in this same circuit; and (c) the role of nucleus reuniens of the thalamus as a major interface between the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and as a prominent source of afferent limbic information to the hippocampus. We suggest that the hippocampus receives two main types of input: theta rhythm from ascending brain stem– diencephaloseptal systems and information bearing mainly from thalamocortical/cortical systems. The temporal convergence of activity of these two systems results in the encoding of information in the hippocampus, primarily reaching it from the entorhinal cortex and nucleus reuniens.
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17
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Elman I, Borsook D, Volkow ND. Pain and suicidality: insights from reward and addiction neuroscience. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 109:1-27. [PMID: 23827972 PMCID: PMC4827340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Suicidality is exceedingly prevalent in pain patients. Although the pathophysiology of this link remains unclear, it may be potentially related to the partial congruence of physical and emotional pain systems. The latter system's role in suicide is also conspicuous during setbacks and losses sustained in the context of social attachments. Here we propose a model based on the neural pathways mediating reward and anti-reward (i.e., allostatic adjustment to recurrent activation of the reward circuitry); both are relevant etiologic factors in pain, suicide and social attachments. A comprehensive literature search on neurobiology of pain and suicidality was performed. The collected articles were critically reviewed and relevant data were extracted and summarized within four key areas: (1) physical and emotional pain, (2) emotional pain and social attachments, (3) pain- and suicide-related alterations of the reward and anti-reward circuits as compared to addiction, which is the premier probe for dysfunction of these circuits and (4) mechanistically informed treatments of co-occurring pain and suicidality. Pain-, stress- and analgesic drugs-induced opponent and proponent states of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways may render reward and anti-reward systems vulnerable to sensitization, cross-sensitization and aberrant learning of contents and contexts associated with suicidal acts and behaviors. These findings suggest that pain patients exhibit alterations in the brain circuits mediating reward (depressed function) and anti-reward (sensitized function) that may affect their proclivity for suicide and support pain and suicidality classification among other "reward deficiency syndromes" and a new proposal for "enhanced anti-reward syndromes". We suggest that interventions aimed at restoring the balance between the reward and anti-reward networks in patients with chronic pain may help decreasing their suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Elman
- Providence VA Medical Center and Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, 26 Central Street, Somerville, MA 02143, USA.
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Lee YA, Goto Y. Habenula and ADHD: Convergence on time. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1801-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nakamura K. The role of the dorsal raphé nucleus in reward-seeking behavior. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:60. [PMID: 23986662 PMCID: PMC3753458 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological experiments have shown that the modulation of brain serotonin levels has a strong impact on value-based decision making. Anatomical and physiological evidence also revealed that the dorsal raphé nucleus (DRN), a major source of serotonin, and the dopamine system receive common inputs from brain regions associated with appetitive and aversive information processing. The serotonin and dopamine systems also have reciprocal functional influences on each other. However, the specific mechanism by which serotonin affects value-based decision making is not clear. To understand the information carried by the DRN for reward-seeking behavior, we measured single neuron activity in the primate DRN during the performance of saccade tasks to obtain different amounts of a reward. We found that DRN neuronal activity was characterized by tonic modulation that was altered by the expected and received reward value. Consistent reward-dependent modulation across different task periods suggested that DRN activity kept track of the reward value throughout a trial. The DRN was also characterized by modulation of its activity in the opposite direction by different neuronal subgroups, one firing strongly for the prediction and receipt of large rewards, with the other firing strongly for small rewards. Conversely, putative dopamine neurons showed positive phasic responses to reward-indicating cues and the receipt of an unexpected reward amount, which supports the reward prediction error signal hypothesis of dopamine. I suggest that the tonic reward monitoring signal of the DRN, possibly together with its interaction with the dopamine system, reports a continuous level of motivation throughout the performance of a task. Such a signal may provide "reward context" information to the targets of DRN projections, where it may be integrated further with incoming motivationally salient information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University Hirakata, Japan ; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency Kawaguchi, Japan
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The synchronous activity of lateral habenular neurons is essential for regulating hippocampal theta oscillation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:8909-21. [PMID: 23678132 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4369-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral habenula (LHb) has attracted growing interest as a regulator of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. However, it remains unclear how the LHb modulates brain states in animals. To identify the neural substrates that are under the influence of LHb regulation, we examined the effects of rat LHb lesions on the hippocampal oscillatory activity associated with the transition of brain states. Our results showed that the LHb lesion shortened the theta activity duration both in anesthetized and sleeping rats. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect of LHb lesion on theta maintenance depended upon an intact serotonergic median raphe, suggesting that LHb activity plays an essential role in maintaining hippocampal theta oscillation via the serotonergic raphe. Multiunit recording of sleeping rats further revealed that firing of LHb neurons showed significant phase-locking activity at each theta oscillation cycle in the hippocampus. LHb neurons showing activity that was coordinated with that of the hippocampal theta were localized in the medial LHb division, which receives afferents from the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), a pacemaker region for the hippocampal theta oscillation. Thus, our findings indicate that the DBB may pace not only the hippocampus, but also the LHb, during rapid eye movement sleep. Since serotonin is known to negatively regulate theta oscillation in the hippocampus, phase-locking activity of the LHb neurons may act, under the influence of the DBB, to maintain the hippocampal theta oscillation by modulating the activity of serotonergic neurons.
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Autism-like behaviours with transient histone hyperacetylation in mice treated prenatally with valproic acid. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:91-103. [PMID: 22093185 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal use of valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy has been implicated in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders in children, and rodents prenatally exposed to VPA showed behavioural alterations similar to those observed in humans with autism. However, the exact mechanism for VPA-induced behavioural alterations is not known. To study this point, we examined the effects of prenatal exposure to VPA and valpromide, a VPA analog lacking histone deacetylase inhibition activity, on behaviours, cortical pathology and histone acetylation levels in mice. Mice exposed to VPA at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5), but not at E9 and E14.5, displayed social interaction deficits, anxiety-like behaviour and memory deficits at age 4-8 wk. In contrast to male mice, the social interaction deficits (a decrease in sniffing behaviour) were not observed in female mice at age 8 wk. The exposure to VPA at E12.5 decreased the number of Nissl-positive cells in the middle and lower layers of the prefrontal cortex and in the lower layers of the somatosensory cortex at age 8 wk. Furthermore, VPA exposure caused a transient increase in acetylated histone levels in the embryonic brain, followed by an increase in apoptotic cell death in the neocortex and a decrease in cell proliferation in the ganglionic eminence. In contrast, prenatal exposure to valpromide at E12.5 did not affect the behavioural, biochemical and histological parameters. Furthermore, these findings suggest that VPA-induced histone hyperacetylation plays a key role in cortical pathology and abnormal autism-like behaviours in mice.
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Abstract
Although tricyclic antidepressants rapidly activate monoaminergic neurotransmission, these drugs must be administered chronically to alleviate symptoms of depression. This observation suggests that molecular mechanisms downstream of monoamine receptor activation, which include the induction of gene transcription, underlie chronic antidepressant-induced changes in behavior. Here we show that methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) regulates behavioral responses to chronic antidepressant treatment. Imipramine administration induces phosphorylation of MeCP2 at Ser421 (pMeCP2) selectively in the nucleus accumbens and the lateral habenula, two brain regions important for depressive-like behaviors. To test the role of pMeCP2 in depressive-like behaviors, we used male mice that bear a germ-line mutation knocked into the X-linked Mecp2 locus that changes Ser421 to a nonphosphorylatable Ala residue (S421A). MeCP2 S421A knock-in (KI) mice showed increased immobility in forced-swim and tail-suspension tests compared with their wild-type (WT) littermates. However, immobility of both MeCP2 WT and KI mice in forced swim was reduced by acute administration of imipramine, demonstrating that loss of pMeCP2 does not impair acute pharmacological sensitivity to this drug. After chronic social defeat stress, chronic administration of imipramine significantly improved social interaction in the MeCP2 WT mice. In contrast, the MeCP2 KI mice did not respond to chronic imipramine administration. These data suggest novel roles for pMeCP2 in the sensitivity to stressful stimuli and demonstrate that pMeCP2 is required for the effects of chronic imipramine on depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic social defeat stress.
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Habenula and the asymmetric development of the vertebrate brain. Anat Sci Int 2012; 88:1-9. [PMID: 23086722 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-012-0158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Habenula is a relay nucleus connecting the forebrain with the brain stem and plays a pivotal role in cognitive behaviors by regulating serotonergic and dopaminergic activities. The mammalian habenula is divided into the medial and lateral habenulae, each of which consists of a heterogeneous population of neurons. Recent comparative analyses of zebrafish and rodent habenulae have provided molecular insights into the developmental mechanism of the habenula. Hodological and gene expression analyses revealed that these two habenular pathways are conserved phylogenetically between fish and mammals. The anatomical information make the zebrafish and rodent model animals amenable to the genetic analysis of the development and physiological role of the vertebrate habenula. Intriguingly, habenula has also attracted interest as a model for brain asymmetry, since many vertebrates show left-right differences in habenular size and neural circuitry. Left-right asymmetry is a common feature of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Despite its prevalence and functional importance, few studies have addressed the molecular mechanism for generation of the asymmetric brain structure, probably due to the absence of genetically accessible model animals showing obvious asymmetry. The results from recent studies on zebrafish habenula suggest that development of habenular asymmetry is mediated by differential regulation of the neurogenetic period for generating specific neuronal subtypes. Since the orientation and size ratio of the medial and lateral habenulae differs across species, evolution of those subregions within the habenula may also reflect changes in neurogenesis duration for each habenular subdivision according to the evolutionary process.
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Okamoto H, Agetsuma M, Aizawa H. Genetic dissection of the zebrafish habenula, a possible switching board for selection of behavioral strategy to cope with fear and anxiety. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:386-94. [PMID: 21567982 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The habenula is a part of an evolutionarily highly conserved conduction pathway within the limbic system that connects telencephalic nuclei to the brain stem nuclei such as interpeduncular nucleus(IPN), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the raphe.In mammals, the medial habenula receives inputs from the septohippocampal system, and relaying such information to the IPN. In contrast, the lateral habenula receives inputs from the ventral pallidum, a part of the basal ganglia. The physical adjunction of these two habenular nuclei suggests that the habenula may act as an intersection of the neural circuits for controlling emotion and behavior. We have recently elucidated that zebrafish has the equivalent structure as the mammalian habenula. The transgenic zebrafish, in which the neural signal transmission from the lateral subnucleus of the dorsal habenula to the dorsal IPN was selectively impaired, showed extremely enhanced levels of freezing response to presentation of the conditioned aversive stimulus. Our observation supports that the habenula may act as the multimodal switching board for controlling emotional behaviors and/or memory inexperience dependent manners.
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Aizawa H, Amo R, Okamoto H. Phylogeny and ontogeny of the habenular structure. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:138. [PMID: 22203792 PMCID: PMC3244072 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Habenula is an epithalamic nucleus connecting the forebrain with the ventral midbrain and hindbrain that plays a pivotal role in decision making by regulating dopaminergic and serotonergic activities. Intriguingly, habenula has also attracted interest as a model for brain asymmetry, since many vertebrates show left–right differences in habenula size and neural circuitry. Despite the functional significance of this nucleus, few studies have addressed the molecular mechanisms underlying habenular development. Mammalian habenula consists of the medial and lateral habenulae, which have distinct neural connectivity. The habenula shows phylogenetic conservation from fish to human, and studies using genetically accessible model animals have provided molecular insights into the developmental mechanisms of the habenula. The results suggest that development of the habenular asymmetry is mediated by differential regulation of the neurogenetic period for generating specific neuronal subtypes. Since the orientation and size ratio of the medial and lateral habenulae differ across species, the evolution of those subregions within the habenula may also reflect changes in neurogenesis duration for each habenular subdivision according to the evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
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Lavezzi HN, Parsley KP, Zahm DS. Mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus neurons projecting to the dorsal raphe and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: psychostimulant-elicited Fos expression and collateralization. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:719-34. [PMID: 22179106 PMCID: PMC3382375 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) is a GABAergic structure in the ventral midbrain and rostral pons that, when activated, inhibits dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra compacta. Additional strong outputs from the RMTg to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus pars dissipata, dorsal raphe nucleus, and the pontomedullary gigantocellular reticular formation were identified by anterograde tracing. RMTg neurons projecting to the ventral tegmental area express the immediate early gene Fos upon psychostimulant administration. The present study was undertaken to determine if neurons in the RMTg that project to the additional structures listed above also express Fos upon psychostimulant administration and, if so, whether single neurons in the RMTg project to more than one of these structures. We found that about 50% of RMTg neurons exhibiting retrograde labeling after injections of retrograde tracer in the dorsal raphe or pars dissipata of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus express Fos after acute methamphetamine exposure. Also, we observed that a significant number of RMTg neurons project both to the ventral tegmental area and one of these structures. In contrast, methamphetamine-elicited Fos expression was not observed in RMTg neurons labeled with retrograde tracer following injections into the pontomedullary reticular formation. The findings suggest that the RMTg is an integrative modulator of multiple rostrally projecting structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Lavezzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA
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Lavezzi HN, Zahm DS. The mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus: an integrative modulator of the reward system. BASAL GANGLIA 2011; 1:191-200. [PMID: 22163100 PMCID: PMC3233474 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) is a newly discovered brain structure thought to profoundly influence reward-related pathways. The RMTg is prominently GABAergic, receives dense projections from the lateral habenula and projects strongly to the midbrain ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra compacta. It receives additional afferent connections from widespread brain structures and sends additional strong efferent connections to a number of non-dopaminergic brainstem structures and, to a lesser extent, the forebrain. Projection neurons of the RMTg have been shown to express Fos in response to aversive stimuli and/or reward omission and psychostimulant drug administration. This review will first recount how the RMTg was discovered and then describe in greater detail what is known about its neuroanatomical relationships, including afferent and efferent connections, neurotransmitters, and receptors. Finally, we will focus on what has been reported about its function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel S. Zahm
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, Missouri 63104
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Abstract
Although much is known about the regulation of the circadian rest-activity cycle by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in nocturnal rodents, little is known about the neural substrates that regulate the temporal organization of nocturnal activity within the active phase. In this report, data are presented in Syrian hamsters to implicate the habenula - believed to be involved in motivation, reward and motor control--as a candidate site for such a role. First, by examining hamsters during the day and night and by introducing a 'novel' running wheel in order to induce daytime motor activity, we showed that immunoreactive c-Fos expression in the lateral and medial habenula is related to motor activity/arousal. Second, by transecting the habenula's major efferent pathway (fasciculus retroflexus), we showed that the interruption of habenula neural output alters the daily amount of motor activity, lengthens the period of the circadian rest-activity rhythm and disrupts the species-typical pattern of nocturnal motor activity, measured as either wheel-running behavior or general locomotor activity. Instead of the usual pattern of night-time locomotion, characterized by a prolonged bout of elevated activity in the early night followed by shorter sporadic bouts or the cessation of activity altogether, lesioned animals exhibited a more homogeneous, undifferentiated temporal profile extending across the night. These data suggest a previously unrecognized function of the habenula whereby it regulates the temporal pattern of activity occurring within a circadian rest-activity window set by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Lee YA, Goto Y. Neurodevelopmental disruption of cortico-striatal function caused by degeneration of habenula neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19450. [PMID: 21559387 PMCID: PMC3084869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The habenula plays an important role on cognitive and affective functions by regulating monoamines transmission such as the dopamine and serotonin, such that its dysfunction is thought to underlie a number of psychiatric conditions. Given that the monoamine systems are highly vulnerable to neurodevelopmental insults, damages in the habenula during early neurodevelopment may cause devastating effects on the wide-spread brain areas targeted by monoamine innervations. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a battery of behavioral, anatomical, and biochemical assays, we examined the impacts of neonatal damage in the habenula on neurodevelopmental sequelae of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and associated behavioral deficits in rodents. Neonatal lesion of the medial and lateral habenula by ibotenic acid produced an assortment of behavioral manifestations consisting of hyper-locomotion, impulsivity, and attention deficit, with hyper-locomotion and impulsivity being observed only in the juvenile period, whereas attention deficit was sustained up until adulthood. Moreover, these behavioral alterations were also improved by amphetamine. Our study further revealed that impulsivity and attention deficit were associated with disruption of PFC volume and dopamine (DA) receptor expression, respectively. In contrast, hyper-locomotion was associated with decreased DA transporter expression in the NAcc. We also found that neonatal administration of nicotine into the habenula of neonatal brains produced selective lesion of the medial habenula. Behavioral deficits with neonatal nicotine administration were similar to those caused by ibotenic acid lesion of both medial and lateral habenula during the juvenile period, whereas they were different in adulthood. Conclusions/Significance Because of similarity between behavioral and brain alterations caused by neonatal insults in the habenula and the symptoms and suggested neuropathology in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), these results suggest that neurodevelopmental deficits in the habenula and the consequent cortico-striatal dysfunctions may be involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-A Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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The habenula: from stress evasion to value-based decision-making. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 11:503-13. [PMID: 20559337 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Surviving in a world with hidden rewards and dangers requires choosing the appropriate behaviours. Recent discoveries indicate that the habenula plays a prominent part in such behavioural choice through its effects on neuromodulator systems, in particular the dopamine and serotonin systems. By inhibiting dopamine-releasing neurons, habenula activation leads to the suppression of motor behaviour when an animal fails to obtain a reward or anticipates an aversive outcome. Moreover, the habenula is involved in behavioural responses to pain, stress, anxiety, sleep and reward, and its dysfunction is associated with depression, schizophrenia and drug-induced psychosis. As a highly conserved structure in the brain, the habenula provides a fundamental mechanism for both survival and decision-making.
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Identification of the zebrafish ventral habenula as a homolog of the mammalian lateral habenula. J Neurosci 2010; 30:1566-74. [PMID: 20107084 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3690-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian habenula consists of the medial and lateral habenulae. Recent behavioral and electrophysiological studies suggested that the lateral habenula plays a pivotal role in controlling motor and cognitive behaviors by influencing the activity of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Despite the functional significance, manipulating neural activity in this pathway remains difficult because of the absence of a genetically accessible animal model such as zebrafish. To address the level of lateral habenula conservation in zebrafish, we applied the tract-tracing technique to GFP (green fluorescent protein)-expressing transgenic zebrafish to identify habenular neurons that project to the raphe nuclei, a major target of the mammalian lateral habenula. Axonal tracing in live and fixed fish showed projection of zebrafish ventral habenula axons to the ventral part of the median raphe, but not to the interpeduncular nucleus where the dorsal habenula projected. The ventral habenula expressed protocadherin 10a, a specific marker of the rat lateral habenula, whereas the dorsal habenula showed no such expression. Gene expression analyses revealed that the ventromedially positioned ventral habenula in the adult originated from the region of primordium lateral to the dorsal habenula during development. This suggested that zebrafish habenulae emerge during development with mediolateral orientation similar to that of the mammalian medial and lateral habenulae. These findings indicated that the lateral habenular pathways are evolutionarily conserved pathways and might control adaptive behaviors in vertebrates through the regulation of monoaminergic activities.
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Harsing LG. The pharmacology of the neurochemical transmission in the midbrain raphe nuclei of the rat. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 4:313-39. [PMID: 18654635 DOI: 10.2174/157015906778520764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Midbrain slices containing the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei were prepared from rat brain, loaded with [(3)H]serotonin ([(3)H]5-HT), superfused and the release of [(3)H]5-HT was determined at rest and in response to electrical stimulation. Compartmental analysis of [(3)H]5-HT taken up by raphe tissue indicated various pools where the neurotransmitter release may originate from these stores differed both in size and rate constant. 5-HT release originates not only from vesicles but also from cytoplasmic stores via a transporter-dependent exchange process establishing synaptic and non-synaptic neurochemical transmission in the serotonergic somatodendritic area. Manipulation of 5-HT transporter function modulates extracellular 5-HT concentrations in the raphe nuclei: of the SSRIs, fluoxetine was found 5-HT releaser, whereas citalopram did not exhibit this effect. Serotonergic projection neurons in the raphe nuclei possess inhibitory 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors and facilitatory 5-HT(3) receptors, which regulate 5-HT release in an opposing fashion. This observation indicates that somatodendritic 5-HT release in the raphe nuclei is under the control of several 5-HT homoreceptors. 5-HT(7) receptors located on glutamatergic axon terminals indirectly inhibit 5-HT release by reducing glutamatergic facilitation of serotonergic projection neurons. An opposite regulation of glutamatergic axon terminals was also found by involvement of the inhibitory 5-HT(7) and the stimulatory 5-HT(2) receptors as these receptors inhibit and stimulate glutamate release in raphe slice preparation, respectively, Furthermore, postsynaptic 5-HT(1B/1D) heteroreceptors interact with release of GABA in inhibitory fashion in raphe GABAergic interneurons. Serotonergic projection neurons also possess glutamate and GABA heteroreceptors; NMDA and AMPA receptors release 5-HT, whereas both GABAA and GABAB receptors inhibit somatodendritic 5-HT release. Evidence was found for reciprocal interactions between serotonergic and glutamatergic as well as serotonergic and GABAergic innervations in the raphe nuclei. Serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei also receive noradrenergic innervation arising from the locus coeruleus and alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors inhibited [(3)H]5-HT release in our experimental conditions. The close relation between 5-HT transporter and release-mediating 5-HT autoreceptors was also shown by addition of L-deprenyl, a drug possessing inhibition of type B monoamine oxidase and 5-HT reuptake. L-Deprenyl selectively desensitizes 5-HT(1B) but not 5-HT(1A) receptors and these effects are not related to inhibition of 5-HT metabolism but rather to inhibition of 5-HT transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Harsing
- Division of Preclinical REsearch, EGIS Pharmaceuticals, Plc., Bokenyfoldi ut 116, 1165 Budapest, Hungary.
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Vertes RP. Serotonergic Regulation of Rhythmical Activity of the Brain, Concentrating on the Hippocampus. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Galletti F, Cupini LM, Corbelli I, Calabresi P, Sarchielli P. Pathophysiological basis of migraine prophylaxis. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:176-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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35
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Jamal H, Ansari WH, Rizvi SJ. Evaluation of chalcones - a flavonoid subclass, for, their anxiolytic effects in rats using elevated plus maze and open field behaviour tests. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008; 22:673-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
In this contribution to the CNS Spectrums neuroanatomy series, Stefanie Geisler, MD, discusses the lateral habenula (LHb). This nuclear complex is one of the areas of the brain that forms part of the cross-talk between limbic fore-brain and some important ascending modulatory pathways. Situated at the caudal end of the dorsal diencephalon and classically regarded as projecting largely to the brainstem, including the serotoninergic raphe nuclei, the LHb receives afferents from widespread forebrain areas. Therefore, the LHb is able to influence serotonin tone in the brain, and has long interested neuroanatomists as a potential limbic-motor interface. Nonetheless, the LHb was not much discussed outside neuroanatomical circles until recently, when it was discovered that its impact on the mesotelencephalic dopamine system is probably much greater than had been assumed. The LHb has become a hot topic. This article-addresses these developments and emphasizes the clinical relevance of this interesting brain structure.
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Vertes RP, Linley SB. Comparison of projections of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, with some functional considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2007.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lecourtier L, Kelly PH. A conductor hidden in the orchestra? Role of the habenular complex in monoamine transmission and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:658-72. [PMID: 17379307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Influences of the habenular complex on electrophysiological and neurochemical aspects of brain functioning are well known. However, its role in cognition has been sparsely investigated until recently. The habenular complex, composed of medial and lateral subdivisions, is a node linking the forebrain with midbrain and hindbrain structures. The lateral habenula is the principal actor in this direct dialogue, while the medial habenula mostly conveys information to the interpeduncular nucleus before this modulates further regions. Here we describe neuroanatomical and physiological aspects of the habenular complex, and its role in cognitive processes, including new behavioral, electrophysiological and imaging findings. Habenular complex lesions result in deficits in learning, memory and attention, some of which decline during repeated testing, while others become worse, consistent with multiple roles in cognition. The habenular complex is particularly responsive to feedback about errors. Electrophysiological studies indicate a role in metaplasticity, the modulation of neuroplasticity. These studies thus reveal important roles of the habenular complex in learning, memory and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Lecourtier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 446 Crawford Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Aizawa H, Bianco IH, Hamaoka T, Miyashita T, Uemura O, Concha ML, Russell C, Wilson SW, Okamoto H. Laterotopic representation of left-right information onto the dorso-ventral axis of a zebrafish midbrain target nucleus. Curr Biol 2005; 15:238-43. [PMID: 15694307 PMCID: PMC2790415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The habenulae are part of an evolutionarily highly conserved limbic-system conduction pathway that connects telencephalic nuclei to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) of the midbrain . In zebrafish, unilateral activation of the Nodal signaling pathway in the left brain specifies the laterality of the asymmetry of habenular size . We show "laterotopy" in the habenulo-interpeduncular projection in zebrafish, i.e., the stereotypic, topographic projection of left-sided habenular axons to the dorsal region of the IPN and of right-sided habenular axons to the ventral IPN. This asymmetric projection is accounted for by a prominent left-right (LR) difference in the size ratio of the medial and lateral habenular sub-nuclei, each of which specifically projects either to ventral or dorsal IPN targets. Asymmetric Nodal signaling directs the orientation of laterotopy but is dispensable for the establishment of laterotopy itself. Our results reveal a mechanism by which information distributed between left and right sides of the brain can be transmitted bilaterally without loss of LR coding, which may play a crucial role in functional lateralization of the vertebrate brain .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Aizawa
- Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation RIKEN Brain Science Institute 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Isaac H. Bianco
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology University College London Gower St., London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Takanori Hamaoka
- Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation RIKEN Brain Science Institute 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Toshio Miyashita
- Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation RIKEN Brain Science Institute 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Osamu Uemura
- Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation RIKEN Brain Science Institute 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Miguel L. Concha
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology University College London Gower St., London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
- Millennium Nucleus on Integrative Neurosciences Programa de Morfología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile P.O. Box 70079 Santiago 7 Chile
| | - Claire Russell
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology University College London Gower St., London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W. Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology University College London Gower St., London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Hitoshi Okamoto
- Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation RIKEN Brain Science Institute 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Japan Science and Technology Corporation 3-4-5 Nihonbashi Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027 Japan
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Lecourtier L, Neijt HC, Kelly PH. Habenula lesions cause impaired cognitive performance in rats: implications for schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:2551-60. [PMID: 15128408 DOI: 10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a prominent feature of schizophrenia. Currently there is no well-accepted explanation of the aetiology of this disorder, but recent evidence indicates that dysfunction of the habenula may be involved. We therefore examined whether habenula lesions in Sprague-Dawley rats cause behavioural changes resembling those of schizophrenia. Rats received either habenula lesions, a sham operation or a small lesion of the overlying dorsal hippocampus as a check that effects observed were not due to incidental damage to this structure. As there are alterations of social behaviour, sensorimotor gating and cognition in schizophrenia, we examined comparable behaviours. Social interaction time was measured during a 5-min encounter with a novel juvenile conspecific. Prepulse inhibition of an acoustic startle response, as an index of sensorimotor gating, was measured with prepulses of various amplitudes, and spatial cognitive performance was assessed in the Morris water maze task. Histological analysis showed that habenula lesions substantially damaged both medial and lateral habenula bilaterally while largely sparing neighbouring structures. Assay of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the interpeduncular nucleus terminal region of the habenulo-interpeduncular tract, showed marked reduction (by 80%) in habenula-lesioned animals. Habenula-lesioned rats, but not the control group with small dorsal hippocampus lesions, showed marked impairment of Morris maze performance compared to the sham-operated control group. Social interaction time and prepulse inhibition were not significantly altered in either lesion group. The results are consistent with a role of the habenula in cognition, and with the view that pathology of the habenula may contribute to the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Lecourtier
- NS Research, WSJ-386. 262, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Clements S, Schreck CB. Evidence That GABA Mediates Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Pathways Associated With Locomotor Activity in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Behav Neurosci 2004; 118:191-8. [PMID: 14979797 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined the control of locomotor activity in juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by manipulating 3 neurotransmitter systems--gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), dopamine, and serotonin--as well as the neuropeptide corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of CRH and the GABAA agonist muscimol stimulated locomotor activity. The effect of muscimol was attenuated by administration of a dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol. Conversely, the administration of a dopamine uptake inhibitor (4',4"-difluoro-3-alpha-[diphenylmethoxy] tropane hydrochloride [DUI]) potentiated the effect of muscimol. They found no evidence that CRH-induced hyperactivity is mediated by dopaminergic systems following concurrent injections of haloperidol or DUI with CRH. Administration of muscimol either had no effect or attenuated the locomotor response to concurrent injections of CRH and fluoxetine, whereas the GABAA antagonist bicuculline methiodide potentiated the effect of CRH and fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Clements
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3803, USA.
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Bagdy E, Kiraly I, Harsing LG. Reciprocal innervation between serotonergic and GABAergic neurons in raphe nuclei of the rat. Neurochem Res 2000; 25:1465-73. [PMID: 11071365 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007672008297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain slices containing the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei were prepared from rat brain in order to study serotonergic-GABAergic interaction. The slices were loaded with either [3H] serotonin or [3H]GABA, superfused and the electrically induced efflux of radioactivity was determined. The GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol (3 to 30 microM) and the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen (30 and 100 microM) inhibited [3H]serotonin and [3H]GABA release. These effects of muscimol were reversed by the GABA(A) antagonists bicuculline (100 microM). The GABA(B) antagonist phaclofen (100 microM) also antagonized the baclofen-induced inhibition of [3H]serotonin and [3H]GABA release. Phaclofen by itself increased [3H]serotonin release but it did not alter [3H]GABA overflow. Muscimol (10 microM) and baclofen (100 microM) also inhibited [3H]serotonin release after depletion of GABAergic neurons by isoniazid pretreatment. These findings indicate the presence of postsynaptic GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors located on serotonergic neurons. The 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.01 to 1 microM) and the 5-HT1B receptor agonist CGS-12066A (0.01 to 1 microM) inhibited the electrically stimulated [3H]serotonin and [3H]GABA release. The 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100135 (1 microM) was without effect on [3H]serotonin and [3H]GABA efflux by itself but it reversed the 8-OH-DPAT-induced transmitter release inhibition. During KCl (22 mM)-induced depolarization, tetrodotoxin (1 microM) did not alter the inhibitory effect of CGS-12066A (1 microM) on [3H]GABA release, it did blocked, however, the ability of 8-OH-DPAT (1 microM) to reduce [3H]GABA efflux. After depletion of raphe serotonin neurons by p-chlorophenylalanine pretreatment, CGS-12066A (1 microM) still inhibited [3H]GABA release whereas in serotonin-depleted slices, 8-OH-DPAT (1 microM) was without effect on the release. We conclude that reciprocal influence exists between serotonergic projection neurons and the GABAergic interneurons or afferents in the raphe nuclei and these interactions may be mediated by 5-HT1A/B and GABA(A/B) receptors. Both synaptic and non-synaptic neurotransmission may be operative in the 5-HTergic-GABAergic reciprocal interaction which may serve as a local tuning in the neural connection between cerebral cortex and midbrain raphe nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bagdy
- Institute for Drug Research, Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
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Morris JS, Smith KA, Cowen PJ, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ. Covariation of activity in habenula and dorsal raphé nuclei following tryptophan depletion. Neuroimage 1999; 10:163-72. [PMID: 10417248 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal serotonergic function is implicated in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. We induced transient depressive relapses in volunteer patients by rapidly depleting plasma tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin (5-HT), and measured neural activity during different cognitive tasks using positron emission tomography (PET). Neural activity in several 5-HT-related brain areas, e.g., dorsal raphé, habenula, septal region, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex, covaried significantly with plasma levels of tryptophan and ratings of depressed mood. Task-specific responses in left amygdala and left anterior cingulate were attenuated by tryptophan depletion. We used these PET data to test the hypothesis that projections from the habenula modulate dorsal raphé activity and that this modulation is enhanced in patients experiencing a profound mood change following serotonergic challenge. A strong linear correlation (r(2) > 0.5) between habenula and raphé activity was observed in subjects with postdepletion ratings >/=10 on a modified Hamilton depression scale, whereas subjects experiencing milder changes in mood had weaker habenula-raphé coupling (r(2) < 0.5). These data support a model of the serotonergic system in which the habenula projection to the raphé represents a convergent feedback pathway that controls the release of 5-HT throughout the brain. In our experiment we were able to engage this system in patients who were sensitive to tryptophan depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Morris
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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44
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Hansen HH, Mikkelsen JD. Long-term effects on serotonin transporter mRNA expression of chronic neonatal exposure to a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 352:307-15. [PMID: 9716368 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic administration of clomipramine or other serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors to neonatal rats produces behaviours that resemble a depressive state in the adult animal, and this model is therefore regarded as a putative animal model of depression. Alterations in the activity of the central 5-HT system are important in understanding the pathophysiology of depression, and therefore, we examined whether this model was associated with changes in the expression of 5-HT1A receptor, 5-HT1B receptor, and 5-HT transporter mRNA in the dorsal raphe nucleus and the hippocampus. Wistar rats were injected twice daily with the serotonin reuptake inhibitors clomipramine and 5-chloro-1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1,3-dihydroi so-benzofurane, hydrochloride (code Lu 10-134-C) at doses of 15 mg kg(-1) or vehicle i.p. from postnatal day 8 for 14 days. Groups of rats (n = 10) were either killed the day after the last injection or left undisturbed for 69 days before they were killed. The expression of 5-HT transporter, 5-HT1A receptor, and 5-HT1B receptor mRNA was examined in the dorsal raphe nucleus and in the CA1 of the hippocampus by means of quantitative in situ hybridisation histochemistry. Both compounds resulted in an increase in 5-HT transporter mRNA expression (40% more than vehicle) in the dorsal raphe nucleus the day after the last injection (postnatal day 22). A small but significant increase in 5-HT1B receptor mRNA expression in the CA1 was seen after clomipramine, but not after Lu 10-134-C, probably reflecting clomipramine's affinity for both the 5-HT and noradrenaline transporters as well as for a number of monoamine receptor sites. Levels of 5-HT1A receptor mRNA were unchanged. In contrast, 5-HT transporter mRNA expression in the dorsal raphe nucleus was significantly decreased in the adult after neonatal treatment with either of the two drugs compared to vehicle. No changes in 5-HT1A receptor and 5-HT1B receptor mRNA expression were observed in any of the regions examined in these animals. The results show that the persistent depressive behaviour previously shown in this model is also associated with changes in the expression of 5-HT transporter mRNA. This long-term alteration in gene expression may result from disturbances in 5-HT neurotransmission in the brain of the neonatal animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Hansen
- Department of Neurobiology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby-Copenhagen, Denmark
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45
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Ferraro G, Montalbano ME, Sardo P, La Grutta V. Lateral habenula and hippocampus: a complex interaction raphe cells-mediated. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1998; 104:615-31. [PMID: 9444562 DOI: 10.1007/bf01291880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The study has shown an excitatory influence exerted by lateral habenula (LH) on hippocampal pyramidal cells. The modulatory influence is paradoxically serotonine-mediated; in fact all LH stimulation effects were abolished by intrahippocampal iontophoretic methysergide application. The data suggest the involvement of dorsal raphe nucleus. In fact, the dorsal raphe nucleus stimulation caused on hippocampus an expected inhibitory effect antagonized by intrahippocampal iontophoretic methysergide application. In the context of this neural structure we have highlighted a disinhibitory relation between two types of cells: slow serotonergic efferent neurones and fast GABAergic interneurones. The disinhibitory hypothesis is also supported by the following experimental tests performed on both slow and fast raphe cells: a) LH stimulation at low and high frequencies; b) iontophoretic administration of NMDA and GABA; c) LH stimulation during intraraphe iontophoretic injection of 2-APV (NMDA antagonist) and bicuculline (GABA antagonist).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ferraro
- Institute of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, Italy
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46
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Tao R, Ma Z, Auerbach SB. Differential regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release by GABAA and GABAB receptors in midbrain raphe nuclei and forebrain of rats. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 119:1375-84. [PMID: 8968546 PMCID: PMC1915829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was determined in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), median raphe nucleus (MRN) and nucleus accumbens by use of microdialysis in unanaesthetized rats. 2. Infusion of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor agonist muscimol into DRN and MRN resulted in decreased 5-HT in DRN and MRN, respectively. Muscimol infusion into nucleus accumbens had no effect on 5-HT. 3. Infusion of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline into DRN resulted in increased DRN and nucleus accumbens 5-HT. Bicuculline infusion into MRN had no effect on 5-HT. This suggests that endogenous GABA had a tonic, GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory effect on 5-HT in DRN, but not in MRN. 4. Infusion of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen into DRN produced a decrease in DRN 5-HT. Baclofen infusion into nucleus accumbens resulted in decreased nucleus accumbens 5-HT. This suggests that GABAB receptors are present in the area of cell bodies and terminals of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurones. 5. Infusion of the GABAB receptor antagonists phaclofen and 2-hydroxysaclofen had no effect on midbrain raphe and forebrain 5-HT. This suggests that GABAB receptors did not contribute to tonic inhibition of 5-HT release. 6. In conclusion, 5-HT release is physiologically regulated by distinct subtypes of GABA receptors in presynaptic and postsynaptic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855, USA
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47
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Murphy CA, DiCamillo AM, Haun F, Murray M. Lesion of the habenular efferent pathway produces anxiety and locomotor hyperactivity in rats: a comparison of the effects of neonatal and adult lesions. Behav Brain Res 1996; 81:43-52. [PMID: 8950000 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(96)00041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated the habenula in modulating states of arousal and chronic responses to stress. We examined whether lesion of the habenula efferent pathway, the fasciculus retroflexus (FR), at either 3 (P3) or 70 (P70) days of age affects stress-related anxiety (elevated plus-maze test) and activity levels (open-field test) in rats tested as adults. Both P3- and P70-lesioned rats showed chronically elevated plasma levels of corticosterone. Rats receiving FR lesions as neonates (P3) exhibited greater open arm avoidance on the elevated plus-maze than controls 2 months postoperatively, suggesting a heightened state of anxiety. In contrast, P70-lesioned rats behaved similarly to controls on the plus-maze, but showed increased locomotion and increased grooming in the open field, effects not observed in P3-lesioned rats. When an additional stressful condition was imposed (5 days of social isolation plus 24 h food deprivation) before testing, both FR-lesion groups showed an attenuation of the normal behavioral responses (decreased open-arm entries/time in open arms, increased freezing). The effects of FR lesions on activity and behavioral indices of anxiety may be due to disruption of lateral habenular projections to dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmentum and/or projections to regions containing high concentrations of benzodiazepine receptors, the median and dorsal raphe and dorsal periaqueductal gray. Behavioral differences observed as a function of lesion age suggest differential capabilities of P3- and P70-lesioned rats to utilize compensatory mechanisms to correct FR lesion-induced deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Murphy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Pennsylvania and Hahnemann University, Philadelphia 19129, USA
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48
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Ferraro G, Montalbano ME, Sardo P, La Grutta V. Lateral habenular influence on dorsal raphe neurons. Brain Res Bull 1996; 41:47-52. [PMID: 8883915 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(96)00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that lateral habenula (LH) modulates the bioelectric activity of the hippocampus through the dorsal raphe nucleus functional involvement. In this study we have, preliminarily, electrophysiologically identified two types of raphe neurons: "slow" (S cells, serotonergic in nature); and "fast" (F cells, presumably GABAergic in nature). Then, we have shown that LH electrical stimulation at lower frequency induced an excitation of S and F neurons. LH stimulation at higher frequency inhibited only S neurons. Furthermore, iontophoretic NMDA excited S and F neurons. The excitatory effects of LH stimulation were antagonized by the iontophoretic 2-APV (NMDA antagonist). Iontophoretic GABA inhibited only S neurons. Iontophoretic bicuculline antagonized the LH-induced inhibition os S neurons. The data suggested a direct (NMDA-mediated) and indirect (through the F GABAergic inhibitory interneuron) influence of the LH on the serotonergic efferent neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ferraro
- Institute of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, Italy
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49
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Kinney GG, Kocsis B, Vertes RP. Injections of muscimol into the median raphe nucleus produce hippocampal theta rhythm in the urethane anesthetized rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995; 120:244-8. [PMID: 8524970 DOI: 10.1007/bf02311170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that serotonergic [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] neurons of the median raphe nucleus (MR) are critically involved in the control of the hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG). Activation of MR 5-HT neurons desynchronizes the hippocampal EEG, whereas inhibition of MR 5-HT activity produces hippocampal theta rhythm. The MR contains an intrinsic population of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) containing neurons that synapse on 5-HT cells of the MR. The present study examined the effects on the hippocampal EEG of injections of the GABAA agonist muscimol hydrobromide into the MR. Low doses of muscimol (0.5 microgram) produced hippocampal theta rhythm at a mean latency of 6.81 min and for a mean duration of 23.6 min. Higher doses (1.0 microgram and 3.0 micrograms, respectively) produced theta at mean latencies of 2.24 min and 3.2 min and for mean durations of 31.84 min and 24.88 min. Injections of muscimol into regions adjacent to the MR generated theta at significantly longer latencies or were without effect. The present results indicate that MR injections of muscimol produce theta by inhibiting the activity of MR 5-HT neurons. It is concluded that MR GABAergic systems, via their influence on MR 5-HT cells, serve an important role in the control of the hippocampal EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Kinney
- Center for Complex Systems, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton 33431, USA
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50
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Zagami MT, Montalbano ME, Ferraro G, Sardo P, Caravaglios G, La Grutta V. Electrophysiological and iontophoretic aspects of the habenular influence on hippocampal neurones. Arch Physiol Biochem 1995; 103:59-63. [PMID: 8574779 DOI: 10.3109/13813459509007565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In previous experimental studies, carried out on cats, we demonstrated that electrical stimulation of lateral habenula (LH) at 0.5-3.0 Hz or 5-20 Hz had a double effect (low frequency-excitation; high frequency-inhibition) on the spontaneous firing rate of single hippocampal neurones. Our results, in agreement with similar case studies, allowed us to hypothesise that in the habenular modulation of the hippocampus the raphe nucleus is probably involved. In fact, all the effects of LH stimulation were antagonised by the iontophoretic intrahippocampal application of methysergide. In the present series of experiments, performed on rats, it was possible to demonstrate that LH stimulation at 1-10 Hz causes an excitation of a progressively major number of hippocampal neurones depending upon the increase of frequency stimulation. The absence of habenulo-induced effects after a iontophoretic application of methysergide on single hippocampal units suggests the involvement of the raphe nucleus. Furthermore, in consideration of recent anatomical evidences demonstrating an excitatory projection between LH and raphe nucleus, intraraphal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) application, performed through a Hamilton microsyringe, induces an inhibitory effect. All the results suggest that in the raphe context it is possible to hypothesise the presence of an intrinsic interneurone, directly activated by the excitatory projection arising from the LH; this interneurone is likely inhibitory on the serotonergic raphe-hippocampus efferent neurone. This functional organization is responsible for the effect of LH stimulation at different frequencies as well as for the effects of intraraphal NMDA application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Zagami
- Dipartimento di Biologia cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Italy
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