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Hartman K, Mielczarek P, Smoluch M, Silberring J. Inhibitors of neuropeptide peptidases engaged in pain and drug dependence. Neuropharmacology 2020; 175:108137. [PMID: 32526240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Owing to a broad spectrum of functions performed by neuropeptides, this class of signaling molecules attracts an increasing interest. One of the key steps in the regulation of biological activity of neuropeptides is proteolytic conversion or degradation by proteinases that change or terminate biological activity of native peptides. These enzymes, in turn, are regulated by inhibitors, which play integral role in controlling many metabolic pathways. Thus, the search for selective inhibitors and detailed knowledge on the mechanisms of binding of these substances to enzymes, could be of importance for designing new pharmacological approaches. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the inhibitors of enzymes that convert selected groups of neuropeptides, such as dynorphins, enkephalins, substance P and NPFF fragments. The importance of these substances in pathophysiological processes involved in pain and drug addiction, have been discussed. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Hartman
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marek Smoluch
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
Brain damage as a result of hyperthermia or heat-stress has been the focus of attention in many areas of neuroscience in recent years. Heat-induced alterations in structural components of the central nervous system (CNS) will obviously also influence the relevant transmitter systems, which may be involved in a variety of different behaviors. Indeed, many studies have indicated that excitatory amino acids, and monoaminergic and peptidergic systems are affected during hyperthermia. This chapter will address past and current research on various neuropeptides that have been implicated in the consequences of hyperthermia and various other heat disorders. However, considering the large and even increasing number of identified neuroactive peptides, it is necessary to limit this chapter to a few peptides or peptide systems, which have received particular attention in relation to hyperthermia. Among these are the opioid peptides, the tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and peptides belonging to the angiotensin system. Most of these neuropeptides are not only affected by hyperthermia and abnormal alterations in the body temperature but also are involved in the endogenous mechanisms of regulating body temperature. This review does not endeavor to fully cover the field but it does aim to give the reader an idea of how various neuropeptides may be involved in the control of body heat and how peptidergic systems are affected during various thermal changes, including both immediate and long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Nyberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Karlsson K, Sharma H, Nyberg F. Chromatographic characterization of substance P endopeptidase in the rat brain reveals affected enzyme activity following heat stress. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:77-82. [PMID: 15954166 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a study of substance P endopeptidase (SPE)-like activity in various regions of the brain from male rats subjected to heat stress (HS). The enzyme activity was found to be affected in several brain areas including cerebellum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus[sol ]thalamus and the spinal cord following HS. Significant increases in SPE activity were observed in, for example, hippocampus and the spinal cord. SPE-containing extracts from hippocampus were pooled and subsequently purified by size exclusion chromatography (using a Superdex 75 HR column) and by anion-exchange chromatography (using Resource Q column). The gel permeation chromatography separated the SPE-like activity into two fractions, one of which was suggested to be identical to neutral endopeptidase owing to its molecular size and inhibitory profile. The other active enzyme fraction behaved in conformity with SPE, previously identified in human cerebrospinal fluid. The activity of the purified fraction of these two enzymes was found to be increased (27%) in HS-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krister Karlsson
- Uppsala University, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, PO Box 591, S-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Persson AI, Naylor AS, Jonsdottir IH, Nyberg F, Eriksson PS, Thorlin T. Differential regulation of hippocampal progenitor proliferation by opioid receptor antagonists in running and non-running spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:1847-55. [PMID: 15078558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Voluntary running in mice and forced treadmill running in rats have been shown to increase the amount of proliferating cells in the hippocampus. Little is known as yet about the mechanisms involved in these processes. It is well known that the endogenous opioid system is affected during running and other forms of physical exercise. In this study, we evaluated the involvement of the endogenous opioids in the regulation of hippocampal proliferation in non-running and voluntary running rats. Nine days of wheel running was compared with non-running in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a rat strain known to run voluntarily. On the last 2 days of the experimental period all rats received two daily injections of the opioid receptor antagonists naltrexone or naltrindole together with injections of bromodeoxyuridine to label dividing cells. Brain sections from the running rats showed approximately a five-fold increase in newly generated cells in the hippocampus, and this increase was partly reduced by naltrexone but not by naltrindole. By contrast, both naltrexone and naltrindole increased hippocampal proliferation in non-running rats. In non-running rats the administration of naltrexone decreased corticosterone levels and adrenal gland weights, whereas no significant effects on these parameters could be detected for naltrindole. However, adrenal gland weights were increased in naltrexone- but not in naltrindole-administered running rats. In addition, in voluntary running rats there was a three-fold increase in the hippocampal levels of Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe compared with non-runners, indicating an increase in opioid activity in the hippocampus during running. These data suggest an involvement of endogenous opioids in the regulation of hippocampal proliferation in non-running rats, probably through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation. During voluntary running in SHR naltrexone altered hippocampal proliferation via as yet unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders I Persson
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Göteborg University, Blå Stråket 7, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
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5
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Zhou Q, Karlsson K, Liu Z, Johansson P, Le Grevés M, Kiuru A, Nyberg F. Substance P endopeptidase-like activity is altered in various regions of the rat central nervous system during morphine tolerance and withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2001; 41:246-53. [PMID: 11489461 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(01)00055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study the level of a substance P endopeptidase (SPE)-like activity was measured in different regions of the rat central nervous system (CNS) after chronic administration of morphine. Male rats (200-220 g) were randomly divided into four groups. Two groups were injected (s.c.) with morphine (10 mg/kg) twice daily, whereas the other two received saline under identical conditions. After 8 days, when animals were completely tolerant to morphine, one of the morphine-treated groups and one group of saline-injected rats were given naloxone (s.c. 2 mg/kg). Withdrawal signs were observed and recorded. The enzyme activity was measured in extracts of the various CNS tissues by following the conversion of synthetic substance P (SP) to its N-terminal fragment SP(1-7) using a radioimmunoassay detecting this product. In discrete CNS areas including periaqueductal grey, spinal cord, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) a significant increase in enzyme activity was observed in the withdrawal group, while tolerant rats exhibited decreased SPE-like activity in the striatum (see Table 1). The enhanced enzyme activity during withdrawal is in agreement with our previous observation that the levels of SP(1-7) in rat brain are affected following naloxone precipitated withdrawal. In some tissues, including VTA, a correlation between the SPE-like activity and the intensity of the opioid abstinence was observed. Our result suggests that the elevated SPE-like activity is responsible for enhanced release of SP(1-7) in rats during morphine withdrawal, affirming a modulatory or regulative role of this enzyme in this state of opioid dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, S-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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Karlsson K, Nyberg F. Purification of substance P endopeptidase activity in the rat ventral tegemental area with the Akta-Purifier chromatographic system. J Chromatogr A 2000; 893:107-13. [PMID: 11043591 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The new chromatographic system Akta-Purifier 10 (Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech), scaled for preparative HPLC, was used for the purification of Substance P (SP) endopeptidase activity in the ventral tegemental area (VTA) of the rat brain. SP endopeptidase previously identified and purified from human cerebrospinal fluid has been found to degrade the neuroactive peptide SP in a specific pattern. In this study we have recovered SP endopeptidase from the rat VTA following a purification scheme involving homogenization (ultrasonication) and extraction of the excised tissue, size-exclusion chromatography (Superdex 75 HR), and ion-exchange chromatography (Resource Q). In this way we were able to achieve a purification factor of almost 7,500, based on specific activity. The obtained SP endopeptidase activity, was then subjected to characterization with regard to inhibition profile. The enzyme activity was monitored by following the conversion of SP to its N-terminal fragment SP(1-7) using a radioimmunoassay, specific for the heptapeptide product. On basis of inhibition profile it was possible to discern two different SP endopeptidase-like activities, one sensitive toward the protease inhibitor phosphoramidon (preparation A), and another non-sensitive to phosphoramidon or captopril (preparation B). The molecular masses of preparations A and B, as derived from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were found to be 90,000 and 76,000, respectively. Our data suggest that the purified phosphoramidon sensitive endopeptidase activity may be an enzyme that plays a major role in the conversion of SP to its bioactive fragment SP(1-7) in the rat VTA. This is likely to be identical to the previously known neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11). However, this study also demonstrates the existence of a distinct endopeptidase activity with properties in agreement with rat spinal cord SP endopeptidase. In the context of previously shown altered levels of SP(1-7) in the VTA during morphine withdrawal both purified enzyme activities may turn out to be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Karlsson K, Nyberg F. Purification of substance P endopeptidase (SPE) activity in human spinal cord and subsequent comparative studies with SPE in cerebrospinal fluid and with chymotrypsin. J Mol Recognit 2000; 11:266-9. [PMID: 10076855 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1352(199812)11:1/6<266::aid-jmr438>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme activity capable of hydrolysing the neuroactive undecapeptide substance P (SP) between its Phe7-Phe8 residues was purified from the membrane-bound fraction of human spinal cords. The enzyme preparation yielded was compared with a previously described SP-hydrolysing enzyme from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with regard to inhibition profile, protein chemical properties and kinetics. In addition, the results were compared with those of bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin (a serine protease that cleaves the carboxy-terminal side preferentially at hydrophobic amino acids). The SP peptidase activity was extracted from human spinal cords with 1% Triton X-100 in 20 mM Tris-HCI pH 7.8. After ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sepharose) where the enzyme activity was separated from other proteins by gradient elution, the pooled enzyme fraction was further purified by molecular sieving (Sephadex G-50). The enzyme activity was finally recovered by HPLC molecular sieving (Superdex 75 HR 10/30) using a new preparative system, AKTA-purifier, controlled by UNICORN software version 2.20.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Sweden
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Liu Z, Welin M, Bragee B, Nyberg F. A high-recovery extraction procedure for quantitative analysis of substance P and opioid peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid. Peptides 2000; 21:853-60. [PMID: 10959008 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study reports an improved approach for the determination of neuropeptide levels in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The method is based on sample acidification followed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) combined with radioimmunoassay. It was applied to study the recovery and level of some opioid peptides (Met-enkephalin-Arg(6)-Phe(7) and Leu-enkephalin-Arg(6)), substance P and the substance P(1-7) fragment, which are all compounds known to be present in human CSF. The results indicated that the use of LLE highly improved the recovery of these peptides compared to current liquid-solid-phase extraction methods by using silica gel cartridges or mini-columns for ion-exchange chromatography. Peptides added to CSF in concentrations down to 10 fmol/ml were recovered in yields exceeding 80%. The mean recovery of synthetic peptides as recorded by radioimmunoassay in the LLE procedure was significantly improved when HCl was added to the sample. In contrast, when the (125)I-labeled analogues of the peptides were added to CSF samples, the mean recovery of the four labeled peptides using the LLE procedure was markedly reduced in acidified samples. We also found that the inclusion of HCl effectively improved the removal of proteins present in the samples. As an application the levels of substance P and Met-enkephalin-Arg(6)-Phe(7) in CSF samples from patients with chronic pain (fibromyalgia syndrome) were measured using the new procedure. It was possible to confirm a significant difference in the CSF levels of both peptides when comparing patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Divison of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, S-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hallberg M, Johansson P, Kindlundh AM, Nyberg F. Anabolic-androgenic steroids affect the content of substance P and substance P(1-7) in the rat brain. Peptides 2000; 21:845-52. [PMID: 10959007 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intramuscular (i.m.) injections of nandrolone decanoate (15 mg/kg/day), an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on the levels of substance P (SP) and on its N-terminal fragment SP(1-7) were examined in the male rat brain by radioimmunoassay. The results demonstrated that the SP immunoreactivity in amygdala, hypothalamus, striatum, and periaqueductal gray was significantly enhanced, whereas the concentration of the N-terminal fragment SP(1-7) was enhanced in the nucleus accumbens and in periaqueductal gray. In the striatum the steroid induced a decrease in the content of SP(1-7). The relevance of these peptides in connection with anabolic-androgenic steroid-induced aggression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Lindh C, Liu Z, Welin M, Ordeberg G, Nyberg F. Low calcitonin gene-related, peptide-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid from chronic pain patients. Neuropeptides 1999; 33:517-21. [PMID: 10657534 DOI: 10.1054/npep.1999.0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like activity (CGRP-LI), were determined in 35 patients with painful orthopaedic disorders and the activity was compared to that of 12 healthy controls without pain. Fourteen patients had pain from osteoarthritis of the hip or the knee, 11 had rhizopathic pain due to a herniated lumbar disc and 10 had pain from a hip fracture. In all patients, decreased CGRP-LI was observed in CSF compared to the controls. The lowest values were found in the patients with osteoarthritis, while there was less, but still significant, reduction of CGRP-LI in the patients with herniated lumbar disc and those with a hip fracture. In most of the patients, CGRP-LI was also analysed at a second lumbar puncture after operative treatment, when pain had subsided or was reduced. However, the CGRP-LI remained low after treatment, which may suggest the influence of factors other than pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lindh
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Zhou Q, Liu Z, Ray A, Huang W, Karlsson K, Nyberg F. Alteration in the brain content of substance P (1-7) during withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats. Neuropharmacology 1998; 37:1545-52. [PMID: 9886677 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that substance P (SP) may modulate the abstinence reaction to opioid withdrawal. Its N-terminal fragment SP1-7 may inhibit the intensity of the withdrawal reactions in morphine dependent mice. This study was designed to determine whether the endogenous concentrations of the SP1-7 fragment in the brain are affected during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in the male rat. The amounts of the peptide was assessed by a specific radioimmunoassay in extracts of discrete brain regions (including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, striatum, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and the spinal cord) during morphine tolerance and withdrawal. The results indicated that the concentrations of SP1-7 were significantly elevated in the ventral tegmental area both in morphine tolerant rats and during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. During morphine withdrawal significant increases in the peptide concentration were also observed in the hypothalamus and the spinal cord. It was concluded that the enhanced content of SP1-7 may also indicate the involvement of the SP system during opioid withdrawal in the rat. The enhanced production of SP1-7 may reflect an increased release and/or metabolism of SP, which, in turn, counteracts the withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Thörnwall M, Sharma HS, Gordh T, Sjöquist PO, Nyberg F. Substance P endopeptidase activity in the rat spinal cord following injury: influence of the new anti-oxidant compound H 290/51. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 1998; 70:212-5. [PMID: 9416325 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6837-0_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the new antioxidant compound H-290/51 was examined on the substance P endopeptidase (SPE) activity in a rat model of spinal cord injury. This compound (H-290/51) has neuro-protective effects on edema and cell changes in this model. Infliction of trauma to the cord by making an incision into the right dorsal horn of the T10-11 segment resulted in a marked upregulation of SPE in the segments rostral to the lesion. On the other hand, the injured and adjacent caudal segments exhibited a marked down-regulation of the enzyme activity. Pretreatment with H 290/51 increased the SPE activity in the T9 segment but downregulated the enzyme activity in the T10-11 and T12 segments. The drug induced enzyme activity change was not further influenced by the trauma of the cord. The results indicate that a focal trauma induces widespread alterations in spinal cord SPE activity which can be influenced by the anti-oxidant drug H 290/51, suggesting that SPE is somehow involved in cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thörnwall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Liu Z, Lyrenäs S, Thörnwall M, Le Grevés P, Nyberg F. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid level of substance P and decreased undecapeptidase activity at term pregnancy. Neuropeptides 1997; 31:415-21. [PMID: 9413017 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4179(97)90034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a study of substance P and its converting enzyme substance P endopeptidase (SPE) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from women at term pregnancy. A method was developed to assess the CSF levels of substance P itself with minimum contribution from prestages or fragments of the undecapetide. The measured activity was compared with that detected in CSF from control, non-pregnant, non-puerperal women. The result indicates a significant increase in substance P-like immunoreactivity at term pregnancy (19.9 +/- 3.9 fmol/ml, n = 10) compared with that of control subjects (12.3 +/- 2.8 fmol/ml, n = 9; P < 0.001). This elevation was suggested to reflect an increased activity in spinal sensory neurons at this stage of pregnancy. The activity of SPE was assessed by measuring the product substance P1-7 by a radioimmunoassay specific for this fragment. It was found that the enzyme activity was significantly decreased in CSF from pregnant women (11.2 +/- 0.71 pmol/h.ml), compared with control samples (18.4 +/- 0.73 pmol/h.ml; P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant negative correlation was found to exist between the level of substance P and the activity of SPE (P < 0.05, r2 = 0.65), suggesting that the enzyme may be involved in a mechanism regulating the level of substance P concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Nylander I, Stenfors C, Tan-No K, Mathé AA, Terenius L. A comparison between microwave irradiation and decapitation: basal levels of dynorphin and enkephalin and the effect of chronic morphine treatment on dynorphin peptides. Neuropeptides 1997; 31:357-65. [PMID: 9308024 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4179(97)90072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Opioid peptides were analysed in tissue extracts of various brain structures and the pituitary gland from rats sacrificed by microwave irradiation, and compared with peptide levels in tissue extracts from decapitated rats. Dynorphin A, dynorphin B and Leu-enkephalinArg6, derived from prodynorphin, and Met-enkephalinArg6Phe7 from proenkephalin, were measured. Basal immunoreactive levels of dynorphin A and B were consistently higher in extracts from microwave-irradiated rats, whereas in these extracts immunoreactive levels of Leu-enkephalinArg6, an endogenous metabolite of dynorphin peptides, were either lower than, the same as or higher than in decapitated rats. Immunoreactive levels of Met-enkephalinArg6Phe7 were higher in microwave-irradiated rats. Effects of morphine treatment on prodynorphin peptide levels were evaluated and compared with previous findings in decapitated rats. Dynorphin immunoreactive levels were higher in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of morphine-tolerant rats than in corresponding areas in saline-treated rats. These results indicate tissue-specific metabolism of prodynorphin peptides and show that metabolism of opioid peptides occurs during the dissection procedure after decapitation of the rat even though precautions are taken to minimize degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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15
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Johansson P, Ray A, Zhou Q, Huang W, Karlsson K, Nyberg F. Anabolic androgenic steroids increase beta-endorphin levels in the ventral tegmental area in the male rat brain. Neurosci Res 1997; 27:185-9. [PMID: 9100262 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(96)01141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The levels of beta-endorphin and Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe (MEAP) immunoreactivity in various brain regions (including amygdala, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalmus, nucleus accumbens, pituitary and ventral tegmental area) were studied in male rats subjected to daily intramuscular injections during 14 days of high doses (5 and 15 mg/kg) of the anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS), nandrolone decanoate. At the nandrolone dose of 15 mg/kg a significant (about 20-fold) increase in beta-endorphin levels in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was observed. The steroid did not significantly affect the concentration of the peptide at any dose in other brain areas examined. The levels of MEAP remained unaltered in all studied regions. A slight increase in serum concentrations of both peptides was also found but this elevation was not statistically significant. The observed increase in beta-endorphin in VTA was suggested to be involved in a mechanism by which the steroid may influence the reward system in the brain. An opioid mediated stimulation of the reward system following injection of AAS supports a previous hypothesis that AAS may induce psychological dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Johansson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Karlsson K, Eriksson U, Andrén P, Nyberg F. Purification and characterization of substance P endopeptidase activities in the rat spinal cord. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 1997; 27:59-78. [PMID: 9090724 DOI: 10.1080/10826069708001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two enzymes with substance P degrading activity were purified from the membrane bound fraction of the rat spinal cord. The purified enzymes were characterized with regard to biochemical and kinetic properties. One of the enzymes exhibited close similarity to neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP, EC 3.4.24.11), while the other resembled a substance P converting endopeptidase (SPE), which has previously been identified and purified from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Detergent treated spinal cord homogenates from male Sprague Dawley rats were purified by anion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-sepharose CL-6B), hydrophobic-interaction chromatography (phenyl-sepharose CL-4B) and molecular sieving (Sephadex G-50). Two fractions with enzymes differing in size were recovered and allowed for further purification to apparent homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography and molecular sieving on a micro-purification system (SMART). The enzyme activities were monitored by following the conversion of synthetic substance P using a radioimmunoassay specific for the heptapeptide product, substance P (1-7). By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzymes molecular weights of 43 and 70 kDa were estimated for the SPE-like and NEP-like activity, respectively. A K(m) of 5 microM was determined for the conversion of substance P to its (1-7) fragment by the SPE-like activity. Reversed-phase HPLC together with mass spectrometry permitted identification of all fragments released from substance P by the peptidases. The released fragments were for both enzymes identified as substance P (1-7), substance P (8-11), substance P (1-8), substance P (9-11). The NEP-like enzyme preparation also gave substance P (1-6) as a major product.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Lindh C, Thornwall M, Hansen AC, Post C, Gordh T, Ordeberg G, Nyberg F. Neuropeptide-converting enzymes in cerebrospinal fluid: activities increased in pain from herniated lumbar dis, but not from coxarthrosis. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA SCANDINAVICA 1996; 67:189-92. [PMID: 8623579 DOI: 10.3109/17453679608994670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We measured activities of dynorphin-converting enzyme (DCE), substance P endopeptidase (SPE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 13 patients with rhizopathic pain from an herniated lumbar disc, in 9 patients with pain from coxarthrosis and in 11 control patients without pain. In the patients with disc hernia and coxarthrosis, another sample of CSF was analyzed 3-12 months after treatment, when pain had subsided. The DCE activity in the patients was higher than that in both the control patients and the patients with pain from coxarthrosis (nociceptive pain). Similarly, the activity of SPE was lower in the patients with herniated lumbar disc than in controls and in the patients with coxarthrosis. After treatment, the difference in activity compared to controls was lower, but still significant in patients with herniated discs. The ACE activity did not differ from controls in patients with ischialgia, while it was increased in patients with coxarthrosis. This increase also remained after arthroplasty with pain relief. In conclusion, measurements of neuropeptides may be useful for evaluating neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lindh
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Persson S, Le Grevés P, Thörnwall M, Eriksson U, Silberring J, Nyberg F. Neuropeptide converting and processing enzymes in the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 104:111-30. [PMID: 8552764 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Persson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Calvino B, Couraud JY, Besson JM. Prevaccination with diluted Freund adjuvant prevents the development of chronic pain and transient release of cerebrospinal fluid substance P in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Pain 1994; 58:211-217. [PMID: 7529393 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parallel time courses of preclinical and behavioural pain-related parameters and levels of substance P-like immunoreactivity in plasma (plasma-SPLI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-SPLI) were studied in 2 groups of rats injected with an arthritogenic solution (concentrated Freund adjuvant) over a 9-week post-infection (PI) period; 1 group was pretreated with saline (control) and 1 pretreated with diluted Freund adjuvant (immunized). In control rats all symptoms of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) developed while in immunized rats AIA symptoms were significantly reduced or did not appear. A significant increase in plasma-SPLI was obvious as early as the 2nd week PI and remained at this level in both groups of animals until the end of the 9-week PI observation period, but with a significantly higher increase in control versus immunized group at all stages. In contrast, CSF-SPLI transiently peaked only in the control group at 3 weeks PI whereas CSF-SPLI values did not differ from one week to another in both groups of rats. These results suggest that successive injections of diluted Freund adjuvant impairs the development of chronic inflammation and pain in AIA in rats, as well as the transient increase in SP release in CSF at 3 weeks PI, but not the long-lasting increased SP release in plasma. Since there is a clear dissociation between our biochemical and preclinical and behavioral data, this study does not provide evidence for the role of substance P as a possible biologic marker of chronic pain either in plasma or in CSF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Calvino
- INSERM U161, Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, 75014 ParisFrance Université Paris XII-Val de Marne, CréteilFrance Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DSV/DRIPP, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires / Saclay, 91000 Gif sur Yvette Cedex and Université Paris VII, Paris Cedex 05 France
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20
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Sanderson K, Thörnwall M, Nyberg G, Glämsta EL, Nyberg F. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of haemorphin-like immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr A 1994; 676:155-60. [PMID: 7921172 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The haemorphins are opioid peptides derived form the blood protein haemoglobin. This study was focused on the detection and determination of haemorphin-like immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by reversed-phase HPLC. For this purpose a SMART System, optimized for micropurification, was applied. Prior to application to HPLC, the peptide fraction of the CSF sample was extracted using a reversed-phase silica gel cartridge (Sep-Pak C18). In the HPLC separation, the peptide-like material associated with haemorphin-7 immunoreactivity was recovered and determined using a UV detector. The tryptophan residue present in the haemorphin sequence allowed UV detection at wavelengths (e.g., 276 nm) where interference with other co-eluting peptides lacking this residue is minimized. Recorded levels of haemorphin-like immunoreactivity were compared with those detected by radioimmunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sanderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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21
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Konttinen YT, Kemppinen P, Segerberg M, Hukkanen M, Rees R, Santavirta S, Sorsa T, Pertovaara A, Polak JM. Peripheral and spinal neural mechanisms in arthritis, with particular reference to treatment of inflammation and pain. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:965-82. [PMID: 8024624 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780370701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Eriksson U, Andrén P, Silberring J, Nyberg F, Wiesel FA. Characterization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1994; 23:225-9. [PMID: 8172930 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200230407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the recovery and characterization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NT-LI) in human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF). A large quantity of the fluid was fractionated by gel filtration, and subsequently separated and analysed by different high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems. The recovered material was analysed by microLC continuous-flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, where a close similarity between one active CSF component and native neurotensin was confirmed. It was also found that, although a certain amount of the total NT-LI behaved as authentic neurotensin, the major part of the immunoreactive material was likely to be due to prestages and metabolites of the active peptide. The present finding is of importance for the development of efficient procedures for the quantitative analysis of neurotensin in hCSF samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Eriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscienes, Uppsala University, Sweden
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23
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Persson S, Malmberg A, Post C, Nyberg F. Glucocorticosteroids decreases the activity of a dynorphin-converting endopeptidase in rat cerebrospinal fluid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(94)90289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Cattaneo I, Kayser V, Guilbaud G. Differential effects of specific delta and kappa opioid receptor antagonists on the bidirectional dose-dependent effect of systemic naloxone in arthritic rats, an experimental model of persistent pain. Brain Res 1993; 623:201-7. [PMID: 8221101 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91428-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to determine the opioid receptor class(es) which underly the two opposing effects of naloxone in models of persistent pain, we tested the action of the selective delta antagonist naltrindole, and that of the kappa antagonist MR-2266 on the bidirectional effect of systemic naloxone in arthritic rats. As a nociceptive test, we used the measure of the vocalization thresholds to paw pressure. The antagonists were administered at a dose (1 mg/kg i.v. naltrindole, 0.2 mg/kg i.v. MR-2266), without action per se but which prevents the analgesic effect of the delta agonist DTLET (3 mg/kg, i.v.) or the kappa agonist U-69,593 (1.5 mg/kg, i.v.) respectively, and does not influence the effect of morphine (1 mg/kg i.v.) or the mu agonist DAMGO (2 mg/kg, i.v.) in these animals. In arthritic rats injected with the delta antagonist, the paradoxical antinociceptive effect produced by 3 micrograms/kg i.v. naloxone was not significantly modified (maximal vocalization thresholds (% of control) were 146 +/- 9% versus 161 +/- 7% in the control group). By contrast, the hyperalgesic effect produced by 1 mg/kg i.v. naloxone was significantly reduced (maximal vocalization thresholds were 87 +/- 4% versus 69 +/- 5% in the control group). In rats injected with the kappa antagonist, the antinociceptive effect of the low dose of naloxone was almost abolished (mean vocalization thresholds were 115 +/- 3% versus 169 +/- 7%) whereas the hyperalgesic effect of naloxone 1 mg/kg i.v. was not significantly modified (mean vocalization thresholds = 70 +/- 3% and 65 +/- 3%, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cattaneo
- Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM, Paris, France
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25
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ORAL COMMUNICATIONS. Br J Pharmacol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb16289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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26
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Persson S, Jónsdóttir I, Thorén P, Post C, Nyberg F, Hoffmann P. Cerebrospinal fluid dynorphin-converting enzyme activity is increased by voluntary exercise in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Life Sci 1993; 53:643-52. [PMID: 8350680 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dynorphin-converting enzyme (DCE) has been studied after voluntary exercise in the spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat. The exercise consisted of spontaneous running in wheels for 4-5 weeks and the average running distance during the last two weeks was 4.0 km/24h. CSF samples were obtained under anaesthesia from the cisterna magna after penetration of the atlanto-occipital membrane. DCE transforms the members of the dynorphin family of opioid peptides into Leu-enkephalin-Arg6. In the present investigation a radioimmunoassay was used for quantitation of Leu-enkephalin-Arg6 release from dynorphin A1-17 and dynorphin B1-13. The rats that were running had a DCE activity (vs. both substrates) in CSF that was approximately 6-12 times higher than in animals not given the running opportunity. A statistically significant correlation between the two prodynorphin-derived substrate peptides was found in terms of DCE activity. We therefore propose that a single enzyme activity may be responsible for the hydrolysis of dynorphin B1-13 and dynorphin A1-17. Furthermore, a significant correlation was also found between running activity and DCE activity 12-14 h before the CSF was withdrawn. Besides measurement of DCE activity by radioimmunoassay, the formation of Leu-enkephalin-Arg6 was identified by reversed-phase micro-column liquid chromatography and plasma desorption mass spectrometry. The experiment shows that voluntary exercise affects opioid peptidergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Persson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Besse D, Weil-Fugazza J, Lombard MC, Butler SH, Besson JM. Monoarthritis induces complex changes in mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid binding sites in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 223:123-31. [PMID: 1335878 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)94830-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an experimental model of monoarthritis was described in the rat induced by injection with Freund's adjuvant of the tibio-tarsal joint of one hindlimb. After injection, the clinical and behavioural signs of arthritis are stable from weeks 2 to 6 post-injection. Our purpose was to study the regulation of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid binding sites in the superficial layers (laminae I-II) of the lumbar and cervical enlargements of the spinal cord 2, 4 and 6 weeks post-injection. Using quantitative receptor autoradiography and highly selective opioid ligands, we found complex changes consisting of a bilateral increase in specific [3H]DAMGO (Tyr*-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol) and [3H]pCl-DPDPE (Tyr*-D-Pen-Gly-Cl-Phe-D-Pen) binding at 2 weeks post-injection and a bilateral decrease in [3H]U-69593 ((5 alpha,7 alpha,8 beta)-(-)-N-methyl-N-[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1- oxaspiro(4,5)dec-8-yl]) specific binding at 4 weeks post-injection. These changes were restricted to the lumbar level. At 6 weeks post-injection, there was a bilateral increase in [3H]pCl-DPDPE specific binding at both lumbar and cervical levels. Altogether, these results suggest that, after probable local changes in endogenous opioid peptides, the three types of opioid binding sites are differentially involved in the development of the pathological process. These results contrast with the lack of significant modification in mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid binding classically reported at various levels of the spinal cord in polyarthritic rats at 3 weeks post-injection and verified for 2, 4 and 6 weeks post-injection in the present study.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Autoradiography
- Benzeneacetamides
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-
- Enkephalins/metabolism
- Freund's Adjuvant
- Male
- Pain/metabolism
- Pyrrolidines/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D Besse
- Unité de Recherche de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux (INSERM, U. 161), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
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28
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Persson S, Post C, Weil-Fugazza J, Butler SH, Nyberg F. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide-converting enzyme activity in monoarthritic rats. Neurosci Lett 1992; 143:247-50. [PMID: 1279476 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90275-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The activity in rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dynorphin-converting enzyme (DCE) and substance P endopeptidase (SPE) was determined in control animals and in rats with monoarthritis. Enzymatic activities were measured with specific radioimmunoassays toward the N-terminal products Leu-enkephalin-Arg6 and substance P1-7, respectively. A monoarthritis stable during weeks 2-6 post-injection was induced by injection (0.05 ml) into one joint with Freund's adjuvant. Both SPE and DCE were significantly decreased 15 days after the intraarticular injection. Despite the degree of arthritis that was sustained equally at four weeks after inoculation, both DCE and SPE were back to control levels at that time. It can therefore be concluded that arthritis from a single joint is sufficient to elicit changes in CSF convertase activities, and that these effects disappear between 2 and 4 weeks after injection, although the arthritis persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Persson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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