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Viso A, Fernández de la Pradilla R, Tortosa M, García A, Flores A. Update 1 of: α,β-Diamino Acids: Biological Significance and Synthetic Approaches. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR1-42. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100127y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Viso
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mariola Tortosa
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana García
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Flores
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Chen X, Dong S, Qiao Z, Zhu Y, Xie M, Lin L, Liu X, Feng X. Guanidine Organocatalyst for the Asymmetric Mannich-Type Reaction between α-Isothiocyanato Imide and Sulfonyl Imines. Chemistry 2011; 17:2583-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Viso A, Fernández de la Pradilla R, García A, Flores A. α,β-Diamino Acids: Biological Significance and Synthetic Approaches. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3167-96. [PMID: 16092828 DOI: 10.1021/cr0406561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Viso
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Feng B, Tse HW, Skifter DA, Morley R, Jane DE, Monaghan DT. Structure-activity analysis of a novel NR2C/NR2D-preferring NMDA receptor antagonist: 1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl) piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:508-16. [PMID: 14718249 PMCID: PMC1574223 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
(2S*,3R*)-1-(biphenyl-4-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PBPD) is a moderate affinity, competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist with an atypical pattern of selectivity among NMDA receptor 2 subunit (NR2) subunits. We now describe the activity of several derivatives of PBPD tested at both rat brain NMDA receptors using l-[3H]-glutamate binding assays and at recombinant receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Substituting various branched ring structures for the biphenyl group of PBPD reduced NMDA receptor activity. However, substituting linearly arranged ring structures - fluorenone or phenanthrene groups - retained or enhanced activity. Relative to PBPD, the phenanthrene derivative (2S*, 3R*)-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PPDA) displayed a 30- to 78-fold increase in affinity for native NMDA receptors. At recombinant receptors, PPDA displayed a 16-fold (NR2B) to 94-fold (NR2C) increase in affinity over PBPD. Replacement of the biphenyl group of PBPD with a 9-oxofluorene ring system resulted in small changes in receptor affinity and subtype selectivity. 2'-Bromo substitution on the biphenyl group of PBPD reduced antagonist affinity 3- to 5-fold at NR2A-, NR2B- and NR2D-containing receptors, but had little effect on NR2C-containing receptors. In contrast, 4'-fluoro substitution of the biphenyl ring of PBPD selectively increased NR2A affinity. The aromatic rings of PBPD and PPDA increase antagonist affinity and appear to interact with a region of the NMDA receptor displaying subunit heterogeneity. PPDA is the most potent and selective NR2C/NR2D-preferring antagonist yet reported and thus may be useful in defining NR2C/NR2D function and developing related antagonists with improved NMDA receptor subtype selectivity. British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 141, 508-516. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705644
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6260, U.S.A
| | - Heong W Tse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD
| | - Donald A Skifter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6260, U.S.A
| | - Richard Morley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD
| | - David E Jane
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD
| | - Daniel T Monaghan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6260, U.S.A
- Author for correspondence:
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Gong CL, Lin NN, Kuo JS. Glutamatergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the dorsal facial area for common carotid artery blood flow control in the cat. Auton Neurosci 2002; 101:85-90. [PMID: 12462363 DOI: 10.1016/s1566-0702(02)00171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study explored which subtyes of glutamate receptors in the dorsal facial area are involved in the interaction between glutamatergic and serotonergic actions in controlling common carotid arterial blood flow. Microinjection of glutamate (25-100 nmol), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 1-4 nmol), or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA; 0.5-2 nmol) into the dorsal facial area dose-dependently increased common carotid arterial blood flow. The potency order was AMPA>NMDA>glutamate. The glutamate-induced increase in common carotid arterial blood flow was reduced by pretreatment with either D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (D-AP5; 2.5-5.0 nmol), or glutamate diethylester (25-50 nmol). The common carotid arterial blood flow was increased by ketanserin (1.0 nmol) and decreased by (+/-)-1-(2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (1.0 nmol). Both effects were attenuated by pretreatment with either D-AP5 or glutamate diethylester. We conclude that activation of both NMDA and AMPA receptors in dorsal facial area is responsible for the increase in common carotid arterial blood flow, and AMPA receptor may play a greater role. Such response may be suppressed by 5-HT2 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Keefe KA, Gerfen CR. D1 dopamine receptor-mediated induction of zif268 and c-fos in the dopamine-depleted striatum: differential regulation and independence from NMDA receptors. J Comp Neurol 1996; 367:165-76. [PMID: 8708002 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960401)367:2<165::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid afferents from cerebral cortex and dopamine afferents from the substantia nigra synapse on common projection neurons in the striatum. Activation of D1 dopamine receptors increases immediate early gene expression in the striatum and conductance through the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. To examine the contribution of NMDA receptor activation to dopamine receptor-mediated responses, we determined the effects of intrastriatal administration of NMDA antagonists on immediate early gene expression in the striatum and rotational behavior induced by stimulation of the D1 receptor in rats with unilateral dopamine depletions. Systemic administration of SKF 38393 increased c-fos and zif268 mRNAs in the striatum and induced contralateral rotation. Intrastriatal infusion of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist (+/-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl -1-phosphonic acid caused a dose-dependent attenuation of SKF 38393-induced rotation and partially decreased c-fos mRNA expression. However, D1-mediated increases in zif268 mRNA were not affected, except by the highest concentration of antagonist used (10 mM). Another competitive antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, had similar effects. Like the competitive antagonists, intrastriatal infusion of the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 partially decreased c-fos, but not zif268, mRNA in the area around the microdialysis probe. However, unlike competitive antagonists, local infusion of 1 mM MK-801 potentiated D1-mediated increases in c-fos and zif268 mRNAs in lateral striatum. These data suggest that 1) some D1 dopamine receptor-mediated effects on striatal function are independent of ongoing NMDA receptor activation, whereas other effects are at least partially mediated by NMDA receptor activity in the striatum, and 2) competitive and non-competitive antagonists of the NMDA receptor differently affect D1-mediated immediate early gene expression in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Keefe
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4068, USA
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Carroll CB, Holloway V, Brotchie JM, Mitchell IJ. Neurochemical and behavioural investigations of the NMDA receptor-associated glycine site in the rat striatum: functional implications for treatment of parkinsonian symptoms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995; 119:55-65. [PMID: 7675950 DOI: 10.1007/bf02246054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The glutamatergic cortico-striatal and subthalamo-entopeduncular pathways are both overactive in parkinsonism. Previous behavioural investigations have shown that intra-entopeduncular injection of either NMDA-site or glycine-site antagonists results in alleviation of parkinsonian symptoms, although injection of the former is associated with the appearance of anaesthetic-like side effects. These behavioural differences may be mediated by action on different NMDA receptor subtypes. Recent neurochemical and molecular pharmacological studies have indicated the existence of NMDA receptor subtypes which display differential modulation by glycine. In the present study, three potential modes of NMDA antagonism were differentiated in vitro by effects on [3H]-glycine binding to striatal sections. Specific [3H]-glycine binding was totally displaced by the glycine partial agonist (R)-HA-966; the NMDA-site antagonist D-CPP had no effect; and the NMDA-site antagonist D-AP5 displaced [3H]-glycine binding in a subpopulation of glycine sites. The anti-parkinsonian effects of (R)-HA-966, D-CPP and D-AP5 were assessed by intra-striatal injection in reserpine-treated rats and 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Injection of (R)-HA-966 and D-CPP resulted in alleviation of parkinsonian akinesia, although the latter elicited anaesthetic-like side effects; D-AP5 was ineffective as an anti-parkinsonian agent. (R)-HA-966 was also effective as an anti-parkinsonian agent when administered systemically in the reserpine-treated rat. These data suggest that different classes of NMDA antagonist mediate different behavioural responses within the parkinsonian striatum. The behavioural response produced may depend on the exact nature of the conformational change induced by the antagonist and the location of the subtype most sensitive to that class of compound. Selection of a specific mode of NMDA receptor antagonism or targeting of striatal NMDA receptor subtypes may form the basis of a novel therapeutic approach to Parkinson's disease.
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Bloedel JR, Bracha V. On the cerebellum, cutaneomuscular reflexes, movement control and the elusive engrams of memory. Behav Brain Res 1995; 68:1-44. [PMID: 7619302 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(94)00171-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of the cerebellum in regulating cutaneomuscular reflexes and provides a hypothesis regarding the way in which this action contributes to the coordination of goal-directed movements of the extremities. Specific attention is directed towards the cerebellum's role in conditioned and unconditioned eyeblink reflexes and limb withdrawal reflexes as models of its interactions with the cutaneomuscular reflex systems. The implications regarding the cerebellum as a storage site for motor engrams also is discussed in the context of these two behaviors. The proposed hypothesis suggests that the cerebellum regulates important features of the cutaneomuscular reflex circuits including the integration of their activity with descending pathways in a manner that implements these fundamental reflex circuits in the organization and control of goal-directed movements of the extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bloedel
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St.-Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013-4496, USA
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Davies J, Qume M, Harris NC. Pharmacological characterisation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the cat red nucleus in vivo. Brain Res 1994; 649:43-52. [PMID: 7953653 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular recordings were made from the magnocellular neurones of the red nucleus (mRN) in anaesthetised cats. A study was made of the effects of selective excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists on excitatory monosynaptic responses evoked from the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and cerebellar interpositus nucleus (IPN). Iontophoretically applied CNQX and NBQX antagonised both SMC and IPN responses whereas, D-AP5 inhibited the SMC response but was ineffective to the IPN. At currents that selectively antagonised NMDA responses, CPPene had no effect on either SMC or IPN responses. 7-chlorokynurenate inhibited both SMC and IPN responses but required currents that antagonised both AMPA and NMDA responses and was therefore acting in a non-selective manner. Iontophoretically applied glycine was inhibitory to both agonist and synaptic responses, whilst D-serine potentiated NMDA responses but did not enhance monosynaptic responses of the SMC. However in the presence of either 7-chlorokynurenate or high currents of CNQX that reduced the SMC synaptic activation of the mRN neurones, D-serine attenuated the inhibitory action of these antagonists. It is concluded that monosynaptic responses from the SMC are mediated by both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors whereas the monosynaptic responses evoked from the IPN are mediated only by non-NMDA receptors. The lack of effect of CPPene is consistent with the postulate that two NMDA receptor subtypes are present on mRN neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davies
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
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Binns KE, Salt TE. Excitatory amino acid receptors participate in synaptic transmission of visual responses in the superficial layers of the cat superior colliculus. Eur J Neurosci 1994; 6:161-9. [PMID: 7907520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors to visual synaptic transmission in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the cat has been studied using extracellular recording and iontophoretic techniques. Neuronal responses to natural visual stimulation and the ejection of NMDA and AMPA were observed in the absence and presence of the antagonists CNQX, CPP and AP5. CNQX routinely reduced the responses to visual stimulation at ejection currents which selectively blocked the responses to AMPA but not those to NMDA. Agonist selective ejection currents of CPP and AP5 also reduced visual responses of most SC neurons, but there was a substantial majority whose visual responses were resistant to these antagonists. Neurons with CPP/AP5 resistant visual responses were more commonly found 750-1000 microns from the dorsal surface of the SC. The data indicate that, while non-NMDA receptors are heavily involved in visual synaptic transmission in the superficial SC, the involvement of NMDA receptors varies with recording depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Binns
- Department of Visual Science, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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Ralston DD. Cerebellar terminations in the red nucleus of Macaca fascicularis: an electron-microscopic study utilizing the anterograde transport of WGA:HRP. Somatosens Mot Res 1994; 11:101-7. [PMID: 7526581 DOI: 10.3109/08990229409028863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The red nucleus (RN) of the macaque monkey is divided into a rostral two-thirds, the parvicellularis (RNp), which projects to the cerebellum by way of the inferior olivary nucleus, and a caudal third, the magnocellularis (RNm), which projects to the spinal cord via the rubrospinal tract. The RNp and RNm receive afferents from two principal sources: the cerebral motor cortices and the deep cerebellar nuclei. The terminations of these two afferent projections tend to be spatially segregated on rubral neurons, in that most corticorubral afferents terminate on more distal dendrites, and those from the deep cerebellar nuclei terminate more proximally. The present electron-microscopic analysis of the cerebellar terminations in the macaque RN provides anatomical evidence for the presence of labeled afferents in both divisions of this motor nucleus, following injection of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA:HRP) into the deep cerebellar nuclei and the anterograde transport of the tracer to the RN. The cerebellar terminal afferents are large; contain numerous mitochondria and primarily rounded synaptic vesicles; and form asymmetric synaptic contacts with rubral neurons. Unlike other terminals in the nucleus, they possess an electron-lucent cytoplasmic matrix and less densely packed synaptic vesicles. They are termed "large, round, pale" (LRP) terminals because of the morphological characteristics that distinguish them from other afferent terminal types found in RN. Labeled cerebellar afferents in RNp and RNm contact primarily neuronal somata, proximal dendrites emerging from the cell body, large-diameter dendrites, and the spines of rubral neurons that arise from somata and proximal dendrites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Ralston
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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