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Pan S, Koleske JP, Koller GM, Halupnik GL, Alli AHO, Koneru S, DeFreitas D, Ramagiri S, Strahle JM. Postnatal meningeal CSF transport is primarily mediated by the arachnoid and pia maters and is not altered after intraventricular hemorrhage-posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:4. [PMID: 38191402 PMCID: PMC10773070 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CSF has long been accepted to circulate throughout the subarachnoid space, which lies between the arachnoid and pia maters of the meninges. How the CSF interacts with the cellular components of the developing postnatal meninges including the dura, arachnoid, and pia of both the meninges at the surface of the brain and the intracranial meninges, prior to its eventual efflux from the cranium and spine, is less understood. Here, we characterize small and large CSF solute distribution patterns along the intracranial and surface meninges in neonatal rodents and compare our findings to meningeal CSF solute distribution in a rodent model of intraventricular hemorrhage-posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. We also examine CSF solute interactions with the tela choroidea and its pial invaginations into the choroid plexuses of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles. METHODS 1.9-nm gold nanoparticles, 15-nm gold nanoparticles, or 3 kDa Red Dextran Tetramethylrhodamine constituted in aCSF were infused into the right lateral ventricle of P7 rats to track CSF circulation. 10 min post-1.9-nm gold nanoparticle and Red Dextran Tetramethylrhodamine injection and 4 h post-15-nm gold nanoparticle injection, animals were sacrificed and brains harvested for histologic analysis to identify CSF tracer localization in the cranial and spine meninges and choroid plexus. Spinal dura and leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia) wholemounts were also evaluated. RESULTS There was significantly less CSF tracer distribution in the dura compared to the arachnoid and pia maters in neonatal rodents. Both small and large CSF tracers were transported intracranially to the arachnoid and pia mater of the perimesencephalic cisterns and tela choroidea, but not the falx cerebri. CSF tracers followed a similar distribution pattern in the spinal meninges. In the choroid plexus, there was large CSF tracer distribution in the apical surface of epithelial cells, and small CSF tracer along the basolateral surface. There were no significant differences in tracer intensity in the intracranial meninges of control vs. intraventricular hemorrhage-posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) rodents, indicating preserved meningeal transport in the setting of PHH. CONCLUSIONS Differential CSF tracer handling by the meninges suggests that there are distinct roles for CSF handling between the arachnoid-pia and dura maters in the developing brain. Similarly, differences in apical vs. luminal choroid plexus CSF handling may provide insight into particle-size dependent CSF transport at the CSF-choroid plexus border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joshua P Koleske
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gretchen M Koller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Grace L Halupnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Abdul-Haq O Alli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shriya Koneru
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dakota DeFreitas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sruthi Ramagiri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Pan S, Koleske J, Koller GM, Halupnik GL, Alli AHO, Koneru S, DeFreitas D, Ramagiri U, Strahle JM. Meningeal CSF transport is primarily mediated by the arachnoid and pia maters during development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552826. [PMID: 37645776 PMCID: PMC10461931 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background The recent characterization of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics has re-emphasized the role of the meninges in facilitating CSF transport and clearance. Here, we characterize small and large CSF solute distribution patterns along the intracranial and surface meninges in neonatal rodents and compare our findings to a rodent model of intraventricular hemorrhage-posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. We also examine CSF interactions with the tela choroidea and its pial invaginations into the choroid plexuses of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles. Methods 1.9-nm gold nanoparticles, 15-nm gold nanoparticles, or 3 kDa Red Dextran Tetramethylrhodamine constituted in aCSF were infused into the right lateral ventricle of P7 rats to track CSF circulation. 10 minutes post-1.9-nm gold nanoparticle and Red Dextran Tetramethylrhodamine injection and 4 hours post-15-nm gold nanoparticle injection, animals were sacrificed and brains harvested for histologic analysis to identify CSF tracer localization in the cranial and spine meninges and choroid plexus. Spinal dura and leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia) wholemounts were also performed. Results There was significantly less CSF tracer distribution in the dura compared to the arachnoid and pia maters in neonatal rodents. Both small and large CSF tracers were transported intracranially to the arachnoid and pia mater of the perimesencephalic cisterns and tela choroidea, but not the dura mater of the falx cerebri. CSF tracers followed a similar distribution pattern in the spinal meninges. In the choroid plexus, there was large CSF tracer distribution in the apical surface of epithelial cells, and small CSF tracer along the basolateral surface. There were no significant differences in tracer intensity in the intracranial meninges of control vs. intraventricular hemorrhage-posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) rodents, indicating preserved meningeal transport in the setting of PHH. Conclusions Differential CSF tracer handling by the leptomeninges suggests that there are distinct roles for CSF handling between the arachnoid-pia and dura maters in the developing brain. Similarly, differences in apical vs. luminal choroid plexus CSF handling may provide insight into particle-size dependent CSF transport at the CSF-choroid plexus border.
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Akai T, Hatta T, Sakata-Haga H, Yamamoto S, Otani H, Yamamoto S, Kuroda S. Cerebrospinal fluid may flow out from the brain through the frontal skull base and choroid plexus: a gold colloid and cadaverine injection study in mouse fetus. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:3013-3020. [PMID: 34282473 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been commonly accepted for a long time that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drains into arachnoid granulations from the subarachnoid space to the dural venous sinus unidirectionally. However, recently, periventricular capillaries and lymphatic concepts have been introduced. The CSF moves along the perivascular space and drains into the capillary vessels or meningeal lymphatic tissues. CSF is involved in removing brain waste out of the brain. In this study, we investigated the outflow mechanism of substances in the CSF from the brain. METHODS We investigated the movement of CSF by injection of gold colloid conjugates (2, 40, and 200 nm) into the lateral ventricles of mouse fetuses and evaluated the deposition by silver stain with tissue transparency and electron microcopy. Cadaverine was also injected into the lateral ventricle to determine its movement tract. RESULTS The gold particle deposition was mainly observed in the frontal skull base. Electron microscopic study showed that the gold particle deposition was observed on the choroid plexus and ependyma in the lateral ventricle and also red blood cells in the heart and liver. Two-nanometer particles were exclusively observed in the liver. Cadaverine injection study demonstrated that cadaverine was observed at the extracranial frontal skull base, choroid plexus, ependymal surface, and perivascular area in the brain white matter. CONCLUSION The particles in the CSF were shown to move from the brain to the frontal skull base and also into the blood stream through the choroid plexus in the fetus. The outflow of particles in the CSF may be regulated by molecular size. This new information will contribute to the prevention of brain degeneration due to brain waste deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakata-Haga
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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Akai T, Hatta T, Shimada H, Mizuki K, Kudo N, Hatta T, Otani H. Extracranial outflow of particles solved in cerebrospinal fluid: Fluorescein injection study. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2018; 58:93-98. [PMID: 28976018 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid is thought to be mainly absorbed into arachnoid granules in the subarachnoid space and drained into the sagittal sinus. However, some observations such as late outbreak of arachnoid granules in fetus brain and recent cerebrospinal fluid movements study by magnetic resonance images, conflict with this hypothesis. In this study, we investigated the movement of cerebrospinal fluid in fetuses. Several kinds of fluorescent probes with different molecular weights were injected into the lateral ventricle or subarachnoid space in mouse fetuses at a gestational age of 13 days. The movements of the probes were monitored by live imaging under fluorescent microscope. Following intraventricular injection, the probes dispersed into the 3rd ventricle and aqueduct immediately, but did not move into the 4th ventricle and spinal canal. After injection of low and high molecular weight conjugated probes, both probes dispersed into the brain but only the low molecular weight probe dispersed into the whole body. Following intra-subarachnoid injection, both probes diffused into the spinal canal gradually. Neither probe dispersed into the brain and body. The probe injected into the lateral ventricle moved into the spinal central canal by the fetus head compression, and returned into the aqueduct by its release. We conclude this study as follows: (i) The movement of metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles will be restricted by molecular weight; (ii) Cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricle and in the subarachnoid space move differently; and (iii) Cerebrospinal fluid may not appear to circulate. In the event of high intracranial pressure, the fluid may move into the spinal canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama University, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimada
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Keiji Mizuki
- Department of Nanoscience, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nae Kudo
- Department of Nanoscience, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taizo Hatta
- Department of Nanoscience, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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Kitade I, Hoso M, Matsuzaki T, Yoshida S, Kamijyo A, Araki Y, Takahashi I. Histopathological Changes in Surrounding Tissue of the Sciatic Nerve after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. J Phys Ther Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.24.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Kitade
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital
| | - Masahiro Hoso
- Division of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science
| | - Taro Matsuzaki
- Division of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science
| | - Shinya Yoshida
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital
| | - Akio Kamijyo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Azumino Red Cross Hospital
| | - Yoshitaka Araki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kanazawa Cranial Nerve Surgery Hospital
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Maurizi CP. Choroid plexus portals and a deficiency of melatonin can explain the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:1059-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hashimoto PH. The perineurial vessel: a possible candidate for the structural basis of the meridian (Jing-Luo) in Chinese medicine. Anat Sci Int 2006; 80:177-80. [PMID: 16333912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-073x.2005.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new concept is proposed of the 'perineurial vessel' as another vascular system of the body. The effects of acupuncture and moxibustion are explained as mechanical or thermal stimulation of intraperineurial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Fenestrated venous capillaries of circumventricular organs, including the choroid plexus, instead of arachnoid granulations, are shown to be the main site of CSF absorption. A new concept is also presented of a double circulatory system of the body, namely, in addition to the cardiovascular system, a lympho-liquid system with complete fluid circulation throughout the entire body.
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Segal MB. The choroid plexuses and the barriers between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2000; 20:183-96. [PMID: 10696509 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007045605751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. The fluid homeostasis of the brain depends both on the endothelial blood-brain barrier and on the epithelial blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier located at the choroid plexuses and the outer arachnoid membrane. 2. The brain has two fluid environments: the brain interstitial fluid, which surrounds the neurons and glia, and the CSF, which fills the ventricles and external surfaces of the central nervous system. 3. CSF acts as a fluid cushion for the brain and as a drainage route for the waste products of cerebral metabolism. 4. Recent findings suggest that CSF may also act as a "third circulation" conveying substances secreted into the CSF rapidly to many brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Segal
- Division of Physiology, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
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Maurizi CP. Superficial siderosis of the brain: roles for cerebrospinal fluid circulation, iron and the hydroxyl radical. Med Hypotheses 1996; 47:261-4. [PMID: 8910872 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Superficial siderosis is associated with chronic blood loss into the cerebrospinal fluid. The pattern of hemosiderin deposition and clinical signs in superficial siderosis suggest that cerebrospinal fluid is recirculated into the ventricular system. Patterns of deposition of corpora amylacea and findings in normopressure communicating hydrocephalus also support the recirculation theory. 'Free' iron with excess production of hydroxyl radicals is the probable mechanism of tissue damage. The arachnoid villus-superior saggital sinus theory of cerebrospinal fluid circulation should be abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Maurizi
- Department of Pathology, Houston Medical Center, Warner Robins, GA 31093, USA
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10
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Hashimoto PH. Aspects of normal cerebrospinal fluid circulation and circumventricular organs. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1992; 91:439-43. [PMID: 1384085 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P H Hashimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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11
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Maurizi CP. Recirculation of cerebrospinal fluid through the tela choroidae is why high levels of melatonin can be found in the lateral ventricles. Med Hypotheses 1991; 35:154-8. [PMID: 1890974 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(91)90041-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is transported through the tela choroidae and recirculated in the ventricular system. The concept that the CSF is resorbed by the arachnoid villus-superior sagittal sinus system is accepted as fact. The experimental studies on which the currently accepted theory is based were published in 1914 by Dr Lewis Weed. Weed used a low pressure (near physiologic) method and a high pressure (non-physiologic) method. His observations with the high pressure method are a basis for the theory of arachnoid villus absorption. On the other hand, his low pressure method provides evidence that CSF is absorbed in the area of the basilar cisternae. Studies of communicating hydrocephalus and chemical analysis of ventricular melatonin give evidence that CSF recirculates through the tela choroidae back into the ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Maurizi
- Department of Pathology, Houston Medical Center, Warner Robins, GA 31093
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12
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Lefauconnier JM, Bouchaud C, Bernard G. Initial process of diffusion of small molecules from blood vessels to the meninges in the young rat. Neurosci Lett 1991; 121:9-11. [PMID: 2020394 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathways taken by peripherally administered small molecules when entering the brain were investigated in 6-day-old rats by radioautography and fluorescence microscopy after intravenous administration and rapid freezing. L-[U-14C]Phenylalanine, [U-14C]sucrose and sodium fluorescein reached the brain within less than 5 seconds. These blood-borne molecules were found in the subarachnoid cisterns and the superficial parenchyma. These results suggest a special permeability of the arachnoid layer and/or the pial vessels. Phenylalanine alone reached the deep parenchyma because of the existence of a specific endothelial carrier.
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Matsushima M, Takeichi M. Effects of intraventricular implantation of crystalline estradiol benzoate on the sleep-wakefulness circadian rhythm of ovariectomized rats. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY 1990; 44:111-21. [PMID: 2362386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1990.tb00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of estrogen on the sleep-wakefulness circadian rhythm was examined in ovariectomized rats. Implantation of crystalline estradiol benzoate (EB) into the third cerebral ventricle reduced the slow wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS) appearances within the dark period. This result was similar to that obtained by a systemic administration of 20 micrograms of EB. The inhibition of sleep during the nighttime was more remarkable in PS than in SWS. The reduction of SWS was due to a shorter duration of SWS episodes and the reduction of PS to a fewer number of PS episodes. These results indicate that ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen develop an inability to sustain episodes of SWS and initiate PS episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Saga Medical School, Japan
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Fox EA, Powley TL. False-positive artifacts of tracer strategies distort autonomic connectivity maps. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1989; 14:53-77. [PMID: 2470452 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(89)90009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of new axonal transport tracing techniques in the ANS has resulted in substantially revised and amended descriptions of ANS organization. The present review suggests, however, that at least some of the results on which proposed revisions of ANS anatomy have been based have incorporated artifacts and therefore should be cautiously interpreted. The peripheral nervous system and viscera are composed in part of connective and endothelial tissues that are porous or 'leaky' to solutes with appropriate chemical characteristics, including the major tracer compounds. As a result, several extra-axonal routes for redistribution of label from the application site into other tissues are present. These include (1) diffusion through tissue membranes to enter directly adjacent tissues and (2) leakage into extracellular fluids within the body cavity, vasculature, lymphatics, exocrine ducts, or organ lumens to migrate to more distant tissues. As a consequence of the extreme sensitivity of the methods used, such redistribution of even minute amounts of label can produce false positives. Review of autonomic neuroanatomy suggests additional mechanisms, including tracer uptake by fibers of passage, can produce artifactual staining. Based on these surveys of tissue composition, tracer characteristics and sources of artifact, experimental controls and criteria for identifying and avoiding labeling artifacts are described. Since no single procedure is foolproof for ANS experimentation, the routine application of multiple controls, particularly ones which restrict or prevent tracer diffusion, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Fox
- Laboratory of Regulatory Psychobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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